This article introduces into scholarly circulation the previously unrecorded term kesariny ‘yuletide maskers’, documented by the Toponymic Expedition of Ural Federal University in Chukhloma District, Kostroma Oblast during its field season in 2025. The word is found in a narrow area on the Vologda-Kostroma borderland and means primarily ‘yuletide maskers’, but also ‘participants in yuletide ritual outrages’, ‘maskers at a wedding’ and ‘characters who frighten children’. The authors argue that this term derives from the chrononym (Vasily) Kesariyskiy — the name given to January 1st/14th commemorating St. Basil of Caesarea. To substantiate their hypothesis, they first demonstrate the significance of this day within Russian folk calendar, leading to widespread representation of related chrononyms and derived forms in ritual vocabulary and folklore. Secondly, they identify a temporal model underlying the naming practices of Svyatki (Christmas) masquerades (yuletide maskers). Thirdly, Kostroma-based names for low-level demonological figures formed from the same chrononym are revealed, drawing semantic parallels between terms for masked performers and evil spirits. Finally, formal evidence supports this etymology: it is noted that the base form kesarin- appears frequently in de-etymologized regional variants of both saints' names and associated chrononyms.

This study is dedicated to the history of terminology studies, tracing its hundred-year development trajectory. It highlights that the definition of a term remains a subject of ongoing debate within terminological research. The article aims at identifying the reasons for changes in the scope of the concept “term.” It examines the interrelation between scientific progress and stages of development in terminology studies. Questions are raised regarding the application of new parameters for analyzing terminological processes. An overview of the evolution of scientific thought based on theoretical analysis of philosophy-of-science concepts is provided. Sociocognitive conditions underlying the formation of scientific paradigms — classical, non-classical, post-non-classical science — are investigated. A novel authorial conception of terminology’s evolution is presented, distinguishing three paradigms: traditional (prescriptive), cognitive-discursive (descriptive), integrative (prescriptively-descriptive). Dominant processes of term formation in these paradigms — divergent, convergent, divergent-convergent — are identified and substantiated. For the first time, an emerging integrative paradigm of terminology studies is described. The relevance of this investigation lies also in presenting a coherent conceptualization of the regularity governing changes in the scope of the notion “term” as related to salient term-forming processes characteristic of each paradigm.

This article addresses the contemporary issue of euphemization within English-language political discourse as a means to achieve authorial intentions and shape public opinion. The relevance is underscored by the increasing significance of politics in everyday life. The aim of this study is to analyze euphemisms in political discourse from a functional-communicative perspective. One key objective is to identify their predominant functions. The data for analysis are drawn from online versions of leading English-language newspapers (“Reuters”, “The Guardian”, “The Washington Post”, “The New York Times”) over the past five years. Special attention is given to defining euphemism, its relationship with concepts such as linguistic appropriateness, social roles, and political correctness. Comparative analyses of various approaches to defining and classifying euphemisms are presented. An original adaptation of a functional classification of euphemisms tailored to the specifics of English-language political discourse is proposed, encompassing image-building, tolerance-promoting, protective, and concealing euphemisms. It has been demonstrated that masking and protective euphemisms dominate, while the primary communicative strategies involve manipulating public opinion and legitimizing certain actions. The novelty of this research lies in identifying trends toward using emotionally charged terms instead of neutral euphemisms.

This paper examines errors in Buryat and Russian texts within the linguistic landscape of Ulan-Ude, the capital of the Republic of Buryatia, and investigates the underlying causes for their occurrence. The research material comprises 94 public signs in the two languages, identified from a larger sample of over 3,000 signs. Through an errratological analysis applied to the study of linguistic landscape, the study demonstrates the presence of orthographic, graphic, morphological, syntactic, and lexical errors. The findings indicate that signs in the Buryat language contain errors across all these categories, whereas errors on Russian-language signs are exclusively lexical. The author discusses the factors contributing to the prevalence of errors in Buryat-language material, which include technical constraints, the relatively under-standardized status of the Buryat language in certain domains, and a lack of qualified translators. Errors in Russian-language texts are attributed to insufficient quality control in the production and installation of public signage. Overall, the analysis reveals and corroborates a disparity between the two official languages of the Republic of Buryatia, resulting in a significantly higher incidence of errors on Buryat-language signs compared to their Russian-language counterparts.

This article addresses the challenge of analyzing evidentiality within media discourse by leveraging contemporary machine learning methods. The study’s relevance stems from the need to interpret implicit and context-dependent modal meanings that are inadequately captured using traditional approaches. The aim is to develop a methodology for automated analysis of evidentiality while accounting for its interaction with other modal categories. A corpus of English-language media texts serves as the empirical basis for this research. An original method based on word vector representation algorithms, combinatorial modeling, and recurrent neural networks is proposed. As a result, evidential operators have been identified and classified, along with their stable patterns of cohesion with markers representing authorization, approximation, perception, modality, negation, evaluation, personalization, persuasiveness, expressivity, emotionality, and temporality. Typical trajectories of polymodal unfolding of evidential statements are presented. Special attention is given to the linguo-synergetic approach, which considers modal meanings as elements of a multilevel self-organizing semantic system. This methodology demonstrates high efficiency of neural network techniques in tasks related to automated discourse analysis and linguistic expertise.

This article investigates the use of short and full predicate adjectives in Russian spiritual verses. The study presents comparative analysis results from three collections of Russian spiritual poetry: V. Varentsov's Collection of Russian Spiritual Verses; “The Dove Book: Russian Folk Spiritual Verses of the Eleventh to Nineteenth Centuries”; and “Spiritual Verses of Northern Russia.” It examines the quantitative distribution between short and full predicative adjective forms as well as their stylistic distinctiveness. Drawing on grammatical criteria for distinguishing between predicative short and truncated adjective forms — namely, their syntactic function that determines an important feature such as case inflection — the authors explore morphological and syntactic factors influencing the predicativity of full adjectives: subject expression mode, position relative to the subject, presence or absence of a copula verb. A grammatical pattern is identified: when an adjective and noun are distant from each other, the degree of predicativity increases for full adjectives, whereas it decreases with close proximity. Special attention is given to describing unique syntactic constructions involving possessive relationships with full predicative adjectives, emphasizing the syntactic status of these adjectives within communicatively organized utterances.

This article explores the phenomenon of Latin American exoethonyms, which constitute a distinct group of linguistic units, differing from both official ethnonyms and toponymic designations. The authors argue that exoethonyms — toponymic nicknames — represent a unique category of lexemes that conceptualize national and cultural meanings relevant to the formation of identity as a sense of national or ethnic belonging. It is noted that exoethonyms serve denotative, pragmatic, and identificatory functions within the discursive space. Special attention is given to the connotative meanings of exoethonyms, which, through the lens of the binary opposition “us vs. them,” reinforce certain stereotypes within the collective social imaginary and necessitate caution in usage due to their potentially offensive implications. This study contributes to the fields of Latin American studies, onomastics, and linguistic cultural studies, demonstrating how ethnonymic vocabulary participates in the creation and transmission of collective representations and in constructing a national-linguistic worldview. The work holds practical significance for intercultural communication, linguistic geography, and translation.

A sociolinguistic study was conducted to investigate parental language attitudes as an indicator of local language ideologies among speakers of indigenous languages in the Russian Federation. The aim of this research is to identify and classify linguistic ideologies characteristic of parents with school-age children across several regions of Russia based on their views regarding the choice of instructional language, family's role in language transmission, and perceptions of state language policies. It highlights that within the multilingual context of the Russian Federation, there exists a tension between preserving ethno-linguistic diversity and ensuring civic integration, which is particularly evident in educational settings. Empirical data were collected through surveys administered in five republics of Russia (Chechen Republic, Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Tyva Republic, Kalmykia Republic, Karelia Republic) during 2022–2023. Data analysis employed qualitative content analysis methods. Findings revealed predominant preferences for Russian as a tool for social mobility while simultaneously acknowledging the symbolic value of native tongues. Institutional bilingual models are identified in some areas, whereas other regions exhibit trends toward latent assimilation. A notable example of harmonious bilingualism is observed in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia).

This study investigates the linguoaxiological specifics of sports commentary discourse based on texts produced by commentators during live broadcasts. The elevance of this research lies in its focus on discursive-communicative linguoaxiology as a broad area of inquiry. A linguistic model for evaluative statements has been developed, with an emphasis on describing its realization within discourses produced by speakers from different language backgrounds and cultural contexts — specifically Russia and Britain. Seven key parameters related to the linguistic foundation of axiophere representation are identified. A comparative analysis is conducted using fragments of sports commentary from both countries. It is concluded that evaluative statements function as axiological indicators highlighting values such as emotional experience, self-reflection, and collective identity in Russian culture, while emphasizing rationality, restraint, and respect in public spaces in British culture. The collected data are visualized through the conceptual modeling of evaluative statements within Russian and British sports commentary discourses, facilitating the elaboration and substantiation of generalizations across principal analytical dimensions.

The article considers the representation of the ideas of Daoism and one of its key concepts of DAO in the Russian information space: in the discourse of social networks, communication on forums, on the websites of traditional media. The accounts of VKontakte communities, newspaper articles, and publications on Internet resources with the words Daoism and Dao in their names have been analyzed using content analysis methods. It has been established that such VKontakte communities unite more than 500 thousand people. There are subscribers in accounts claiming the subject of “Philosophy”, while the connection of the posted content with Daoism can only be indirect. It is shown that communities with components of Daoism and Dao in their names are also engaged in sales, promoting the idea of a healthy lifestyle, discussing gender relations, etc. The main geographical account labels have been identified: the most popular regions are Moscow and St. Petersburg. Linguistic analysis of the use of the Daoism nomination shows its scientific character, while combinations with the word Dao are characterized by a high degree of metaphor. The author comes to the conclusion that Russians, referring to the religious and philosophical concepts of “Daoism” and “Dao”, banalize them when discussing problems of everyday life, health, interpersonal relationships, and also use the Daoism and Dao nominations to commercialize accounts.

This article presents an analysis of publications from the news portal “Zakon.kz” regarding Russian-language education in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The methodology includes statistical, semantic, contextual, and content analyses of these publications. A novel approach is proposed that focuses on the social concept of Russian-language education. It highlights how dominant meanings reflected in texts mirror different stages of the country’s three-language policy over time periods such as 2015–2018, 2018–2022, and since 2023 to present day. Data are provided illustrating the evaluative nature of media coverage. Emphasis is placed on the contrast between neutrality explicitly claimed by articles and implicit techniques used for evaluating language triads — Kazakh, Russian, and English. These include lexical substitutions, order of components within parallel structures, euphemization, and mixing absolute with relative quantitative indicators. Findings show that distribution patterns across years reflect socio-political context: (1) heightened interest in Russian-language educational issues during 2015–2018 corresponds to the adoption of a state three-language education program for 2015–2020; (2) increased media activity starting from 2023 reflects current geopolitical dynamics concerning the role of Russian as an international communication medium.

This paper investigates semantic extension models and evaluative potential development of the Russian adjective zdorovyj as a linguistic representation of the HEALTH concept within contemporary Russian media discourse practices. The study is based on an analysis of 400 word occurrences extracted from the newspaper corpus of the Russian National Corpus. Eleven basic lexical meanings are identified through lexicographic definitions. Features of non-standard meaning or evaluative transformations of dictionary-based values for the adjective zdorovyj are examined. It is demonstrated that metonymic and metaphorical extensions activate implicatures such as ‘beneficial to health > leading to health > intended for healthy lifestyle or healing’, ‘not spoiled, not decayed; normal > functioning appropriately without violation of relevant requirements and norms, having growth and development potential’. The evaluative capacity of the lexeme zdorovyj expands due to contexts where different types of partial evaluation emerge, including qualitative assessment (zdorovyj = complete), normative judgment (zdorovyj = correct), intellectual appraisal (zdorovyj = reasonable), and utilitarian valuation (zdorovyj = useful).

The aim of the study is to identify media aesthetic techniques in the representation of the concept of the socio-political publication “Lenta.ru.” The focus lies on interactive methods that contribute to an emotionally engaging experience for recipients through technical components. It was found that a range of techniques shape the core of the media-aesthetic field within the entertainment concept of “Lenta.ru.” Specifically, the option of the “Good News Feed” as a filter influencing readers' perceptions reveals the publication's stance toward diverse value systems, highlighting its dialogical and open nature. Additionally, mini-games integrated into content serve to alleviate tension, entertain, and relax users. Furthermore, special projects such as long-form articles with texts, infographics, and open narrative lines immerse readers in a culturally educational aesthetic environment. This research demonstrates how these media-aesthetic techniques redefine the role of a socio-political publication in the lives of its audience, recognizing varied individual needs. It concludes that entertainment strategies carry significant meaning and align closely with the typological orientation of the publication.

This study examines the representation of Malorossiya (Little Russia) and Volhynia spaces within the travel narrative “Across Western Lands, Old and New” by V.L. Kign-Dedlov (1856–1908). The research is conducted through a semiotic-imagological analysis to address gaps in contemporary Russian humanities regarding spatial liminality, particularly Ukrainian themes. The novelty lies in analyzing elements of spatial imagery specific to Kyiv region and Volhynia, which have received limited attention from literary scholars thus far. It demonstrates that representations of these regions are characterized by travesty-like forms and contentual conflictuality due to their multicultural nature encompassing Russian, German, Polish, Little Russian, and Jewish identities. Additionally, it identifies a theme of uncertainty and centrality both anthropologically and spatially. This ambiguity is especially evident in depictions of Volhynia as an intermediate topography between Malorossiya and Belarus. Furthermore, the study highlights how the author juxtaposes sacred historical landscapes with provincial and banal present-day realities, emphasizing nostalgia for past glories.

This study analyzes the works by futurist writer Sergei Tretyakov (1892–1937) devoted to China, including his poems “Novy. Peking,” “Li Yang Upram” and “Roar, China!” as well as plays such as “Roar, China!”, travelogues like “Zhongguo,” and biographical interviews titled “Deng Shi-hua.” It investigates how each work contributes to a unified thematic structure within this cycle. It is argued that the poem “Novy. Peking” serves as an epigraph introducing key motifs and spatio-temporal coordinates for subsequent texts in the series. Furthermore, it demonstrates that both the epic poems “Roar, China!” and “Li Yang Upram,” along with the play “Roar, China!,” depict the struggle of the Chinese people against imperialists. These works also envision future developments as a process of unifying fragmented parts of the Chinese nation. Additionally, attention is given to the spatial and temporal organization found in the narrative essays “Zhongguo” and the interview-based piece “Deng Shi-hua.” Despite their varied generic forms, these texts are shown to form a coherent literary cycle united by common themes and ideological frameworks. Shared stylistic principles include factual representation, recurring symbols and leitmotifs, methods of structuring artistic space and time, and a focus on projecting possible futures for China. Ultimately, it is concluded that Tretyakov’s works engage readers through sustained dialogue based on authentic representations of the Chinese cultural landscape.

This study investigates the activities of Proletarian Cultural-Educational Organizations (Proletkult) as a creative utopia. It explores issues related to the homogeneity of utopian, mythological, and aesthetic thinking. The sources include periodicals published by Proletkult. For the first time, data is introduced into scholarly circulation that allows interpreting Proletkult projects as precursors to contemporary inquiries in the field of creative industries. Attention is given to how the creativity of proletkult members continued the search for a “Russian Renaissance” as a modernist utopia reconstructing the romantic type of creation, within which literature appeared as a form of neo-religion. The authors argue that this attitude towards literature reflects the Russian cultural code. The study raises questions about such qualities of the Russian cultural code as the special status of literature as an arena for truth-seeking and the perception of language as demiurgic logos. It is demonstrated that through their myth-making, proletkult members not only propagated proletarian culture but also created a neoreligion based on the cult of the proletariat as a collective messiah. The novelty of the research lies in its retrospective approach to creativity through analysis of Proletkult’s activities, which provided a powerful impetus for the development of mass amateur creativity among the people during the early years of Soviet Republic.

This article presents a comparative analysis of the evolution of the theme of German guilt within the works of Bernhard Schlink situated in the context of twentieth- and twenty-first-century German-language literature. The novelty of this study lies in its examination of how the problem of German guilt transforms into an association with terrorism as a phenomenon. Drawing on novels such as The Homecoming (2006), Woman on the Stairs (2014), Three Days (2008), Olga (2018), and The Granddaughter (2021), it is demonstrated that the relevance of this topic remains strong, particularly among Germanspeaking audiences, due to their enduring interest in questions related to German guilt. It has been established that in the fictional universe created by Bernhard Schlink, this issue expands beyond mere historical or political considerations into broader philosophical concerns regarding justice and overcoming past misconceptions. The authors conclude that according to Schlink's perspective, reconciliation between generations and preventing further tragic events rooted in the legacy of German guilt can only be achieved through mutual forgiveness, repentance, and empathy. Furthermore, it is argued that exploring the experience of German guilt and confronting the past provides one possible path toward redefining contemporary German national identity.

This article analyzes data on women living in early Yekaterinburg as recorded in household censuses from 1728 and 1788. The study aims to determine the number, social composition, and employment characteristics of urban women during the eighteenth century. It employs methods of source criticism and quantitative analysis within the frameworks of social and gender history approaches. A comparative analysis of these two census records reveals that over a period of sixty years, the female population of the city tripled and by 1788 had become predominant over males. The dynamics of women's affiliation with various socioprofessional groups reflect the transformation of Yekaterinburg from an industrial mining center into a craft-based trading hub. Based on the 1788 census, family relationships are reconstructed along with diverse occupations and sources of income for women, ranging from domestic handcraft production to trade and wage labor. It is noted that the eighteenthcentury saw significant strides made by women towards overcoming traditional societal constraints. The conclusion underscores that by the late 1780s, women constituted an active and socially significant segment of the city's community, playing key roles in its economic life.

This study focuses on a generational analysis of social conflicts in the mid-1920s Soviet village. The findings are based on archival documents, periodical press materials, and theoretical-methodological approaches from social history, generation studies, and juvenile history. New data is introduced regarding the nature of youth policies implemented by authorities and the structure of rural society during this period. It demonstrates that older generations resisted young activists and clashed with them over issues such as anti-religious propaganda, morality, and daily behavior. Special attention is given to the migration of part of the peasant youth to cities due to socio-political changes associated with the NEP era, which deepened intergenerational divisions. Evidence shows that negative perceptions of Komsomol movement and emerging generational contradictions significantly influenced subsequent dynamics of village development, particularly under conditions of later collectivization. It has been established that political and social processes of the 1920s substantially transformed relationships within rural communities, laying foundations for new forms of social interaction. The conclusion emphasizes that applying a generational approach in historical research provides profound insights into transformative processes occurring during the Soviet period, illustrating the extent of societal transformation experienced by Soviet society.

This study investigates the history of entrepreneurship among women from various social strata in the Kazan Governorate between the 1860s and early 1900s. It identifies the number of trading houses established by women, their founding dates, founders' names, and areas of commercial activity within the city of Kazan. The analysis focuses on key directions, forms, and scales of economic engagement across different female groups including merchants’ wives, townspeople’s daughters, noblewomen, peasant women, and other titled females. Special attention is given to the ethnoreligious diversity characteristic of the region, highlighting that business activities were also pursued by Muslim Tatar families, Old Believers, and members of other social groups. The research demonstrates how socioeconomic standing influenced occupational choices. It emphasizes that most female entrepreneurs concentrated primarily in food production, retail trade, clothing manufacture, and service industries such as lodging houses and laundries. However, it is noted that many women became proprietors even in traditionally male-dominated sectors like leather tanning, brick-making, distilling, etc. Furthermore, post-reform periods saw an increasing trend towards women's involvement in novel entrepreneurial domains such as bookselling, publishing, banking services, dentistry, and photography businesses.

This article investigates the course of economic interaction between the Soviet Union and West Germany during the period from 1985 to 1989. It identifies the preconditions for deepening Soviet-West German economic cooperation and provides a comprehensive analysis of progressive forms of economic relations such as production cooperation, joint ventures, and scientific-technical collaboration. The contribution made by small and medium-sized West German businesses in developing trade ties with their Soviet counterparts is highlighted. Specific attention is given to regional patterns of company location (Baden-Württemberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Bavaria, Schleswig-Holstein, Saarland) that established particularly close business relationships with Soviet enterprises. Emphasis is placed on support provided by state authorities to companies engaged in productive cooperation with Soviet firms. The dynamics of growth in Soviet — West German joint ventures within the territory of the USSR are demonstrated, along with positions taken by both sides regarding key industrial sectors for these collaborations. Difficulties and obstacles encountered in the development of joint ventures are also explored. Priority areas of Soviet — West German scientific-technical cooperation are discussed, including licensing agreements, participation in exhibitions and fairs, and collaborative research projects. It is noted that opportunities for bilateral scientific-technical exchange remained largely untapped.

This publication focuses on a topic that has not been covered by historiography — the Decembrists who were found to be uninvolved with secret societies during their trial process. It continues a series of articles about understudied and overlooked participants of the Decembrist movement. A critical analysis is conducted using evidence from investigative materials, including previously unpublished records related to A. M. Golitsyn's case. The reliability of witness testimonies is evaluated. Special attention is given to the defense strategy employed for the accused as well as the role played by family connections in reaching an acquittal decision. Memoir sources are analyzed, indicating the officer’s involvement in clandestine activities and events surrounding December 14th, 1825. An attempt is made at reconstructing A. M. Golitsyn's participation in the Decembrist conspiracy. Analysis of documents and unaccounted-for testimonials demonstrates that the investigation did not fully consider available statements nor possess complete information regarding this officer's engagement within the Decembrist organization. It is hypothesized that significant influence over the exoneration verdict was exerted through familial ties, particularly those embodied by A. N. Golitsyn — a high-ranking official close to the imperial family and member of the Investigating Committee. Ultimately, the author concludes that A. M. Golitsyn belonged among the participants of the Decembrist movement who escaped punishment.

This article examines the role of two historical regions — Eastern Galicia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia — in French counter-Soviet strategies from early 1920 to late 1923. The novelty lies in considering these territories not only within the framework of bilateral relations between France and states where they were located (Poland for Eastern Galicia and Czechoslovakia for Subcarpathian Ruthenia), but also within a broader context of French conceptions about security architecture, including their relationship with Moscow. The relevance of this study is underscored by current heightened military-political tensions in contemporary Eastern Europe. Based on published French diplomatic and military documents as well as archival materials from both French and Russian repositories, the author concludes that Paris attached significant importance to Eastern Galicia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia as two echelons of an anti-Soviet frontline. It is demonstrated that French authorities recognized the vulnerability of these areas and their potential transformation into a strategic corridor for advancements by the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army towards Western Europe. However, it is emphasized that French calculations often diverged from local realities, thereby weakening the robustness of the socalled “sanitary cordon.”

This study investigates various aspects related to the formation of one of Russia's most important modern museums — the State Museum of Fine Arts named after A.S. Pushkin in Moscow, originally known as the Museum of Fine Arts named after Emperor Alexander III before the Revolution. It specifically examines General M.P. Stepanov’s involvement in creating this museum under the patronage of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. The research draws on extensive correspondence between key figures such as I.V. Tsvetaev and Y.S. Nekhaev-Maltsev, along with diaries of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich and other archival materials. For the first time, it highlights previously unexplored contributions made by M.P. Stepanov during two distinct periods: from 1897 to 1905 while Grand Duke Sergei was alive, and then again from 1905 until 1912 following his assassination up through the official opening of the museum. This analysis reveals specific characteristics of Stepanov's activities within the Committee responsible for establishing the museum at each stage. Ultimately, it concludes that Stepanov played a pivotal role in ensuring the successful establishment of the institution.

Based on a multidisciplinary approach integrating methodologies from historical anthropology, sociolinguistics, and memory studies, this article investigates the role of anniversary and obituary publications in shaping corporate identity within Petrovskaia (Timiryazev) Agricultural Academy between 1865 and 1925. Through an analysis of representative texts from specialized, socio-political, and mass-circulation publications, mechanisms are revealed for constructing the academy’s pantheon of glory. A tripartite pattern of esteem emerges, combining values of advanced science, free-thinking, and service to society. The evolution of commemorative strategies is traced — from cautious self-representation during the 1890 jubilee celebration to deeper historical introspection and integration into national context by 1915. Special attention is given to the process of academic canonization of key figures (K.A. Timiryazev, I.A. Stebut et al.) whose biographies in obituaries acquired traits reminiscent of secular hagiography. The work argues for both conceptual stability and flexibility in established rituals of remembrance, which not only survived changes in political regimes but successfully adapted to ideological demands under Soviet power, ensuring symbolic continuity and preservation of the academy's historical reputation amidst shifting sociocultural conditions.

This study aims to examine all known episodes from sources concerning women's involvement in the quaestiones perpetuae — permanent judicial commissions that served as primary criminal courts during the Roman Republic. It analyzes cases where women were either tried or gave testimony, along with their informal roles on such proceedings. Additionally, it investigates public attitudes toward female participation in criminal trials. The findings suggest that while republican law allowed for women's presence at legal hearings, custom restricted them primarily to defendant or witness roles. Respectable women were expected to behave modestly and reservedly when appearing before a court. If charged as defendants, they relied upon male relatives or family friends for defense representation. Emphasizing that delivering speeches encroached into an exclusively masculine domain of rhetoric, which provoked disapproval among Romans, this paper concludes that providing testimonies was generally more acceptable provided that women did not overstep societal boundaries.

This article examines the implementation of educational policies by the Russian Empire in Kabarda and Balkaria during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The novelty of this study lies in reinterpreting the core concepts and objectives of these policies, which aimed simultaneously at creating a unified system of education based on the Russian language while integrating local mountain-dwelling populations into a common sociocultural framework. At the same time, these policies had to align with regional traditions and specific needs. We present an overview of the stages of development and evolution of education in Kabarda and Balkaria throughout the nineteenth century. Socio-cultural barriers that impeded educational innovations are identified, revealing how phenomena outside traditional cultural frameworks were perceived as potentially harmful threats to heritage by most members of the population. It is noted that for some considerable period, formal education was viewed negatively by many locals who feared its impact would compromise their distinct identity. Furthermore, the introduction of new types of schools, curricula, and legislative measures underpinned subsequent shifts toward modernized economic and socio-cultural identities among these groups.