Soviet Poetic Underground in Critical and Scientific Coverage (First Article)

The results of a research of literary critical works devoted to the study of Soviet under-ground poetry in the 1960s and 70s are presented in the review article. It is shown how the process of liberation of unofficial poetic culture from the collectivist attitudes of Soviet ideology and the search by its representatives for the spiritual and moral foundations of life and creativity was highlighted in the sam- and tamizdat periodicals. Special attention in the review is payed to the reflection of uncensored criticism in relation to the problems of restoring the connection with the literary tradition of the Silver Age by nonconformist poets and the formation of new principles of artistic writing in their work. In the context of these processes, the value nature of the phenomenon of “Christian Renaissance” in underground poetry, its role in the development of modernist poetic culture in the second half of the 20th century is revealed. In the light of literary-critical reception, the concept of “cultural movement” is considered as a strategy for uniting creative forces in the literary underground, which determines the value horizons of unofficial poetry. It is substantiated that the “cultural movement” was interpreted by uncensored criticism from the standpoint of its ideological and institutional self-sufficiency, the ability to be an active subject of Russian and world culture.

1. Aigi, G. (1979). Son-i-Poeziya. Ark, 4: 70—78. (In Russ).

2. Aleynikov, V. (2018). Tell about the past. Available at: https://7i.7iskusstv.com/2018-nomer11-alejnikov1/ (accessed on 3.01.2021). (In Russ).

3. Andreeva, V., Shemyakin, M. (ed.). (1977). In the “small circle” of poetry. Apollo-77. Paris: [B. I.]. 94—101. (In Russ).

4. Burg, D. (1963). Party and writers. Grani, 54: 98—132. (In Russ).

5. Boult, J. E. (1980). “The Hour of Results”. In: Anthology of the latest Russian poetry at the Blue Lagoon, 1. Available at: https://kkk-bluelagoon.ru/tom1/cont_1.htm (accessed 16.02.2021). (In Russ).

6. Beshenkovskaya, O. (1981). Wolves and rabbits. Hours, 33: 184—218. (In Russ).

7. Chronicle. (1978). Journal “37”, 17: 210—212. (In Russ).

8. D. S. (1977). Pushkin and Brodsky. Journal “37”, 9: 192—203. (In Russ).

9. D. V. (1980). Chronika. In memory of Leonid Aronzon. Clock, 27: 296—298. (In Russ).

10. Dubrov, A. (1973). Samizdat in the Vienna literary journal. Available at: http://tamizdatproject.org/ru/people/andrei-dubrov (accessed 28.02.2021). (In Russ).

11. Dudinsky, I. (1985). What is the “Moscow idea”? The first approximation. Mitin journal, 6/ Available at: http://kolonna.mitin.com/archive/mj06/ (accessed 3.02.2021). (In Russ).

12. Eisenberg, M. (2005). Justified presence: A collection of articles. Moscow: Baltrus: New publishing House. 212 p. (In Russ).

13. Feather, A. (1985). To the question about the “Moscow to the idea”. Mitin Zhurnal, 6: Available at: http://kolonna.mitin.com/archive/mj06/puhovikov.shtml (accessed 6.03.2021). (In Russ).

14. Fomin, A., Chudinovskaya, T. (1986). Paper Satan (review of “Notes” by G. Benevich and A. Shufrin). Hours, 61: 251—264. (In Russ).

15. From “Phoenix” to “Sphinxes”. (1965). Grani, 59: 3—6. (In Russ).

16. Gorev, K. (1960). A few words about modern Soviet poetry. Optima, 1: 8—15. (In Russ).

17. Goricheva, T., Poresh, V., Pazukhin, E. (1979). Discussion. Journal “37”, 18: 229—243. (In Russ).

18. Goricheva, T. (1977). The Creator and the creature. Ideological introduction to “Simple Po-ems” by Elena Shvarts. Journal “37”, 11: 20—25. (In Russ).

19. Groys, B. (1980). Two cultures in one culture. Journal “37”, 20: 67—76. (In Russ).

20. H. V. (1980). A few words about a contemporary: Boris Kupriyanov. Hours, 28: 118—128. (In Russ).

21. Ignatova, E. (1984). Who are we? Hours, 52: 212—220. (In Russ).

22. Interview with Viktor Krivulin. Recorded by Dmitry Volchek. (1985). Mitin magazine, 6: Available at: http://kolonna.mitin.com/archive/mj06/krivulin.shtml (accessed 19.02.2021). (In Russ).

23. Ivanov, B. (1977). On the other side of formality. From the book “Hours of culture”. Hours, 8: 148—184. (In Russ).

24. Ivanov, B. (1977). The Return of the paradigm (from the book “Hours of Culture”). Clock, 8: Available at: https://samizdat.wiki/images/3/39/HOURS6-8-B-Ivanov-Return-paradigms.pdf (accessed 13.02.2021). (In Russ).

25. Ivanov, B. (1978). Summary. On the eve of the 70th. Hours, 15: 1—4. (In Russ).

26. Ivanov, B. (1979). Cultural movement as an integral phenomenon. Hours, 21: 209—221. (In Russ).

27. Ivanov, B. (1981a). Realism and personality. Hours, 32: 208—240. (In Russ).

28. Ivanov, B. (1981b). Realism and personality. Continuation. Hours, 35: 240—259. (In Russ).

29. Ivanov, B. (1982). Realism and personality (continued). Hours, 36: 273—293. (In Russ).

30. Ivanov, B. (1985). Public function of the cultural movement. Hours, 56: 237—246. (In Russ).

31. Ivanov, B. (2003). Literary generations in the Leningrad unofficial literature of the 1950s—1980s. Samizdat Leningrad. 1950s — 1980s. Literary encyclopedia. Moscow: New Literary Review. 535—585. ISBN 5-86793-216-8. (In Russ).

32. Ivanov, B., Krivulin, V., Volchek, D., Antonov, V., Iossel, M. (1986). Materials of the symposium “Ways of culture of the 60—80s”. Hours, 62: 198—233. (In Russ).

33. Kalomirov, A. (1977). The problem of modern Russian poetry. Article I. Joseph Brodsky (“Place”). Magazine “37”, 9: 204—214. (In Russ).

34. Kobak, A., Ostanin, B. (1986). Lightning and the rainbow: ways of culture of the 60—80s. Hours, 61: 325—373. (In Russ).

35. Kozlova, S. M., Izotova, Ya. P., Komarov, S. A. (ed.). (2017). Ivan Zhdanov: about himself, about him, about his work. Russian poetry of Siberia of the XX century: Ivan Zhdanov: monograph (Literary stars of Siberia; issue 3). Tyumen: Tyumen University Press. 16—72. ISBN 978-5-400-01417-8. (In Russ).

36. Krivulin, V. B. (1977). Speech at the evening in memory of Leonid Aronzon. To the fifth anniversary of his death. Journal “37”, 12: 41—43. (In Russ).

37. Krivulin, V. (1979a). Five years of the cultural movement. The connection of the movement of artists with the movement of poets. Hours, 21: 221—229. (In Russ).

38. Krivulin, V. (1979b). Twenty years of the newest Russian poetry (preliminary notes). Hours, 22: 240—263. (In Russ).

39. Kukulin, I. Two births of uncensored poetry in the USSR. Available at: https://Avangard/Ilya%20Kukulin.%20Dva%20generation%20nepodtsensurnaya%20poezii%20b%20SSR.html (accessed 23.02.2021). (In Russ).

40. Lemons, E., Shemyakin, M. (1977). Group “Konkret”. Apollo-77. Paris: [b. i.]. 43—46. (In Russ).

41. Livshits, L. (1980). Tulupy We [We are sheepskin coats]. In: Anthology of modern Russian poetry from the Blue Lagoon, 1. 141—154. Available at: https://kkk-bluelagoon.ru/tom1/philolog.htm#1 (accessed 19.02.2021). (In Russ).

42. Maltsev, V. (1976). Free Russian literature. 1955—1975. Frankfurt am Main: Sowing. 474 p. (In Russ).

43. Maltsev, Yu. (1971). Russian literature in search of forms. Grani, 80: 159—210. (In Russ).

44. Mickelson, J. (1982). Russian religious poetry of the 70s. Hours, 38: 258—265. (In Russ).

45. Nechaev, V. (1976). The moral significance of unofficial culture. Grani, 108: 241—252. (In Russ).

46. Nikitin, V. (1985). The poetry of trance and the leap into the transcendent (sketches for the article). Hours, 58: 223—230. (In Russ).

47. Nikonova, R. (1983a). Instead of the manifesto. Transponance, 16: 15—27. (In Russ).

48. Nikonova, R. (1983b). Manifesto number three. Transponance, 18: 17—19. (In Russ).

49. Nikonova R. (1984). I’m going to the channel. Transponance, 23: 155—186. (In Russ).

50. Northern Post Office. Magazine of Poetry and Criticism. The issue is dedicated to the fortieth anniversary of Joseph Brodsky. (1980). Northern Post Office, 6. Available at: https://samizdatcollections.library.utoronto.ca/islandora/objectsamizdat%3A10667 (accessed 23.03.2021). (In Russ).

51. Novikov, Yu. (1979). Criticism and modern non-conformist art. Hours, 21: 230—238. (In Russ).

52. Osipov, V. (1971). Mayakovsky Square, article 70. Grani, 80: 107—136. (In Russ).

53. Pankratova, E. V. (2019). Literary strategy of the samizdat magazine “Hours”: the concept of independent literature. PhD Diss. St. Petersburg. P. 251. (In Russ).

54. Pazukhin, E. (1976). External and internal problems of our culture. Archive, 1: 2—6. (In Russ).

55. Pazukhin, E. (1985). “Starry hours” of Russian poetry of the twentieth century. Hours, 57: 197—203. (In Russ).

56. Petrov, V., Shemyakin, M. (1977). “Will they forget? That’s what surprised...”. Apollo-77. Paris: [B. I.]. P. 108. (In Russ).

57. Poetry of today. (1962). Art of the Commune, 20, 23, 26, 27. (In Russ).

58. Pokrovsky, O. V. (1976). Put your hand on my heart / From the memories of the poet R. Mandelstam. Hours, 2: Available at: https://samizdat.wiki/images/7/70/CHASY2_-_8-Mandelstam_Pokrovsky.pdf (accessed 03.03.2021). (In Russ).

59. Savitsky, S. (2002). Underground: the history and myths of Leningrad unofficial literature. Moscow: New Literary Review. 224 p. ISBN 5-86793-186-2. (In Russ).

60. Samizdat (Based on the materials of the conference “30 years of independent press. 1950—80 years” St. Petersburg, April 25—27, 1992). (1993). St. Petersburg: Scientific and Information Center (SIC) “Memorial”. 142 p. (In Russ).

61. Sedakova, O. (1983). Notes and memories of various poems, as well as praise of poetry. Hours, 46: 1—35. (In Russ).

62. Sedakova, O. (1990). Music of the deaf time. Bulletin of New Literature, 2. Available at: https://www.olgasedakova.com/Poetica/175 (accessed 25.03.2021). (In Russ).

63. Sedakova, O. (2010). Leonid Aronzon: the poet of the culmination. In: Poetics. Moscow: Russian Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Science. 515—529. (In Russ).

64. Severyukhin, D. (ed.). (2003). Samizdat of Leningrad. 1950s — 1980s. Literary encyclopedia. Moscow: New Literary Review. 624 p. ISBN 5-86793-216-8. (In Russ).

65. Sigey, S. (1979). On the “tasks” of transpoesis. Transponance, 1: 4—5. (In Russ).

66. “Sphinxes” № 1 — literary Russian magazine”. (1965). Grani, 59: 7—75. (In Russ).

67. Stratanovsky, S. (1986). Something about avantgardism. Bypass channel, 10: 293—300. (In Russ).

68. Tarshis, A. (1981). Literature is a particle of the universe. Transponance, 8: 9—12. (In Russ).

69. Ternovsky, E. (1976). Co-name and name. Poet and culture. Grani, 100: 424—438. (In Russ).

70. Voznesenskaya, Yu. (1978). Answers to the questionnaire. Magazine “37”, 18: Available at: https://samizdatcollections.library.utoronto.ca/islandora/object/samizdat%3A1828 (accessed 23.01.2021). (In Russ).

71. Vykhodtsev, P. S. (1976). Review of the collective collection of Leningrad poets “Mite”. Journal “37”, 4: 151—166. (In Russ).

72. Zhdanov, I. F. (2014). The defenseless courage of Evgeny Blazheevsky. Culture of the Altai Territory, 1 (13): 50—53. (In Russ).

73. Zhitenev, A. A. (2015). Boris Ivanov’s Philosophy of Culture. In: Emblemataamatoria: Articles and sketches. Voronezh: NAUKA‐UNIPRESS. 66—79. ISBN 978-5-4292-0091-0. (In Russ).