The features of the content structure of the concept LIGHT in the work of M. M. Prishvin is discussed in the article. The writer’s works and diaries covering the period from 1905 to 1954 are used as a source of material. A comprehensive analysis of the linguistic material has been carried out and some individual author’s interpretations of the implicit meaning of the concept LIGHT have been identified. The work was carried out within the framework of the AntCont program, in which a corpus of 83 documents representing the writer’s texts was formed. Particular attention is paid to the semantic components of the analyzed concept, which are revealed through the reconstruction of its nominative field, including various lexico-semantic groups. The statistical indicators of nouns associated with the concept of LIGHT made it possible to single out high-frequency, mid-frequency and low-frequency units that make up the core and periphery of the concept. A corpus analysis of lexical units representing the core of the concept LIGHT was carried out in combination with the methods of component, contextual and distributional analysis. With the help of the immediate environment, 7 main features of the nuclear components (‘svet’ [light] and ‘solntse’ [sun]) that make up the concept of LIGHT in the work of M. Prishvin were identified: temporality, location, intensity, color, spirituality, temperature, appraisal.

The issues of the Yakut language functioning — the native language of the majority of the Arctic zone of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) inhabitants — in the field of education are considered. The authors proceed from the fact that, being one of the key areas (along with such regulated areas of communication as the sphere of official office work, the media, science, etc.) necessary for the preservation and sustainable development of the language, the education sector is able to reflect the current language situation in the region, identify risks and threats to the existence of a particular language. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that we are on the eve of the International Decade of Indigenous Languages (2022—2032), proclaimed by the UN General Assembly. The results of a comparative analysis of the status of the Yakut language de jure and de facto based on the analysis of relevant legislative acts and the results of surveys among residents of Yakutia in 2021 are presented. It is concluded that the analysis carried out makes it possible to judge the negative dynamics, which manifests itself in a moderate but continuous decrease in linguistic competence among native speakers of the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation. It is noted that this situation at the present stage is noticeable only to experts and philologists, but it poses a certain threat to the existence of the language in the long term.

The study of speech from a communicative point of view, namely its communicatively significant qualities, the implementation of the functions of communication and influence, is important primarily in the cultural and speech aspect. Specialists have developed criteria for good speech and requirements for it (informativeness, correctness, accuracy, consistency, relevance, purity, intelligibility, richness, ethics, expressiveness). The purpose of this study is to analyze the specifics of ideas about the qualities of speech in a naive linguistic consciousness. The material of the study is the data obtained in the process of working on the project “Universal Thesaurus of the Russian Language”, which is currently being developed by specialists from the Ural Semantic School under the guidance of prof. L. G. Babenko. Materials from other explanatory and ideographic dictionaries are also used. Among the identified lexemes with the meaning of speech characteristics, first of all, those that are connected by synonymous relations, i.e. are responsible for detailing, concretizing these characteristics. In addition, both compliance and non-compliance with the requirements for good speech, i.e., both its qualities and “anti-qualities”, are marked by linguistic means, which indicates the importance of these opposing characteristics; therefore, attention is also paid to antonymic pairs and groups of words. 

The question of the formation of gerontolinguistics in China as a relatively new scientific branch for the country is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the high growth rate of the elderly Chinese population. The authors of the article offer an overview of gerontolinguistic works in China, selected on the basis of an analysis of journal articles, monographic studies, dissertations placed in Chinese libraries. It is noted that gerontolinguistics in China began its formation only in the 21^st century, while in Western science the problems of working with the elderly began to be intensively studied in the second half of the 20^th century. It is argued that Chinese gerontolinguistics is based on the traditions of Western science, taking into account Chinese realities. An overview of the works of Chinese scientists on gerontolinguistics is given, from 2003 to the present. It is shown that during this period, multimodal studies of the language and speech of various geront groups, including people suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, are especially actively carried out. The tasks that gerontological research solves are described, including the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, improving the quality of life of older people, and identifying their preferences in the sociocultural sphere, for example, advertising. To solve these problems, the possibilities of artificial intelligence are actively used. 

The verbs of thought and their role in the characterization of the linguistic personality of the hero-intellectual based on the stories of A. P. Chekhov “My Life” and A. I. Kuprin “Moloch” is examined in the article. It is noted that this study will allow a comparative analysis of the characters in order to identify the typical and individual in their ideas about the world, in the system of their views on the world, in the direction of their thought process. The relevance of the work is determined by addressing the problem of describing a linguistic personality in a literary text. The novelty of the article lies in the study of variations in the representation of the model personality of the hero-intellectual in late 19th century Russian prose. The article uses methods of semantic and linguo-stylistic analysis, comparison and description of language units. The conclusions substantiate that in the presence of distinctive features in the mental activity of the characters, as well as in the principles of constructing their speech strategies, there are common, typological properties, which is due to their belonging to the same social stratum and cultural and historical era. The authors believe that these characters can be attributed to the model language personality of a Russian intellectual at the turn of the 19^th—20^th centuries.

The article is devoted to the analysis of options for translating the Bible into the Ossetian language, taking into account the specifics of constructing sacred texts. The issues of interpretation of realities, compound names, structurally formed integral units in translation into a language that has a conceptual structure different from other languages and its own systemic organization are considered. It is noted that this is of great importance both for studying the actual translation of biblical texts, compiling a dictionary of religious terms and naming units, and for studying the full potential of linguistic possibilities in representing various kinds of complex realities with national and cultural specifics unusual for the Ossetian language, which determines the relevance of this work. The material was the Synodal translation of the Bible and versions of its translation into the ssetian language, the comparison of which made it possible to identify a number of features, the most consistent of which is the transliteration/transcription of compound names and onomastic terms. It is shown that traditional methods of translation do not always adequately reflect the meaning of the source text, as well as the method of rethinking can distort it beyond recognition, so a clear understanding of the lexical compatibility options of the target language units and the boundaries of their semantic range is necessary. 

The principles of selecting educational texts of a medical profile for practical classes in Russian as a foreign language are considered. The ways of their linguodidactic adaptation for foreign students who speak Russian in the volume of the basic and first certification levels are described. The novelty of the research lies in the application of the methodology of corpus linguistics and the modeling method in the preparation of educational material for the lesson. The author presents examples of adaptation of the educational text in the discipline “Anatomy” in order to prepare students for further study of the subject and successful communication in this subject area. It has been determined that for foreign students with a basic level of Russian language proficiency, it is necessary to apply non-linguistic and linguistic adaptation of the text, while for students with a B1 language proficiency level, non-linguistic text adaptation should be carried out, aimed at preserving the meaning of the original text of the textbook. It has been established that the Latin version of the terms makes it difficult to perceive the Russian-language text and, therefore, necessitates the creation of a terminological dictionary on the subject with parallel translation into Russian and English. 

The results of the analysis of the USSR image in Western social media are presented. The novelty of the study lies in the use of the Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone in the analysis of the image of Soviet leaders in the Euro-Atlantic press. A review of messages that mention the names of the leaders of the USSR from January 1, 2017 to the present in the Western press has been completed. It is proved that the overall emotional tone of the narrative about the Soviet leaders in Western media is extremely negative. It is noted that French and German journalists, in comparison with Anglo-Saxon ones, more often write about Soviet history in a positive context. It is emphasized that the differences correlate with the quality of relations between Western countries and Russia, as well as the prospects for their improvement. It is shown that journalists, discussing the Soviet leaders, raise existential questions that are important for the Euro-Atlantic mass consciousness. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the growth of media interest in the stories of rapprochement between the USSR and the West, as well as the emotionally positive transformation of the images of Soviet leaders in the media is considered as a condition and indicator of improving relations between Russia and the West.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the phrase female friendship against the background of the phrase male friendship, the features of their functioning in artistic, journalistic and network discourses. It is noted that the expression is actively used: the Yandex system issues several million responses to the query “female friendship”. The authors believe that the phrase demonstrates a stable character, since it is reproducible, expressive, has evaluative connotations that are additional to the main denotative meaning. It is emphasized that male friendship is traditionally considered a value and this is how this phenomenon can be described in an explanatory dictionary. The combination female friendship was portrayed, which made it possible to draw up a definition that can be included in the dictionary. It was revealed that the phrase female friendship is ambivalent, and has evaluative semantics, both positive and negative. It has been established that in one of the meanings, female friendship is associated with close relationships between women, psychological harmony, based on common interests; on the other hand, with false intimacy between women, such relationships, which are characterized by competitiveness, including in relations with men, unreliability, superficiality.

The cases of V. V. Nabokov’s appeal to the epistolary mechanism are considered. It turns out that the epistolary genre, as well as V. V. Nabokov’s metanarrative reflection create a dual context around the narrator, who mixes with the character. In particular, the prospect of interpreting the epistolary text is assessed, taking into account the concept of an unreliable narrator on the example of V. V. Nabokov’s 1943 short story. It is suggested that a participant in literary correspondence can be classified as an unreliable narrator, especially if his narration fluctuates between an inadequate assessment of reality and illusion. It is noted that imaginary events, which are evidence of madness, speak of the stress that the narrator invented by V. V. Nabokov is experiencing during the Second World War and the moment of flight from France from the Nazi Wehrmacht. It is emphasized that the demonstrative narrative complexity makes the aesthetic experience richer and more diverse when reading an already structurally complex postmodern text. It is pointed out that the epistolary examples from the corpus of V. V. Nabokov’s prose are placed in the general context of the development of the literary letters genre in the first half of the 20^th century. 

The article deals with the problem of experimenting by V. V. Nabokov the poet. The novelty and relevance of the study are due to the fact that the poet’s work, taken in the most complete volume to date (578 works, 18470 lines), is not the material of a traditional level-by-level poetic description, but a correlation analysis that takes into account the parameters of the formation of the verse vertical (poetic meter, strophic structure, clause, rhyme). The proposed method made it possible to reconsider the established idea of the conservatism of Nabokov the poet and to identify specific strategies for constructing a poetic vertical. It is proved that Nabokov cannot be called a poet who revived the metrical preferences of Pushkin’s time: the proportions of two-syllables, the variety of non-classical meters testify to his closeness to the authors of the first half of the 20th century. It has been established that the specificity of Nabokov’s experiments is determined by the use of the principles of organization of the verse vertical, which consists in the violation of rhythmic inertia due to various interruptions in rhythm — a change in poetic meter, the order of alternation of clauses, rhymes. The identification of these principles made it possible to formulate a hypothesis about the commonality of the construction of Nabokov’s poetic narrative with the prose narrative, in which the violation of the established convention, according to the general opinion of literary critics, is one of the main features. 

The article deals with the theme of the formation of children’s literature in the 19th century in France. The relevance of the study is due to the constant interest of both researchers and a wide range of readers in children’s literature as a source of reflection of the socio-cultural characteristics of a particular society. The story of the little-known French romantic writer Ernest d’Hervilli “The Adventures of a Prehistoric Boy”, which has not previously become the object of a special analysis, is examined. The author of the article reveals a pronounced ideological originality of the story, its compositional and artistic features. The nusualness of the reference of the French writer to the late Paleolithic era is emphasized. The author of the article believes that the main character is one of the first examples of a primitive romantic hero. It is argued that thanks to the story of Ernest d’Hervilli in the literature of the 19^th century, the theme of the prehistoric past of human, interest in primitive society and the psychology of the maturation of a teenager in a certain period of history appears. It is shown that at the compositional level, taking into account the adventurous register, the author draws attention to the little-known pages of the history of mankind and, thanks to various means of verbal expression, creates a realistic picture of the life, nature and life of the Cro-Magnons.

The stages of development of the main traditional Swahili poetic genres of tendi and mashairi, starting from the period of their formation and ending with the current state are discussed in the article. On the example of the most significant works of classics and modernity, the formal and stylistic features of the studied genres are analyzed, the question is raised about their continuity and innovative techniques in the context of non-literary factors. The conclusion is made about the development of genres within the framework of a change in the types of artistic consciousness, which manifests itself as the East African society establishes and develops — from awareness of one’s own national identity to an ever-greater inclusion in the global literary process. The last stage of the destruction of tradition, the rejection of the traditional form for today, was expressed in the phenomenon of the transformation of the form of the Old Swahili verse, which is demonstrated in the article on the example of the most prominent representatives of the so-called modernist poetry in Swahili. It is concluded in the article on the role of the author, whose figure manifests itself in different ways at each of the stages of development of Swahili poetry: from controversial authorship at the stage of formation of literature to pronounced features that characterize the specific unique authorial style at the later stages of the development of the studied poetry. 

The business activity of merchants of the middle of the 19th century, who chose the tea trade as the main area of their investments, is investigated. The analysis of the Russian tea trade in the middle of the 19^th century in the context of its organizational specifics is very limitedly presented in Russian historiography, which confirms the novelty of this scientific study. The key moments of the organization of trade operations with the Chinese in Kyakhta are considered. The range of problems typical for the entrepreneurial practice of tea merchants of this era is presented and analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the trade in smuggled tea and the production of its surrogate versions as the main obstacles to the productive work of the tea market in the interests of the merchants and the state. It is noted that the trade in illegal goods was carried out by colleagues who did not know how or did not want to make a profit in an honest way, and the marginal phenomenon itself was so massive that the merchants could not liquidate the illegal market on their own. As a result, in order to resolve many issues, merchants had to interact with various structures of the country’s authorities. It is shown that the remote format of interaction between large entrepreneurs and their sales agents in Kyakhta had certain inconveniences and brought profits to tea business owners much less than the possible maximum. 

The issue of creating green spaces in the cities of the Russian Empire, relevant for the turn of the 19th—10th centuries, is considered. Particular attention is paid to the city of Omsk, for which this problem was the most acute, since the landscaping of the space was supposed to improve the city in sanitary terms, improve the climate by reducing dust storms and creating recreational areas for citizens. It is noted that the creation of green spaces in Omsk was part of the policy for the improvement of the city and was on a par with the creation of water supply, sewerage, etc. It is shown that during this period many projects for the gardening of Omsk were considered, but only some of them were fully or partially implemented, the reason for which was a rather modest budget. It was revealed that the main direction was the renovation of existing green spaces and the design of parks and squares in the city center near administrative buildings. It is emphasized that projects to change the urban space were put forward by different groups of citizens, including merchants and representatives of the Orthodox Church. In conclusion, it is noted that the gardening of Omsk in the late XIX — early XX centuries was continued after the revolution and turned into a large project to create a garden city.

Based on archival materials and published sources, the article deals with the problem of the participation of provincial Jewish youth in the suppression of the insurgent movement on the territory of the Tambov province. The relevance of the study is due to the need to specificate and clarify the historical role of the Jewish youth of the Russian province in the tragic events of the Civil War. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that on the basis of the biographies of the Jews of the “revolutionary turning point” generation, the mechanism of their social lifts is established. For the first time, the role and motives of the participation of Tambov Jewish communists in the fight against the peasant uprising of 1920—1921 under the leadership of A. S. Antonova are studied. The causes of anti-Semitic sentiments in the provincial society of the period of the civil war are revealed. The authors come to the conclusion that the anti-Semitism of urban and rural residents was largely due to the abuse of power by local Jews. It is noted that due to the noticeable penetration of the Jewish element into the Communist Party, in the public consciousness of the peasantry, the Bolsheviks were often identified with the Jews, stimulating the growth of dissatisfaction with the Soviet government within the peasant society. 

Using the example of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society (IRGS) and its Siberian Department (SD), the topical problem of interaction between public organizations and government in Russia in the pre-Soviet period is touched upon in the article. The idea is substantiated that public organizations, depending on the significance of the work performed, received legal support and material and financial assistance from the state. The internal and external political prerequisites for the establishment of SD IRGS, the participation of the department in the development of Eastern Siberia and the Far East are shown. The influence of the higher Siberian administration on the organization of scientific and expeditionary activities of the department is considered. It is noted that the annual state subsidy was the core of the budget of the IRGS and its branches. Data that demonstrate the ratio of funds received by SD IRGS from the state treasury and other sources are given. It is emphasized that the participation of the state in the material and financial support of the department was not limited to the granting of a subsidy: the opportunity to use free postage of parcels and written correspondence was given to SD IRGS. The central authorities and the highest Siberian administration allocated additional funds for scientific expeditions and trips of members of the department. Based on the information provided, it is concluded that the state thereby guaranteed the existence of society. 

The folk traditions and family ties among the Van Kyrgyz, who settled from the Pamir region of Afghanistan in the Eastern part of Turkey, are considered. The purpose of the study is to analyze how the Kyrgyz traditions and customs have been preserved after 40 years of living in Turkey after the resettlement of the Kyrgyz from their homeland of the Pamirs. The novelty of the study lies in the appeal to previously unpublished in Russia studies of Turkish scientists who wrote about the history of the Van Kyrgyz, as well as to ethnographic data that the author collected over 5 years. It is noted that the Van Kyrgyz throughout their history, before settling in Turkey, were influenced by the culture of many other neighboring peoples. The reasons are indicated, among which are the constant nomadic lifestyle and close relations with the Kashkar Uighurs, contact with the culture of local Tajik and Afghan tribes in the Pamirs, life in Pakistan, etc. The impact of migration on the culture of the Van Kyrgyz and the preservation of national values is analyzed. The similarity of the traditions of the Kyrgyz of modern Kyrgyzstan and the Van Kyrgyz is being studied. 

The problems of the formation of the Russian-Kazakh border line are considered. An analysis of the current territorial claims and risks from neighboring states to the Russian Federation, as well as the current state of affairs in society, science and politics in relation to the Russian-Kazakh border is made. Information, confirmed by archival materials, is analyzed on the demarcation processes carried out in the Soviet period along the entire line of contact between the two states. The main factors that influenced the formation of borders are studied, as well as the complexity of the controversial issues and the existing ways to solve them are shown. It is concluded that the current state border between Russia and Kazakhstan was formed in the 1920s—1930s by leveling the vast majority of controversial issues, on the basis of their comprehensive consideration of various authorities. At the same time, the historically substantiated data presented in the article show the inconsistency of the current claims of the national elites of the Kazakh side, proving the historical legitimacy of the existing Russian-Kazakh border line. It is concluded that the state authorities of Russia and Kazakhstan do not raise the issue of borders, which contributes to maintaining stability in relations between the two states.

The problems of the formation of the Russian-Kazakh border line are considered. An analysis of the current territorial claims and risks from neighboring states to the Russian Federation, as well as the current state of affairs in society, science and politics in relation to the Russian-Kazakh border is made. Information, confirmed by archival materials, is analyzed on the demarcation processes carried out in the Soviet period along the entire line of contact between the two states. The main factors that influenced the formation of borders are studied, as well as the complexity of the controversial issues and the existing ways to solve them are shown. It is concluded that the current state border between Russia and Kazakhstan was formed in the 1920s—1930s by leveling the vast majority of controversial issues, on the basis of their comprehensive consideration of various authorities. At the same time, the historically substantiated data presented in the article show the inconsistency of the current claims of the national elites of the Kazakh side, proving the historical legitimacy of the existing Russian-Kazakh border line. It is concluded that the state authorities of Russia and Kazakhstan do not raise the issue of borders, which contributes to maintaining stability in relations between the two states. 

The relevance of the study is due to the process of structural reorganization of the entire global system of international relations. It is noted that, along with military power, the economic, scientific, technical, and information spheres of state’s activities are coming to the fore, stimulating their work in the international arena. It is emphasized that this circumstance determines the complex interdependence of the main actors of international relations at the present stage. It is argued that the changes taking place in the world require a revision of the bloc approach to solving international problems and the search for new formats of cooperation that would help build constructive international cooperation. It is pointed out that multilateral diplomacy is called upon to play a significant role in modern international relations; moreover, it is becoming the main means of collective management of global world processes. It is clarified that “network diplomacy” is becoming the format of multi-vector diplomacy, based on flexible types of participation in multilateral structures. The author makes a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of network diplomacy. Particular attention is paid to the study of the mechanisms for the implementation of this type of diplomacy, and their application in practice. The issue of the diversity of participants in this process is considered, taking into account the formats of interaction between them within the framework of network diplomacy. 

The article deals with the religious culture of the peasants of the Nizhny Novgorod province in the XVIII—XIX centuries. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the materials of the investigations in cases of “divination”. Definitions of the concepts “magic deeds”, “folk Orthodoxy”, “folk religiosity” are given. The gender and age composition of those accused of divination is characterized. It is proved that both men and women were engaged in magical practices. Most of the defendants were over 34 years old. A classification of the “magic” deeds of the Nizhny Novgorod province is proposed. The subject of litigation was healing practices (quackery), the use of conspiracies to resolve vital situations (search for loss, a fair decision, etc.), obtaining predictions (fortunetellers and hysterical women), the use of objects and special spells for one's own benefit, as well as found cases related to social behavior — flight, desertion, attempts to get rid of the owner or the coming punishment. The conclusion is made about the prevalence of “magic” practices related to the health of a person or livestock. The author's reconstruction of the circumstances of life that led the accused to the investigation is presented. 

The information from the materials of the General Land Survey of the Russian Empire in the first third of the 19th century about the German colonies based on the territory of the Melitopol district of the Tauride province is analyzed in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the great interest in the resettlement policy pursued by the Russian Empire in this region at the end of the 18th — the first third of the 19th centuries, as well as in the processes of settlement and development of new territories and the participation of foreign colonists in them. The novelty of the study lies in the involvement of previously unused “Economic notes on the plans of the General survey, field notes of land surveyors and controversial cases” as sources on the history of German colonists. Based on them, the author studies the features of the economic structure of the settlements of German colonists, the structure of their land. Particular attention is paid to the dispute between the Mennonites and the Dukhobors about the boundaries of possessions, during which the true location of the Molochnaya River bed was clarified. The consideration of the case shows that disputes over the boundaries of land plots were of a fundamental nature and reached the highest authorities. Until the 1830s, there were still unresolved issues related to land management and surveying of the German-speaking colonies. 

The study is devoted to understanding the problem of the formation of the parochial system of the Korelsky district, which found itself in the 16^th — early 17^th centuries at the center of the political and ideological confrontation between the Swedish kingdom and the Muscovite kingdom. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time, based on a comprehensive analysis of all available sources, the total number of secular parishes and churches that functioned in the region in the late 1560s — late 1570s was clarified, and their localization on the map was carried out. A consistent comparison of the number of secular church parishes in three chronological sections — in the early 1500s, late 1560s — late 1570s and early 1610s — made it possible to supplement the concept of transformation of the parish church system in the region that had developed in historiography and establish that the surge in church building that began in the 1540s continued until the end of the 1570s. It is shown that the construction of new temples developed unevenly: starting in the most populated volosts located along the coast of Lake Ladoga, it continued on the periphery. It is concluded that thanks to the purposeful policy of the Church, with the support of local elites, the Orthodox faith and culture have firmly established themselves among the laity, which played a key role in the fate of the Karelian borderlands. 

The article deals with the activities of the Tomsk Mining Circle during the First World War (1914—1918). The main attention is paid to the process of formation of the organization, activities to provide assistance to the front, Russian prisoners of war, as well as to promote the work of the Fourth Siberian Tomsk Medical and Nutritional Detachment. The relevance of the study is due to the growing interest in the topic of charity during the First World War. A detailed examination of the functioning of a particular social organization of a social orientation allows us to identify common and special features inherent in this phenomenon in this period. Thanks to the involvement of a wide range of sources, it was possible to establish a chronological sequence in the actions of the Tomsk Mining Circle in collecting and sending goods with things and products to the front; identify the military formations that were assisted; find out with which public organizations, mining and industrial enterprises the circle communicated, etc. It is concluded that the Tomsk Mining Circle, as an example of an institution formed on a professional basis, occupied one of the prominent places in the system of charitable organizations in Siberia. 

The development of the Russian tea industry in the Chinese provinces along the Yangtze River valley in the second half of the 19^th century is examined in the article. It is noted that among the regions where Russian tea factories were located, the main role belonged to the province of Hubei, in addition, the presence of production in the provinces of Hunan and Jiangxi was revealed. The historical situation in which the Russian tea industry arose is studied. Based on archival and published material, the number of Russian factories in Central China is shown. It is revealed that in the 70s of the 19^th century, Russian trading houses operating in China began to transfer factories from the interior of Hubei province to the port of Hankou. It has been determined that cheap brick tea has become the main commodity produced in Russian factories, while Russian entrepreneurs are gradually abandoning the production of long leaf tea. Separately, the features of tea production and the organization of the workflow were studied. It is proved that the Russian tea factory in China has become one of the important factors of not only economic, but also socio-cultural contact between Russian and Chinese civilizations.

The question of the attitude of the peasantry to socialist modernization, the relevance of which is due to the fact that historically the south of Russia set one of the general algorithms of scientific search in studying the problems of this area is considered. It is noted that one of these problems is related to the content and organizational components of the peasantry labor activity in the Kuban-Black Sea region and further in the North Caucasus region. It is indicated that these components of activity began to be updated in the light of the policy of the authorities, as well as a number of accepted legal sources. The relevance of this study lies in the research of the foundations of labor relations between the peasantry and the Soviet state, which laid the “foundation” for the subsequent regulation of social and labor legal relations and formed the socialist branch of law — collective farm law. The novelty of the work lies in the analysis of the cumulative factors that accompanied the procedure for the emergence of the socialist foundations of labor in the collective farms of southern Russia in 1920s. The study is based on archival materials, scientific papers and periodicals. Two legal sources are analyzed: the Normal Statute of Agricultural Productive Communes and the Exemplary Statute of an Agricultural Labor Artel. Attention is focused on the transformation of regulatory changes. Conclusions are drawn that manipulations with the peasantry became experimental for future collectivization, revealed the illiteracy of the peasants, and also made it possible to lay the foundation for collective farm law.