scidialНаучный диалогNauchnyi dialog2225-756X2227-1295Limited Liability Company "Center for Scientific and Educational Projects" (CSEP)10.24224/2227-1295-2025-14-1-415-430scidial-6028Research ArticleИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИHISTORYДеятельность ФБР во второй половине 1940-х годов и зарождение маккартизма в СШАActivities of FBI in Late 1940s and Emergence of McCarthyism in United Stateshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8805-8220ЛевинЯ. А.LevinYa. A.

Левин Ярослав Александрович - кандидат исторических наук, доцент, кафедра «Философия и социально-гуманитарные науки».

Самара

Yaroslav A. Levin - PhD in History, Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy and Social Humanities.

Samara

yaroslavlevin1992@mail.ruСамарский государственный технический университетРоссияSamara State Technical UniversityRussian Federation202513022025141415430Copyright © Левин Я.А., 20252025Левин Я.А.Levin Y.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.nauka-dialog.ru/jour/article/view/6028

Статья посвящена переменам в политике Федерального бюро расследований (ФБР) США, связанным с началом Холодной войны. Отмечается, что президент Трумэн в отличие от своего предшественника Франклина Рузвельта совершенно иначе смотрел на деятельность Бюро, считал необходимым принудить эту службу к строгому соблюдению законов и иных правовых норм. Показано, что в условиях конфронтации с Белым домом директор ФБР Джон Эдгар Гувер идёт на сотрудничество с ультраконсервативными кругами обеих партий. Показано, что Гувером была инициирована кампания по борьбе с коммунистическим влиянием в США, реальная цель которой заключалась в фактическом обходе руководства страны для реализации ФБР своих целей. Отмечается, что в 1950 году у сторонников Гувера появляется лидер — сенатор Джозеф Маккарти. Сообщается, что быстро оформившееся движение «маккартистов» становится влиятельным и в альянсе с Бюро раздувает в Америке атмосферу подозрительности, чтобы привлечь к ответственности те лица и организации, которые федеральные агенты считали связанными с советской разведкой или «нелояльными». В рамках данной статьи проанализированы проблемы в отношениях ФБР и Белого дома. Охарактеризованы начало сотрудничества Бюро с радикал-консерваторами в Конгрессе и зарождение «маккартизма». Рассмотрено развитие общественной кампании по борьбе с коммунизмом. Проанализированы связанные с ней репрессии, а также влияние «потери» Китая на ход этой кампании и позицию президента.

This article examines the shifts in the policy of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the United States in relation to the onset of the Cold War. It highlights that President Truman, unlike his predecessor Franklin Roosevelt, had a markedly different perspective on the Bureau's operations, emphasizing the necessity of compelling this agency to adhere strictly to laws and other legal norms. The analysis reveals that in the context of confrontation with the White House, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover sought collaboration with ultra-conservative factions from both political parties. It is shown that Hoover initiated a campaign against communist influence in the United States, with the underlying aim of circumventing national leadership to further the objectives of the FBI. Notably, in 1950, a leader emerged among Hoover's supporters—Senator Joseph McCarthy. The rapidly coalescing "McCarthyite" movement gained influence and, in alliance with the Bureau, fostered an atmosphere of suspicion in America to hold accountable those individuals and organizations deemed by federal agents to be linked to Soviet intelligence or "disloyal." This article analyzes the complexities in the relationship between the FBI and the White House, characterizes the beginning of the Bureau's collaboration with radical conservatives in Congress, and traces the origins of McCarthyism. It also explores the evolution of public campaigns against communism, examines the associated repressions, and assesses the impact of the "loss" of China on this campaign and the president's stance.

Гарри ТрумэнДж. Эдгар ГуверДжозеф МаккартимаккартизмХолодная войнаГражданская война в Китаеполитический радикализмHarry TrumanJ. Edgar HooverJoseph McCarthyMcCarthyismCold WarChinese Civil Warpolitical radicalismИсследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-28-00355 https://rscf.ru/project/23-28-00355/The study is supported by Russian Science Foundation, project number 23-28-00355 https://rscf.ru/project/23-28-00355/ReferencesAllegations of Espionage Activity by Owen Lattimore. — Pp. 2—4 // National Archives and Records Administration. RG. 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File : 100—24628 (Owen Lattimore).DeLoach, C. (1995). Hoover’s FBI: The Inside Story by Hoover’s Trusted Lieutenant. New York: Regnery History. 440 р.Baltimore FBI to HQ. 9 September 1949 // National Archives and Records Administration. RG. 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File : 100—24628 (Owen Lattimore).FBI Oral History Heritage Project. (2009). Memoir of Former Special Agent of the FBI John T. Conway (1950—1956). P. 22.DeLoach C. Hoover’s FBI : The Inside Story by Hoover’s Trusted Lieutenant / C. DeLoach. — New York : Regnery History, 1995. — 440 р.Hoover, J. E. (1947). How to Fight Communism. Newsweek. 9.06. 30—40.FBI Oral History Heritage Project. Memoir of Former Special Agent of the FBI John T. Conway (1950—1956). — 2009. — P. 22.Library of Congress (further — LoC). Owen Lattimore papers, 1907—1997. MSS80712. Series 7: Eleanor Holgate Lattimore Files, 1924—1970. Letter from Owen Lattimore. 6 May 1950.Hoover J. E. How to Fight Communism / J. E. Hoover // Newsweek. — 9.06.1947. — Pp. 30—40.National Archives and Records Administration (further — NARA). Record Group 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File: 100—398328 (Joseph McCarthy). Memorandum for the Director. 12 March 1950.Hoover to McCarthy. 23 August 1950 // National Archives and Records Administration. RG. 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File : 67—561 (J. Edgar Hoover Official & Confidential (O&C) Files).NARA. RG. 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File: 100—398328 (Joseph McCarthy). Wisconsin Office to Nathan. 8 April 1952.Hoover to Nichols. 13 July 1950 // National Archives and Records Administration. RG. 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File : 67—561 (J. Edgar Hoover Official & Confidential (O&C) Files).NARA. RG. 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File: 67—571 (J. Edgar Hoover’s Official and Personal Letters — China). Memo from Director Hoover to Lawrence M. C. Smith, chief of Special War Policies Unit. 15 January 1943.HQ Letter to Baltimore FBI. 4 March 1949 // National Archives and Records Administration. RG. 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File : 100—24628 (Owen Lattimore).NARA. RG. 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File: 67—571 (J. Edgar Hoover’s Official and Personal Letters — China). Memo re: Soong Family. L. B. Nichols to Mr. Tolson. 8 February 1943.L. B. Nichols to Mr. Tolson. 8 February 1943 // National Archives and Records Administration. RG. 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File : 67—571 (J. Edgar Hoover’s Official and Personal Letters — China). Memo re : Soong Family.NARA. RG. 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File: 100—24628 (Owen Lattimore). HQ Letter to Baltimore FBI. 4 March 1949.Letter from Owen Lattimore. 6 May 1950 // Library of Congress (далее — LoC). Owen Lattimore papers, 1907—1997. MSS80712. Series 7 : Eleanor Holgate Lattimore Files, 1924—1970.NARA. RG. 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File: 100—24628 (Owen Lattimore). Balti-more FBI to HQ. 9 September 1949.Memo from Director Hoover to Lawrence M. C. Smith, chief of Special War Policies Unit. 15 January 1943 // National Archives and Records Administration. RG. 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File : 67—571 (J. Edgar Hoover’s Official and Personal Letters — China).NARA. RG. 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File: 65—2400 (Jay David Whittaker Chambers). SAC Philadelphia to Director. 24 February 1949.Memorandum for the Director. 12 March 1950 // National Archives and Records Administration. Record Group 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File : 100—398328 (Joseph McCarthy).NARA. RG. 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File: 67—561 (J. Edgar Hoover Official & Confidential (O&C) Files). Hoover to McCarthy. 23 August 1950.SAC Philadelphia to Director. 24 February 1949 // National Archives and Records Administration. RG. 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File : 65—2400 (Jay David Whittaker Chambers).NARA. RG. 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File: 67—561 (J. Edgar Hoover Official & Confidential (O&C) Files). Hoover to Nichols. 13 July 1950.Wisconsin Office to Nathan. 8 April 1952 // National Archives and Records Administration. RG. 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File : 100—398328 (Joseph McCarthy).NARA. RG. 65. Federal Bureau of Investigation. File: 100—24628 (Owen Lattimore). Allegations of Espionage Activity by Owen Lattimore. 2—4.Холодная война. 1945—1963 гг. / отв. ред. Н. И. Егорова. — Москва : ОЛМА Медиа Групп, 2003. — 638 с. — ISBN 5-224-04305-0.Baime, A. J. (2017). The Accidental President: Harry S. Truman and the Four Months that Changed the World. New York: Mariner Books. 464 р.Чернявский Г. И. Трумэн (ЖЗЛ) / Г. И. Чернявский, Л. Л. Дубова. — Москва : Молодая гвардия, 2016. — 479 с. — ISBN 978-5-235-03891-2.Chernyavsky, G. I., Dubova, L. L. (2016). Truman (ZhZL). Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya Publ. 479 p. ISBN 978-5-235-03891-2. (In Russ.).Baime A. J. The Accidental President : Harry S. Truman and the Four Months that Changed the World / A. J. Baime. — New York : Mariner Books, 2017. — 464 р.Demaris, O. (1975). The Director: An Oral Biography of J. Edgar Hoover. New York: Harpers Magazine Press. 405 р.Demaris O. The Director: An Oral Biography of J. Edgar Hoover / O. Demaris. — New York : Harpers Magazine Press, 1975. — 405 р.Egorova, N. I. (ed.). (2003). The Cold War. 1945—1963. Moscow: OLMA Media Group. 638 p. ISBN 5-224-04305-0. (In Russ.).Klehr H. The Amerasia Spy Case : Prelude to McCarthysm / H. Klehr, R. Radosh. — Chapell Hill (NC) : The University of North Carolina Press, 1996. — 280 р.Klehr, H., Radosh, R. (1996). The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthysm. Chapell Hill (NC): The University of North Carolina Press. 280 р.Lewis L. S. The Cold War and Academic Governance : The Lattimore Case at Johns Hopkins / L. S. Lewis. — New York : State University of New York Press, 1996. — 342 p.Lewis, L. S. (1996). The Cold War and Academic Governance: The Lattimore Case at Johns Hopkins. New York: State University of New York Press. 342 p.Newman R. P. Owen Lattimore and the Loss of China / R. P. Newman. — Berkeley (CA) : University of California Press, 1992. — 685 р.Newman, R. P. (1992). Owen Lattimore and the Loss of China. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press. 685 р.O’Reilly K. Hoover and the Un-Americans : The FBI, HUAC, and the Red Menace / K. O’Reilly. — Temple (PA) : Temple University Press, 1983. — 411 p.O’Brien, K. P., Parsons, L. H. (eds.). The Home Front: World War II and American Society. Westport (CT): Praeger. 224 р.Pakula H. The Last Empress : Madame Chiang Kaishek and the birth of modern China / H. Pakula. — New York : Simon & Schuster, 2009. — 816 р.O’Reilly, K. (1983). Hoover and the Un-Americans: The FBI, HUAC, and the Red Menace. Temple (PA): Temple University Press. 411 p.Purifoy L. Harry Truman’s China Policy : McCarthyism and the Diplomacy of Hysteria, 1947—1951 / L. Purifoy. — New York : New Viewpoints, 1976. — 316 р.Pakula, H. (2009). The Last Empress: Madame Chiang Kai-shek and the birth of modern China. New York: Simon & Schuster. 816 р.Savage S. J. Truman and the Democratic Party / S. J. Savage. — Lexington (KY) : University Press of Kentucky, 2021. — 320 р.Paterson, T. G., McMahon, R. J. (eds.). (1999). The Origins of the Cold War. Madison (WI): D. C. Heath and Company. 367 р.Schrecker E. Many are the Crimes : McCarthyism in America / E. Schrecker. — Boston (MA) : Little, Brown and Company, 1998. — 573 р.Purifoy, L. (1976). Harry Truman’s China Policy: McCarthyism and the Diplomacy of Hysteria, 1947—1951. New York: New Viewpoints. 316 р.Schrecker E. No Ivory Tower : McCarthyism and the Universities / E. Schrecker. — London (UK) : Oxford University Press, 1986. — 445 р.Savage, S. J. (2021). Truman and the Democratic Party. Lexington (KY): University Press of Kentucky. 320 р.Schrecker E. The Age of McCarthyism : a Brief History with documents / E. Schrecker. — Boston (MA) : Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002. — 308 р.Schrecker, E. (1986). No Ivory Tower: McCarthyism and the Universities. London (UK): Oxford University Pres. 445 р.Tanner H. M. Where Chiang Kaishek Lost China : The Liao-Shen Campaign, 1948 / H. M. Tanner. — Bloomington (IN) : Indiana University Press, 2015. — 384 р.Schrecker, E. (1998). Many are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America. Boston (MA): Little, Brown and Company. 573 р.The FBI : A Comprehensive Reference Guide / ed. by Theoharis A. G. — New York : Greenwood, 2000. — 424 р.Schrecker, E. (2002). The Age of McCarthyism: a Brief History with documents. Boston (MA): Bedford/St. Martin’s. 308 р.The Home Front : World War II and American Society / ed. by O’Brien K. P., Parsons L. H. — Westport (CT) : Praeger, 1995. — 224 р.Tanner, H. M. (2015). Where Chiang Kaishek Lost China: The Liao-Shen Campaign, 1948. Bloomington (IN): Indiana University Press. 384 р.The Origins of the Cold War / ed. by Paterson T. G., McMahon R. J. — Madison (WI) : D. C. Heath and Company, 1999. — 367 р.Theoharis, A. G. (1977). Seeds of Repression: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of McCarthyism. New York: Quadrangle Books. 238 р.Theoharis A. G. Seeds of Repression : Harry S. Truman and the Origins of McCarthyism / A. G. Theoharis. — New York : Quadrangle Books, 1977. — 238 р.Theoharis, A. G. (1979). Truman Presidency: The Origins of the Imperial Presidency and the National Security State. Stanfordville (NY): Earl M. Coleman Enterprises. 396 p.Theoharis A. G. The Boss. J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition / A. G. Theoharis, J. S. Cox. — Temple (PA) : Temple University Press, 1988. — 489 p.Theoharis, A. G. (ed.). (2000). The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. New York: Greenwood. 424 р.Theoharis A. G. Truman Presidency: The Origins of the Imperial Presidency and the National Security State / A. G. Theoharis. — Stanfordville (NY) : Earl M. Coleman Enterprises, 1979. — 396 p.Theoharis, A. G., Cox, J. S. (1988). The Boss. J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition. Temple (PA): Temple University Press. 489 p.Tyson Li L. Madame Chiang Kaishek : China’s Eternal First Lady / L. Tyson Li. — New York : Grove Press, 2006. — 576 р.Tyson Li, L. (2006). Madame Chiang Kaishek: China’s Eternal First Lady. New York: Grove Press. 576 р.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.