<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">scidial</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научный диалог</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nauchnyi dialog</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-756X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2227-1295</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Limited Liability Company "Center for Scientific and Educational Projects" (CSEP)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24224/2227-1295-2021-10-359-377</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">scidial-3289</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ. ЭТНОГРАФИЯ. ЭТНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORY. ETHNOGRAPHY. ETHNOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Политика отказа Германии от атомной энергетики: от конфликта к компромиссу</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Germany’s Nuclear Energy Refusal Policy: from Conflict to Compromise</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6574-6258</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зимаков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zimakov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зимаков Андрей Владимирович – кандидат экономических наук, научный сотрудник Центра европейских исследований</p><p>Researcher ID F-7869-2017</p><p>Москва</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey V. Zimakov – PhD in Economics, Researcher, Center for European Studies</p><p>Researcher ID F-7869-2017</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zimakov@newmail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский институт мировой экономики и международных отношений имени Е. М. Примакова Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>10</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>359</fpage><lpage>377</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зимаков А.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зимаков А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zimakov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nauka-dialog.ru/jour/article/view/3289">https://www.nauka-dialog.ru/jour/article/view/3289</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена анализу политического процесса отказа Германии от атомной энергетики. Представлены результаты сопоставительного анализа решений правительства, принимавшихся в течение одного десятилетия, однако различных по своему характеру и имевших разные последствия для атомной отрасли. Уделяется особое внимание вопросу взаимодействия правительства и энергетических компаний в контексте решений 2002 и 2011 годов. Показано, что отказ от атомной энергетики в 2002 году был компромиссным решением, учитывающим как политическое стремление общества к прекращению работы АЭС, так и экономические интересы энергоконцернов. Анализируются последствия одностороннего решения правительства ФРГ 2011 года, ущемляющие интересы атомного лобби, что привело к многолетним судебным разбирательствам, закончившимся в пользу энергоконцернов. Выполнен обзор итоговых компромиссных соглашений между компаниями и правительством, регулирующих вопрос справедливых компенсаций за досрочную остановку АЭС. На основе сравнительного анализа двух решений о выходе Германии из атомной энергетики и их последствий делается вывод, что при закрытии целых отраслей по политическим причинам необходимы консультации с привлечением всех заинтересованных сторон для выработки приемлемого компромисса.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article is devoted to the analysis of the political process of Germany’s abandonment of nuclear energy. The results of a comparative analysis of government decisions taken over the course of one decade, but different in nature and having different consequences for the nuclear industry are presented in the paper. Special attention is paid to the issue of interaction between the government and energy companies in the context of the decisions of 2002 and 2011. It is shown that the abandonment of atomic energy in 2002 was a compromise solution, taking into account both the political desire of society to stop the operation of the nuclear power plant, and the economic interests of energy concerns. The author analyzes the consequences of the unilateral decision of the FRG government in 2011, infringing on the interests of the nuclear lobby, which led to many years of litigation that ended in favor of energy concerns. A review of the final compromise agreements between the companies and the government governing the issue of fair compensation for the early shutdown of nuclear power plants was carried out. Based on a comparative analysis of the two decisions on Germany’s withdrawal from nuclear energy and their consequences, it is concluded that, when entire industries are closed for political reasons, consultations with the involvement of all interested parties are necessary to work out an acceptable compromise. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Германия</kwd><kwd>отказ от атомной энергетики</kwd><kwd>ядерное лобби</kwd><kwd>антиядерное движение</kwd><kwd>АЭС.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Germany</kwd><kwd>rejection of nuclear energy</kwd><kwd>nuclear lobby</kwd><kwd>anti-nuclear movement</kwd><kwd>APS</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глушкова И. В. Перспективы энергетической стратегии в Германии / И. В. Глушкова // Известия высших учебных заведений. Проблемы энергетики. — 2015. — № 3—4. — С. 42—50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bernasconi-Osterwalder, N., Brauch, M. D. (2014). The State of Play in Vattenfall v. Germany II: Leaving the German public in the dark. In: The International Institute for Sustainable Development Briefing Note. December 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зимаков А. В. Атомная энергетика ЕС: экономика против экологии / А. В. Зимаков // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. — 2014. — № 9. — C. 16—19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chassot, S. (2014). Sustainable? A cross-country analysis of the socio-political acceptance of the nuclear phase out in Germany and Switzerland focusing on opportunities for strategic influence. Betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung Und Praxis, 66 (3): 247—265.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зимаков А. В. Решение об ускоренном выходе Германии из атомной энергетики: Федеральный административный суд, Конституционный суд, международный арбитраж. Что дальше? / А. В. Зимаков // Международное экономическое право. — 2017. — № 2. — C. 42—56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cho Il Hyun. (2020). To escape or embrace reactors? The politics of nuclear phase-out in Germany and South Korea In: The Pacific Review. 27. DOI: 10.1080/09512748.2020.1806341.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зимаков А. В. Пенсионная система ФРГ : эволюция или революция? / А. В. Зимаков // Современная Европа. — 2016. — № 4 (70). — C. 94—103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glushkova, I. V. (2015). Prospects for an energy strategy in Germany. Proceedings of higher educational institutions. Energy problems, 3—4: 42—50. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Супян Н. В. Сужающийся мост: проблемы энергетической политики ФРГ / Н. В. Супян // Современная Европа. — 2011. — № 3 (47). — С. 67—79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huß, C. (2014). Energy transition by conviction or by surprise? Environmental policy from 2009 to 2013. German Politics, 23 (4): 430—445. DOI: 10.1080/09644008.2014.953068.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Торопчин Г. В. Мирный атом в ФРГ в конце XX — начале XXI в. в контексте концепта Energiewende / Г. В. Торопчин // Европа. — 2013. — № 12. — С. 77—84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnstone, P., Stirling, A. (2020). Comparing nuclear trajectories in Germany and the United Kingdom: From regimes to democracies in sociotechnical transitions and discontinuities. Energy Research &amp; Social Science, 59: 27. DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2019.101245.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bernasconi-Osterwalder N. The State of Play in Vattenfall v. Germany II: Leaving the German public in the dark / N. Bernasconi-Osterwalder, M. D. Brauch // The International Institute for Sustainable Development Briefing Note. — December 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leidinger, T. (2017). The Judgement of the Federal Constitutional Court on the Nuclear Phase-out in Germany: Every Light hat its Shadow. Atw-International Journal for Nuclear Power, 62 (1): 26—29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chassot S. Sustainable? A cross-country analysis of the socio-political acceptance of the nuclear phase out in Germany and Switzerland focusing on opportunities for strategic influence / М. Chassot // Betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung Und Praxis. — 2014. — T. 66, № 3. — C. 247—265.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marg, S., Geiges, L., Butzlaff, F., Walter, F. (2013). Die neue Macht der Bürger. Bonn: Rowohlt. 342 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cho Il Hyun. To escape or embrace reactors? The politics of nuclear phase-out in Germany and South Korea / I. H. Cho // The Pacific Review. — 2020. — C. 27. — DOI: 10.1080/09512748.2020.1806341.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matthes, F. C. (2017). Energy transition in Germany: a case study on a policy-driven structural change of the energy system. Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review, 14 (1): 141—169. DOI: 10.1007/s40844-016-0066-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huß C. Energy transition by conviction or by surprise? Environmental policy from 2009 to 2013 / C. Huß // German Politics. — 2014. — № 23 (4). — C. 430—445. — DOI: 10.1080/09644008.2014.953068.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCauley, D., Brown, A., Rehner, R., Heffron, R., Van de Graaff, S. (2018). Energy justice and policy change: An historical political analysis of the German nuclear phase-out. Applied Energy, 228: 317—323. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.06.093.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnstone P. Comparing nuclear trajectories in Germany and the United Kingdom: From regimes to democracies in sociotechnical transitions and discontinuities / P. Johnstone, A. Stirling // Energy Research &amp; Social Science. — 2020. — T. 59. — C. 27. — DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2019.101245.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michaelowa, A. (2013). The politics of climate change in Germany: ambition versus lobby power. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Climate Change, 4 (4): 315—320.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leidinger T. The Judgement of the Federal Constitutional Court on the Nuclear Phase-out in Germany: Every Light hat its Shadow [Electronic resource] / T. Leidinger // Atw-International Journal for Nuclear Power. — 2017. — T. 62, № 1. — C. 26—29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rehner, R., McCauley, D. (2016). Security, justice and the energy crossroads: Assessing the implications of the nuclear phase-out in Germany. Energy Policy, 88: 289—298. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2015.10.038.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matthes F. C. Energy transition in Germany: a case study on a policy-driven structural change of the energy system / F. C. Matthes // Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review. — 2017. — T. 14, № 1. — C. 141—169. — DOI: 10.1007/s40844-016-0066-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Supyan, N. V. (2011). The Narrowing Bridge: Problems of the Federal Republic of Germany's Energy Policy. Contemporary Europe, 3 (47): 67—79. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marg S. Die neue Macht der Bürger / S. Marg, L. Geiges, F. Butzlaff, F. Walter. — Bonn : Rowohlt, 2013. — 342 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toropchin, G. V. (2013). Peaceful atom in the Federal Republic of Germany in the late XX — early XXI century. In the context of the concept Energievend. Europe, 12: 77—84. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCauley D. Energy justice and policy change: An historical political analysis of the German nuclear phase-out / D. McCauley, A. Brown, R. Rehner, R. Heffron, S. van de Graaff // Applied Energy. — 2018. — № 228. — C. 317—323. — DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.06.093.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vosse, W. (2010). The German peace movement and its influence on German politics and political culture in the 1970s and 1980s. In: The Cold War and the Regional Integration: Comparative Studies on the History of International Relations Between Europe and Asia. Aoyama Gakuin University. 275—302.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michaelowa A. The politics of climate change in Germany: ambition versus lobby power / A. Michaelowa // Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Climate Change. — 2013. — T. 4, № 4. — C. 315—320.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wittneben, B. (2012). The impact of the Fukushima nuclear accident on European energy policy. Environmental Science &amp; Policy, 15 (1): 1—3. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2011.09.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rehner R. Security, justice and the energy crossroads: Assessing the implications of the nuclear phase-out in Germany / R. Rehner, D. McCauley // Energy Policy. — 2016. — T. 88. — C. 289—298. — DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2015.10.038.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zimakov, A. V. (2014). EU Nuclear energy: economics vs. Ecology. World economy and international relations, 9: 16—19. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vosse W. The German peace movement and its influence on German politics and political culture in the 1970s and 1980s / W. Vosse // The Cold War and the Regional Integration: Comparative Studies on the History of International Relations Between Europe and Asia. Aoyama Gakuin University. — 2010. — C. 275—302.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zimakov, A. V. (2016). German pension system: evolution or revolution? Contemporary Europe, 4 (70): 94—103. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wittneben, B. The impact of the Fukushima nuclear accident on European energy policy / B. Wittneben // Environmental Science &amp; Policy. — 2012. — № 15 (1). — C. 1—3. — DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2011.09.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zimakov, A. V. (2017). Resolution on accelerated withdrawal of Germany from Nuclear energetics: Federal administrative court, Constitutional court, International arbitration. What next? International economic law, 2: 42—56. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
