Traditional Use of Natural Resources of Local Old Believer (Semeiski) communities of Transbaikalia in the 18th—20th Centuries: Theoretical and Methodological Basis of the Study

Some theoretical aspects of the study of the traditional nature management of local Old Believer (Semei) communities living in Transbaikalia are considered. On the basis of the available theoretical works of cultural geography, ethnology, cultural studies, sociology and other related disciplines, the analysis of the concepts of “local community”, “life support”, “traditional nature management” in relation to Old Believer communities has been carried out. An attempt has been made to identify the merits of studying the Old Believers in Transbaikalia using the category of the local community. It is shown that in a comprehensive study of local communities of the Semeiskaya Transbaikalia, the following elements emerge: nature as the life environment of Old Believer communities, natural resources, traditions and a set of actions that regulate social and industrial life, the religious basis that determines the behavior of the community and its individual members, the main material and spiritual needs, to the satisfaction of which most of the energy of human collectives is directed. It is noted that the concept of “life support” is diverse, dynamic and has wide adaptive capabilities. The category of traditional nature management is used to study the cultural and geographical continuity of the Semeiskys and the specifics of their life support in the conditions of the Trans-Baikal geographic environment. In this regard, the traditional use of natural resources of Semeiskiye is presented as a set of strategies for the rational use of natural and land resources.

1. Akhmetova, S. A. (2009). Selskoye lokalnoye soobshchestvo kak obyekt monograficheskogo issledovaniya [Rural local community as an object of monographic research]. Uchenyye zapiski Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Gumanitarnyye nauki [Scientific notes of the Kazan state University. Series : Humanitarian Sciences], 151 (5—2): 139—149. (In Russ.).

2. Arensberg, C. M., Kimball, S. T. (1974). Community study: Retrospect and prospect. In: The Sociology of Community: A Selection of Readings. London: William Clowes and Sons, Ltd. 335—355.

3. Barsukova, S. Yu. (2012). Neformalnaya ekonomika: ponyatiye, istoriya izucheniya, issledovatelskiye podkhody [Informal economy: concept, history of study, research approaches]. Sotsiologicheskiye issledovaniya [Sociological research], 2: 31—39. (In Russ.).

4. Beloborodova, I. N. (2011). Stereotipnyye formy povedeniya v traditsionnom prirodopolzovanii severnorusskogo krestyanstva (konets XIX — nachalo XX v.) [Stereotypical forms of behavior in the traditional nature management of the Northern Russian peasantry (late XIX — early XX century)]. Uralskiy istoricheskiy vestnik [Ural historical Bulletin], 2 (31): 73—81. (In Russ.).

5. Condon, R. G., Collings, P., Wenzel, G. (1995). The best part of life: Subsistence hunting, ethnicity, and economic adaptation among young adult Inuit males. Arctic, 48 (1): 31—46.

6. Cosgrove, D. E. (1998). Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 321 p.

7. Czepczyński, M. (2008). Cultural landscapes of post-socialist cities: representation of powers and needs. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 209 p.

8. Dobryakova, M. S. (1999). Issledovaniya lokalnykh soobshchestv v sotsiologicheskoy traditsii [Research of local communities in the sociological tradition]. In: Sotsiologiches-kiye issledovaniya [Sociological research], 7. Moskva: FGUP «Akademicheskiy nauchno-izdatelskiy, proizvodstvenno-poligraficheskiy i knigorasprostranitelskiy tsentr “Nauka”». 125—133. (In Russ.).

9. Dobryakova, M. S. (2001). Issledovaniya lokalnykh soobshchestv v kontekste pozitivizma, subyektivizma, postmodernizma i teorii globalizatsii [Research of local communities in the context of positivism, subjectivism, postmodernism and the theory of globalization]. Sotsiologiya: metodologiya, metody, matematicheskoye modelirovaniye [Sociology: methodology, methods, mathematical modeling], 13: 27—59. (In Russ.).

10. Filippova, M. V. (1993). Ekonomiko-geograficheskiye osnovy formirovaniya etnicheskogo prirodopolzovaniya na primere malochislennykh narodov Irkutskoy oblasti — tofalarov i evenkov: avtoreferat dissertatsii … kandidata geograficheskikh nauk [Economic and geographical foundations of the formation of ethnic nature management on the example of small peoples of the Irkutsk region-Tofalars and Evenks. Author’s abstract of PhD Diss.]. Irkutsk. 18 p. (In Russ.).

11. Giddens, A. (1985). Time, space and regionalization. In: Social relations and spatial structures. London: St. Martins Press. 531—533.

12. Hillery, G. (1955). Definitions of Community: Areas of Agreement. In: Rural Sociology, 20: 111—123.

13. Kaganskii, V. L. (2013). Inner periphery is a new growing zone of Russia’s cultural landscape. Regional Research of Russia, 3 (1): 21—31.

14. Kaganskiy, V. L. (2001). Mir kulturnogo landshafta [The World of cultural landscape]. In: Kulturnyy landshaft i sovetskoye obitayemoye prostranstvo [Cultural landscape and Soviet inhabited space]. Moskva: Novoye literaturnoye obozreniye. 23—133. (In Russ.).

15. Kozlova, S. A. (2012). Zolotodobycha v Zabaykalye v 19—20 vv. i uchastiye v ney staroobryadtsev [Gold Mining in Transbaikalia in the 19th and 20th centuries. and the participation of the old believers]. Regionovedcheskiy issledovatelskiy zhurnal «Oykumena» [Regional studies and research journal “Oecumene”.], 3: 33—39. (In Russ.).

16. Kozlova, S. A. (2019). Torgovlya v sisteme zhizneobespecheniya staroobryadtsev Zabaykalya v XVIII—XIX vv. [Trade in the life support system of the old believers of Transbaikalia in the XVIII—XIX centuries]. Nauchnyy dialog [Scientific dialogue], 2: 237—253. DOI: 10.24224/2227-1295-2019-2-237-253. (In Russ.).

17. Kostrov, A. V. (2006). Staroobryadchestvo i staroobryadcheskaya istoricheskaya mysl’ vo vtoroy polovine XIX — nachale XX vv. [Old Believers and old believers’ historical thought in the second half of the XIX — early XX centuries]. Irkutsk: Izd-vo «Ottisk». 160 p. (In Russ.).

18. Kostrov, A. V. (2010). Sovetskaya vlast’ i staroobryadtsy Baykalskoy Sibiri v 20-e gg. XX v. [Soviet power and old believers of Baikal Siberia in the 20s of the XX century]. Novyy istoricheskiy vestnik [New historical Bulletin], 1 (23): 35—42. (In Russ.).

19. Kuleshova, M. E. (2000). Kulturnyye landshafty: obshchiye predstavleniya, ponyatiya, podkhody k otsenke [Cultural landscapes: General ideas, concepts, approaches to assessment]. In: Ekologicheskiye problemy sokhraneniya istoricheskogo i kulturnogo naslediya [Environmental problems of preserving historical and cultural heritage]. Moskva: Rossiyskiy nauchno-issledovatelskiy institut kulturnogo i prirodnogo naslediya. 37—52. (In Russ.).

20. Kuleshova, M. E. (2013). Sultural landscapes and prospects for extending Russia’s representation on the world heritage list. Regional Research of Russia, 3 (3): 301—307.

21. Lewis, P. (1979). Axioms for reading the landscape: some guides to the American scene. In: The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscape: Geographical Essays. New York: Oxford University Press. 11—32.

22. Lowenthal, D. (1975). Past time, present place: landscape and memory. Geographical Review, 65 (1): 1—36.

23. Maksimova, A. (2003). Traditsionnoye prirodopolzovaniye russkikh monastyrey [Traditional nature management of Russian monasteries]. Alfa i Omega: sbornik statey [Alpha and omega: collection of articles], 37. Available at: https://www.pravmir.ru/traditsionnoe-prirodopolzovanie-russkih-monastyirey/. (accessed 25.08.2019). (In Russ.).

24. Orekhovskaya, E. V. (2017). Transformatsiya opredeleniya termina «lokalnoye soobshchestvo» [Transformation of the definition of the term “local community”]. In: Fundamentalnyye nauchnyye issledovaniya: teoreticheskiye i prakticheskiye aspekty: sbornik materialov IV Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii [Fundamental scientific research: theoretical and practical aspects: collection of materials of the IV International scientific and practical conference]. Kemerovo: Izd-vo OOO «Zapadno-Sibirskiy nauchnyy tsentr». 88—93. (In Russ.).

25. Popova, O. V., Fatkulina, R. R. (2015). Geograficheskiy aspekt transformatsii prirodopolzovaniya staroobryadtsev v Rossii [Geographical aspect of transformation of nature management of old believers in Russia]. Vestnik Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Bulletin of the Orenburg state University], 6 (181): 217—228. (In Russ.).

26. Ragulina, M. V. (2004). Kulturnaya geografiya: teorii, metody, regionalnyy sintez [Cultural geography: theories, methods, regional synthesis]. Irkutsk: Izd-vo In-ta geografii SO RAN. 171 p. (In Russ.).

27. Ragulina, M. V. (2011). Integral Study of Ethnic Identity in Baikalian Siberia and the Role of Russian Colonization in its Shaping. In: Social Identity: Series: Social Issues, Justice and Status. New York: Nova Science Pub. 58—76.

28. Ragulina, M. V. (2013). Lokalnoye soobshchestvo i kulturnyy landshaft v sovremennom mire [Local community and cultural landscape in the modern world]. In: Sovremennyye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya: sbornik statey [Modern problems of science and education: collection of articles], 6. Available at: http://www.science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=10893 (data obrashcheniya: 25.08.2019). (In Russ.).

29. Ragulina, M. V., Rogovskaya, N. V., Grigorieva, M. A., Ippolitova, N. A. (2018). Geographical factors of formation of agriculture in the Baikal Region in the XVII—XIX centures. Bylye Gody — Russian Historical Journal, 48: 496—504. DOI: 10.13187/bg.2018.2.496.

30. Sauer, S. O. (1925). The morphology of landscape. In: University California Publ.: Geography, 2: 19—53.

31. Sirina, A. A. (2008). The Living Land: Ecological Ethics of the Evenks and Evens. Sibirica, 7 (2): 1—22.

32. Sirina, A. A. (2018). The folks next door. Russian settlers and Evenki of the upper flow of the Lower Tunguska (19th — early 21st century). Etudes Mongoles et Siberiennes, Centrasiatiques et Tibetaines, 49: 1—21. DOI: 10.4000/emscat.3221.

33. Trofimov, A. M., Chistobayev, A. I., Sharygin, M. D. (1993). Teoriya organizatsii prostranstva [Theory of space organization]. Izvestiya Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva [Izvestia of the Russian geographical society], 125 (2): 10. (In Russ.).

34. Tulayeva, S., Tysyachnyouk, M. (2017). Between Oil and Reindeer. Journal of Economic Sociology, 18 (3): 70—96.

35. Vakhtin, N., Golovko, E., Shvayttser, P. (2004). Russkiye starozhily Sibiri: Sotsialnyye i simvolicheskiye aspekty samosoznaniya [Russian old-timers of Siberia: Social and symbolic aspects of self-consciousness]. Moskva: Novoye izdatelstvo. 290 p.

36. Vedenin, Yu. A., Kuleshova, M. E. (2001). Kulturnyy landshaft kak obyekt kulturnogo i prirodnogo naslediya [Cultural landscape as an object of cultural and natural heritage]. Izvestiya AN. Seriya geograficheskaya [Izvestiya AN. Geographical series], 1: 7—14. (In Russ.).

37. Yamskov, A. N. (2017). Sistemy zhizneobespecheniya i khozyaystvenno-kulturnyye tipy [Life support Systems and economic and cultural types]. In: Etnos i sreda obitaniya: sbornik statey po etnicheskoy ekologii [Ethnos and habitat: a collection of articles on ethnic ecology], 5: Issledovaniya sistem zhizneobespecheniya. Moskva: Staryy sad. 36—47. (In Russ.).

38. Yamskov, A. N., Novikova, N. I., Tishkov, V. A. (2000). Traditsionnoye prirodopolzovaniye: problemy opredeleniya i pravovogo regulirovaniya [Traditional nature management: problems of definition and legal regulation]. In: Yuridicheskaya antropologiya. Zakon i zhizn’ [Legal anthropology. Law and life]. Moskva: Izdatelskiy dom «Strategiya». 172—185. (In Russ.).

39. Zazulina, M. R. (2017). «Lokalnoye soobshchestvo» v sisteme koordinat sotsialnykh nauk [“Local community” in the coordinate system of social Sciences]. In: Filosofiya v usloviyakh sotsiokulturnogo mnogoobraziya: ot ekspertnogo znaniya do mirovozzrencheskikh oriyentirov: sbornik materialov Vserossiyskoy konferentsii, posvyashchennoy 100-letiyu gumanitarnogo obrazovaniya v Saratove [Philosophy in the conditions of socio-cultural diversity: from expert knowledge to worldview guidelines: collection of materials of the all-Russian conference dedicated to the 100th anniversary of humanitarian education in Saratov]. Saratov: ITs «Nauka». 46—49. (In Russ.).