Three-Component System of Language Planning: A Case Study Tuvan, Kalmyk and Karelian

The review of existing approaches to the study of the problem of language planning is carried out. The features of the implementation of its main aspects are studied. The definitions of the term “language planning” in domestic and foreign sociolinguistics are compared. The activity of actors is studied at the macrolevel and microlevel of language planning. Attention is paid to the goals of language planning, which include not only work on changes in the areas of language use, but also counteraction to the speech shift, which can ultimately lead to the death of the language. Language planning is viewed as a combination of three main areas: status planning, corpus planning and planned language acquisition. The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of these components in relation to some of the title languages of the Russian Federation: Tuvan, Kalmyk and Karelian. It is argued that prestigious planning is the foundation for successful language fore-casting. The importance of considering both social and political components in language forecasting is emphasized. The relevance of the study is due to the need to create a base for the subsequent linguistic forecast, which is impossible without an analytical assessment of the existing linguistic situation.

1. Alpatov, V. M. (2000). 150 languages and politics 1917—2000: sociolinguistic problems of the USSR and the post-Soviet space. Moscow: Kraft; IV RAS. 224 p. ISBN 5-89282-022-X. (In Russ.).

2. Baranova, V. V. (2009). The linguistic situation in Kalmykia: a sociolinguistic essay. In: Ac-ta Linguistica Petropolitana. Proceedings of the Institute of Linguistic Re-search, V (2): 22—41. (In Russ.).

3. Bitkeeva, A. N. (2011). The role of the Community and language policy in Kalmyk language revitalization initiatives. In: Indigenous languages across the generations — strengthening families and communities. Arizona State University Center for Indian education. 321—329.

4. Bitkeeva, A. N., Wingender, M., Mikhalchenko, V. Yu. (2019). Forecasting and linguistic diversity in the Russian Federation. Bulletin of the Volga State University. Series 2 Linguistics, 18 (3): 6—23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2019.3.1. (In Russ.).

5. Borgoyakova, T. G., Bitkeeva, A. N. (2020). Tuvan language in the legal and functional dimension. New studies of Tuva, 1: 50—61. Available at: https://nit.tuva.asia/nit/article/view/914 (accessed 21.10.2020). (In Russ.).

6. Cooper, R. L. (2010). Language planning and social change. Cambridge University Press. 216 p. ISBN 0-521-33359-8.

7. Dyrheeva, G. A., Tsybenova, Ch. S. (2020). Language settings and language loyalty of native speakers of small languages in the conditions of national-Russian bilingualism (on the example of Buryats and Tuvinians). New studies of Tuva, 1: 62—74. (In Russ.).

8. Hornberger, N. H. (2006). Frameworks and models in language policy and planning. In: An Introduction to Language Policy. Theory and method. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Pp. 24—41.

9. Hornberger, N. H., Johnson, D. C. (2007). “Slicing the Onion Ethnographically: Layers and Spaces in Multilingual Language Education Policy and Practice.” TESOL Quarter-ly, 41 (3): 509—532.

10. Kovanova, E. S., Badmaeva, N. V., Udaev, R. A., Alekseev, S. G. (2019). Ethnocultural security and problems of language preservation in Kalmykia and Buryatia. Oriental Studies, 12 (6): 1096—1106. DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2019-46-6-1096-1106 (accessed 21.10.2020). (In Russ.).

11. Ricento, T., Hornberger, N. H. (1996). Unpeeling the onion: Language planning and policy and the ELT professional. TESOL Quarterly, 30 (3): 401—427.

12. Sereedar, N. M. (2018). Tuvan language as a means of communication of Tuvans: problems and prospects. New studies of Tuva, 1: 4—19. DOI: 10.25178/nit.2018.1.1. (In Russ.).

13. Skachkova, I. I. (2015). Language policy and language planning: definition of concepts. Political linguistics, 1 (51): 126—131. (In Russ.).

14. Tollefson, J. W. (2007). Language planning in education. In: Encyclopedia of Language and Education (10 volume set), 1. 2nd Edition. Springer. ISBN-13 978-0-387-32875-1.

15. Tsybenova, Ch. S. (2013). Modern language situation in the Republic of Tyva: sociopsycho-linguistic aspect: author’s abstract of PhD Diss. Ulan-Ude. 24 p. (In Russ.).

16. Tsybenova, Ch. S. (2019). Social characteristics of the language situation in the Republic of Tyva. Oriental Studies, 3: 460—477. DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2019-43-3-460-477. (In Russ.).