The role of parentheses in A. Cherchesov novel “The Wreath on the Grave of the Wind” is raised in the article. The purpose of the study is to identify the types of insert structures and determine the features of their functioning in the text of the novel. Various factors that determine the nature of parenthesis are considered. It is shown that the author uses parenthesis to deeply reveal the inner world of the characters, the motives for their actions, to emphasize the multi-vector relations of people in the world around. It is revealed that in the novel the parenthesis is represented by syntactic units of different sizes, from a homogeneous member of a sentence to a super-phrasal unity, and is framed by brackets and double-sided dashes. The authors come to the conclusion that the parenthesis is a source of additional information, it allows interpreting the text based not only on the idea of the external events of the novel, but also on the analysis of the thoughts of the author and the characters presented in the parenthetic constructions of the text. It has been established that parentheses in the speech of female characters are more significant in volume and more emotional than parenthetic constructions representing the thoughts of male characters. It is proved that parenthetic constructions perform the functions of clarifying, explaining, detailing, conveying the psycho-emotional state of the characters or the narrator, demonstrating the author’s attitude to what is being stated.

The purpose of this article is a comparative analysis of evidential markers in German-language texts of scientific and popular science discourse. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that today there are no scientific works devoted to comparing the means of expressing evidentiality in these types of discourse. Evidence markers contain a link to the source of the information. The researchers note that indicating the source of information increases the degree of reliability of the reported information. One of the main characteristics of scientific and popular science discourse is intertextuality, which is expressed with the help of evidential markers that vary depending on the discourse. The material of the study was 5 texts (299 mentions of the source of information) of scientific and 28 texts (281 mentions of the source of information) of popular science discourse in German, dedicated to the problems of the Arctic. As a result of the study, it was found that statements with evidential meanings “direct evidentiality” and “citation” are more common in scientific discourse than in popular science. At the same time, full citations are less common in scientific texts than in popular science ones. The meaning “rumors” as well as fragmentary quoting are rather rare in both discourses. The lowest frequency was found by the value “inferentiality”, fixed only in the texts of popular science discourse.

The article is devoted to revealing the hidden meanings of the from-ethnonymic adjective deutsch, which are not recorded in modern German lexicographic sources as separate meanings. They can be identified using the methodology for determining qualia structures developed by J. Pustejovsky. Agentive, constitutive, formal and telic meanings (or attributes) of the qualia structure can be identified in each from-ethnonymic adjective. Authoritative authentic explanatory dictionaries of the German served as the material for the study. The revealed values of the qualia structure are divided into nuclear, subnuclear and peripheral. Core semes implement permanent and mandatory attributes of an object, while peripheral semes are optional or nonpermanent. The values represented in all five dictionaries form the core. It has been established that nuclear semes implement only agentive attributes of objects. Values that were not indicated in all dictionaries or were identified on the basis of the analysis of the examples given in the dictionary entry constitute the nuclear zone. This zone includes formal and constitutive meanings. Meanings that do not have correspondences in dictionary definitions or are revealed during the analysis of examples in dictionary entries form the periphery of the field of lexicographic meanings of from-ethnonymic adjective. Such meanings are manifested by the telic attributes of the qualia structure.

The article deals with the constructive properties of the union chto ... chto ... and its semantic features due to them. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time in Russian studies the union chto ... chto ... is described by analyzing its constructive properties. In this case, the main attention is paid to the morphological and syntactic characteristics of the word forms included in the scope of this union, the principles of their relationship with each other, as well as external links with syntactic structures in which the union construction as a whole is involved. An additional toolkit is the etymological characteristic of chto ... chto ... The theoretical significance lies in the proposed description algorithm, which can be used to characterize similar means of syntactic communication. The results obtained are compared with the constructive properties of the union khot’ … khot’ …, identified earlier using a similar algorithm. Based on this, not only the semantics of both means of syntactic communication is specified. It has been established that, due to its constructive properties, the union chto ... chto ... seeks to level the semantic differences between the composed alternatives, while khot’ … khot’ …, on the contrary, focuses on opposing them to each other.

The results of a comparative analysis of the everyday semantics of the bionym Orel and Ezir [Eagle] in the Russian and Tuvan languages are presented. The relevance of the study is determined by its incorporation into the problems of modern ethnoconceptology in that part of it that is associated with the description of everyday semantics in the languages of different ethnic groups. The scientific novelty of the study is due to the use of methodological techniques that allow us to trace the participation of different layers of semantics in the conceptualization of a word and to reveal the significance of various factors in this process (the objective properties of the referent and the national and cultural characteristics of the informants). The ambivalent perception of the eagle in Russian and Tuvan linguistic cultures has been established. On the one hand, it is a strong, majestic bird, symbolically embodying all male virtues (strength, becoming, pride), enjoying special reverence and elected as a state symbol. On the other hand, the eagle is associated with a bird of prey and danger. The mythological perception of the eagle as a royal bird, acting as an intermediary between Heaven and Earth, is more clearly seen in the Tuvan linguistic culture. In the ordinary view of a Tuvan native speaker, the eagle is embodied as a “dancing” bird, the imitation of the flight of which is filled with ethnocultural meaning and is associated with ethnocultural identification.

An analysis of such a phenomenon of written speech as the separation of the infinitive in the sub-substantive position is proposed from the point of view of syntax and punctuation. As a material for the study, a microcorpus was used, compiled by a complete selection from the texts of Russian artistic prose of the second half of the 20th - beginning of the 21st centuries. The relevance of the study lies in the need to clarify the punctuation codification of the subsubstantive infinitive separation, which appeared in Russian academic science only at the beginning of the 21st century. It is shown that the separation of the sub-substantive infinitive is determined by its participation in the expression of explanatory relations. According to the author’s observations, the factors that determine the separation of the infinitive in the sub-substantive position are the explicit implementation of the explanatory conjunction, the presence of cataphoric words in the zone of the explained component, the inability of the infinitive to form a phrase with the explained substantive component, the exclamatory nature of the explanatory component. The analysis of speech facts leads to the conclusion that the setting of punctuation marks when separating the sub-substantive infinitive is focused on the communicative-semantic principle of punctuation and that punctuation marks perform a meaning-distinguishing or expressive-semantic function in this punctuation position. It is shown that a separate sub-substantive infinitive is marked by “dashes” or “colons”. At the same time, the colon tends toward contextual specialization, and the dash - toward greater frequency of use.

The communicative moves are analyzed, through which tactics of persuasion strategy are implemented: the tactics of referring to authority, the tactics of reasoning / persuasion and the tactics of a negative scenario. The study was conducted on the material of more than 150 threads of comments on LiveJournal posts, which are examples of the implementation of these tactics, published during the COVID-19 pandemic and selected by a continuous sample. The main research methods were the methods of linguo-stylistic, pragmalinguistic and contextual analysis, descriptive and comparative methods. It is concluded that the tactics of referring to authority are characterized by a communicative course of mentioning an authoritative person, a communicative course of clarification, demonstration of one’s own awareness, a communicative course of comparison / alignment; the tactics of reasoning / persuasion was achieved through the use of a communicative course of demonstrating the irrefutability of conclusions, a communicative course of expressing an assumption; the tactics of the negative scenario were embodied in the communicative moves of deceived expectations and the prediction of the apocalypse.

The issue of the semantic, pragmatic and axiological specifics of cybersecurity discursive practices as it is displayed in the genres of media and online communication is considered. The novelty of the work lies in the application of the corpus linguistics methodology to the study of discourse, understood as a language-mediated social practice. The relevance of the work is due to the interest of linguistics in the study of discursive practices that shape a new social reality formed as a result of the Russian language functioning. By using the methods of corpus linguistics, the cognitive-semantic structure of discursive thesaurus, which comprise a new layer of lexical units, has been reconstructed, thematic groups of lexical units have been identified and their distribution in various genres of cybersecurity discourse has been established. It has been found that along with the terminology focused on the transfer of operational, practical knowledge about safe online practices, the texts in the corpus regularly employ lexical units with military and aggressive semantics, which indicates the contradiction between the goals of the discourse aimed at forming a positive attitude towards digital technologies, and language means employed to achieve them. It is shown that due to regular occurrence of neutral lexical units in negatively colored contexts, they develop negative evaluative connotations, which also contributes to the formation of users’ distrust of new technologies, enhances the feeling of risk, and generates anxiety and concern.

Editorial is considered as a discursive genre of the English-language press. The concept of the discursive genre was developed by M. Montgomery on the example of mass media texts and allows us to combine the approach to considering the genre, on the one hand, as a recurrent stable structure, and on the other hand, to emphasize its mobility and variability. It is argued that this approach is especially relevant for media texts due to the existing difficulties in developing their typology and determining their status. The genre-forming features of editorial are highlighted: the use of colloquial speech, argumentativeness, intertextuality, high emotionality of the language, the presence of individual author’s nominations, as well as the use of discursive practices of recommendation and forecasting. The structure of the genre is defined: it is a three-stage model, where the conclusion plays a special role, which, in turn, can take such forms as conclusion-recommendations, conclusion-forecast, conclusion-evaluation, as well as various combinations of all three types of conclusions. It has been established that, from the point of view of content, the editorial covers the most pressing issues that are at the center of socio-political debates. The definition of editorial is given as a genre of high-quality English-language press, which acts as a tool for promoting the political interests of the newspaper and influencing public values and attitudes.

Neological processes in the lexico-semantic subsystem of collective “labels” reflect the changing social reality and the patterns of its language development. The results of the analysis of new socionyms of the German language, functioning in modern Internet communication is presented in the article. Derivative, semantic-motivational, syntagmatic, functional signs of socionyms-neologisms belonging to the semantic groups POOR - RICH, LOCAL - ALIEN are characterized. It is shown that the material and territorial parameters at the present stage of development of the German society are significant grounds for the segregation of social space. The conclusion is made about the uneven neologization of the considered semantic areas. It has been established that the actualization of collective names in the German-speaking Internet communication is realized mainly on the basis of the language’s own resources, through the usual and non-usual word formation. Compounding and suffixing are referred to the frequency usual ways of word formation; non-usual - lexicalization of abbreviations, juxtaposition, substitution. New socionyms demonstrate a predominantly limited functional potential, they are used most often for a generalized designation of a subject or a social group. The ability of new socio-nyms to function in contexts with different tonality is characterized. The signs associated with the designated social groups, which are regularly verbalized in the contexts of the use of the studied socionyms-neologisms, are singled out.

Literature of the “golden age” of Russian literature, as a rule, was not considered in terms of ornamentality, with the exception of some works by A. S. Pushkin, N. V. Gogol, A. P. Chekhov. The relevance of the article is determined by the fact that “ornamentality” makes it possible to identify the features of poetics throughout the entire career of I. A. Goncharov. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the author refers to a little-studied problem in pottery - “ornamental prose”, the study of which allows touching on the unidentified issues of rhythm. Some ornamental means mainly on the material of the “small” prose of I. A. Goncharov analyzed in the article. The author of the article concludes that the writer uses various figures of repetition, based on semantic redundancy, and ornamental means, focused on symmetry. The concept of polyrhythm is introduced in relation to the rhythmic structure of works by I. A. Goncharov. Thus, a rhythm is created based on the semantic “braiding”, and the principle of symmetry created by the artistic techniques of “ornamental prose” and “rhythmic prose” is observed. All this makes it possible to structure the text and overcome its formal content entropy, which determines the uniqueness of I. A. Goncharov’s “ornamentality”.

An interpretation of the well-known, but rarely used for a holistic analysis of the work of I. Brodsky “Isaac and Abraham” is proposed in the article. If Brodsky’s text is traditionally viewed as a poetic retelling of the Old Testament history in a modern way, then the authors propose a different perspective of textual perception - free reflections of a lyrical subject, a modern hero, over an ancient sacred text. As a result, the claims of critics regarding the “chaotic” and “congested” Brodsky’s text are removed, in contrast, the harmony and depth of reflection of the lyrical subject, the modern heropoet, are demonstrated. In the course of the analysis, the genre qualification of “Isaac and Abraham” was clarified - not as a poem (the traditional point of view), but as a “great poem” (I. Brodsky’s autopresentation). Deciphering of the “difficult” places of the poem - images of a bush, a board, a train, etc., as it seemed to critics, was artificially introduced by Brodsky into the text and violated the integrity of the work. It is argued that the poem “Isaac and Abraham” was not a transcription of the Bible, but an attempt by the maturing Brodsky from today to comprehend the sacred text and on its basis comprehend himself, penetrate into the dark past in order to see the present more clearly.

The article is devoted to the problem of existence and analysis of the current state of legends and toponymic legends of Central Kazakhstan. The material was the texts recorded by the authors on expeditions to the Karaganda region in 2012 and 2017. The current state of the folklore of Central Kazakhstan is marked by the functioning of certain genres: legends, wedding poetry, proverbs, toponymic legends. The main layer of the functioning of folklore samples falls on legends and toponymic legends. It is concluded that the Kazakh legends are characterized by a specific informative function. The main plot-forming component is the character, around which all the material is united, the plots themselves, as a rule, are single-motive, do not contain fantastic elements and are designed as a narration about the recent past. The paper notes that toponymic legends explain the names of localities and are associated, as a rule, with the names of famous people. The specificity of the names is the use of speaking names or similarity with natural phenomena. The authors argue that the active functioning of folklore samples indicates a favorable folklore situation and the prospects for further research on the sociocultural aspect of Kazakh non-fairytale prose.

The question of the formation of a new type of creator-demiurge in the conditions of culture at the turn of the 19th—20th centuries is considered. Particular attention is paid to the personality of the Czech artist Josef Váchal. The relevance of the study is determined by several factors: firstly, the recent increased interest in Czech literature in Russia and, at the same time, its insufficient representation both in the book market and in the scientific community; secondly, the lack of Russian-language criticism directly devoted to the work and the author’s figure of J. Váchal. Describing the cultural and historical environment in which the creative personality of the artist was formed, the authors of the article refer both to the general European context and directly to the Czech language. It has been established that the work of J. Váchal has a deep connection with the history of his country. In particular, the artist’s reaction to certain moods prevailing in Czech society at that time explains his passion for baroque aesthetics, the cornerstone of his poetics. In addition, Váchal’s biography largely determined the themes and form of his works, so understanding him as a specific personality of the 19th-20th centuries contributes to a more detailed analysis of his work.

The article deals with the reception of the works of William Shakespeare in the translations of Mikhail Kuzmin (1872–1936). The relevance of the research is due to the insufficient study of the reception of Shakespeare’s work in the heritage of Kuzmin, including in his translation heritage. The novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive understanding of the place of Shakespeare in the creative activity of M. Kuzmin, including as a translator and theater critic; in the restoration of the Shakespearean context in the work of the author in question; in the analytical understanding of Kuzmin’s translation strategies in the context of new translations of Shakespeare in the USSR; in addressing the recently discovered translations of Shakespeare’s sonnets by Kuzmin, as well as in clarifying the literary and historical fate of these translations in the context of the original literary and musical creativity of Kuzmin himself. Particular attention is paid to the reconstruction of the Shakespearean context in the biography and work of Kuzmin using archival documents, as well as the analysis of the originality of his translation techniques and the study of the scientific value of the manuscript of 89 Shakespeare’s sonnets published in 2022 in his translation. It is noted that the attempted publication is only a project, as evidenced by the gross factual errors of the editors of the publication, the lack of the necessary scientific apparatus.

The themes and poetics of the collection of short stories by P. V. Krusanov “The King of the Head” is characterized in the article. The collection is considered as a cycle with certain semantic and associative connections, secondary structural unity, genre, figurative-metaphorical and stylistic rapprochements, a through plot, cycle-forming motives. The novelty of the study is due to the tendency of modern prose to create this supertextual unity and, at the same time, insufficient knowledge of this phenomenon. The analysis of one of the leading cycle-forming motifs of the “King of the Head” - the bestiary motif, has been carried out. Each of the stories in the collection contains images of animals or metaphysical beings. Through them, the heroes of the works come into contact with another reality, paradisiac or infernal world, mortal space. The heroes of the collection cross the boundaries between their own body and consciousness and the bodies and consciousnesses of animals, or they are possessed by demonic forces. The images of animals are associated with the allegory of the spiritual path, along which, descending or ascending, the characters of the stories follow. A large number of zoomorphic comparisons and metaphors that capture the world, which is in a state of confusion, with the barriers between the living and the dead, bodily and mental, levels of consciousness are also used in the collection.

The work of the Austrian writer, Nobel Prize winner Elias Canetti (1905—1994) is studied in the aspect of literary cinematography, indicating the synthesis of literature and cinema, in particular, in the choice of means for implementing audiovisuality in a literary text. The phenomenon under study is considered on the material of the book “Voices of Marrakesh. Notes after a Journey” (“Die Stimmen von Marrakesch. Aufzeichnungen nach einer Reise”), the composition of which uses the montage principle, which combines fourteen chapters into a single whole. An attempt was made to identify the originality of Canetti’s idiostyle from the perspective of literary cinematography, which determines the novelty and relevance of the study. The authors proceed from the fact that literary cinematography can be considered as a narrative strategy that includes not only communication with the reader, but also “auto-communication” (Yu. M. Lotman). The question is raised about the significance of the acoustic element (“acoustic mask”) in creating the image of a foreign culture, linguistic means of realizing cinematography are revealed. The methodological basis of this article is the research of domestic and foreign scientists concerning both the narrative nature of a literary text and literary cinematography.

The novelty of the study lies in the reliance on archival documents that are not known to researchers. At the same time, the experience of organizing trips to the Hajj based on the interaction between the power structures of the Soviet state and the Spiritual Directorates of Muslims (SUM) is becoming more and more in demand against the backdrop of the growth of Muslims of our Fatherland to meet the need for such a pilgrimage. An important event took place in the life of Soviet believers on December 8, 1965 - the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1043 “On the transformation of the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church under the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Council for Religious Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR into the Council for Religious Affairs under the Council of Ministers was issued the USSR”. In this regard, the tasks that were previously solved by two reorganized bodies created in 1943 and 1944 became the responsibility of the new Council - the Council for Religious Affairs (CDR). One of them was the organization of departure for the hajj by representatives of the then four Spiritual Administrations of Muslims (DUM).

At the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries members of the Omsk Medical Society began to give public lectures to the townspeople. During this period, doctors throughout the Russian Empire carried out active educational activities, the purpose of which was to familiarize society with new sanitary practices and prevent epidemics. The purpose of this article is to study the educational activities of Omsk doctors in the late 19th - early 20th centuries, to achieve which we will turn to the issues that the lecturers raised in their speeches and their professional qualifications. For their presentations, lecturers chose topics related to both general issues of the development of medical science and addressed local sanitary problems. So public lectures became a platform for discussing urban problems. Doctors acted as experts, both for the authorities and for the townspeople. Omsk doctors were welltrained specialists with extensive practical experience, as well as actively engaged in scientific activities. Reading public lectures gave them the opportunity to take part in the educational activities of the scientific societies of Omsk, as well as to do charity work.

The contribution of I. I. Tchaikovsky, head of the St. Petersburg agency of the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade (RSST= ROPiT), to the development of trade relations between St. Petersburg and the Russian Black Sea ports in 1894—1896 is analyzed. The result is comparative indicators of cargo transportation between the Russian capital and major port cities, the quantity, range and directions of commodity flows, their belonging to specific entrepreneurs and firms are revealed. Using a variety of archival data, it is shown that under the leadership of Tchaikovsky, the Black Sea-Baltic shipping line had a positive impact on the development of interregional trade relations. The agency's activities are seen as an example of business operations that have changed the dynamics of large cabotage, increasing the importance of sea freight by combining regularity with regional demand for industrial and agricultural products. The role of Tchaikovsky as a leader is interpreted in the context of his search and implementation of a balance between the preferences of individuals, firms and government agencies interested in the activities of the Black Sea-Baltic line, on the one hand, and the corporate interests of RSST (ROPiT) in their strategic (ensuring the growth of domestic and cross-border cargo transportation) content - on the other side.

The article deals with the riots in the Svisloch gymnasium that occurred after the closure of the trial of the Philarets and Philomaths (1824), which was initiated by N. N. Novosiltsev, as well as about possible interpretive models that make it possible to supplement the knowledge existing in Polish and European historiography about the reasons that prompted the tsarist government to carry out such a brutal reprisal against Polish youth. A valuable source on the history of secret societies in the Svisloch Gymnasium, which was not taken into account when publishing documents of the investigative case, correspondence of participants in student unrest and other ego-documents is introduced into scientific circulation. This source, extracted from the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA = RSHA, Fund 1409, Inventory 1, storage unit 1300, papers of His Imperial Highness Tsesarevich Konstantin Pavlovich), which makes it possible to judge the unrest in Svisloch and draw a conclusion about the punishment that the students suffered, was ignored by researchers, since chronologically fell into the scope of the Filaret and Philomat case, and the rioters were not brought to trial and were not among those exiled deep into the empire.

The question of the specifics of the international relations of the regions of Spain with the countries of the Middle East and North Africa is considered. Attention is paid to increasing the paradiplomatic activity of the regions in the context of globalization and the “new” regionalism. The results of a comparative analysis of the international political practices of the studied territories, a comprehensive study of the structure of political, socio-economic and other interaction of the regions of Spain with the territories of the countries of the Middle East and North Africa are presented. The question is raised about the institutional and constitutional design of the international activities of the regions. Particular attention is paid to the platforms of public diplomacy available to the autonomies of Spain. The author’s complex methodological approach is involved, theoretically based on the positions of regionalism and the theory of space. The lack of systematic knowledge about the connectivity of regions in the context of trans-regional integration runs counter to the needs and opportunities for studying the foreign policy of the territories of the European Union, Asia and the East. These circumstances determine the relevance of the research topic and dictate the need for a close study of the regions as territorial, functional and political units with varying degrees of influence in the context of foreign policy interaction. The theoretical scientific significance of solving this problem is substantiated by the formation of a new vision of interregional relations as a resource for mutual socio-economic and value enrichment. 

The features of the Soviet-American cooperation in the field of science and technology in the 1960s - early 1970s are studied. The issue of initially observed imbalances in scientific exchanges and differences in approaches to assessing the effectiveness of the implementation of the fundamental Lacy—Zarubin agreement from the standpoint of reciprocity and symmetry is considered. Two documentary sources are put into circulation - letters from W. S. Lacy, Special Assistant for East-West Exchanges to the US Secretary of State, and G. B. Kistiakowsky, Special Assistant to the President of the United States on Science and Technology, addressed to Secretaries of State J. F. Dulles and K. A. Herter, respectively. Based on the analysis of these documents, it is concluded that there is no consensus on the issue of measuring the effectiveness and intensity of scientific and technical cooperation between the USSR and the USA, as well as the absence of a special methodology. It was revealed that problems concerning the Lacy—Zarubin agreements implementation that existed at the first stage were largely eliminated by the end of the 1960s. Despite the fundamental differences in institutional and human resources strategies for conducting scientific exchanges and related events, which are also subject to analysis, Moscow and Washington were able to find the necessary points of contact to effectively stimulate bilateral scientific cooperation. It was noted that an important role in the process of reaching consensus was assigned to the participants of the exchange programs themselves, among whom there were many world-famous scientists. It is concluded that the researched interaction along the scientific track can be considered as one of the factors of détente in the era of bipolar confrontation.

The activity of the teacher of the Yekaterinburg arithmetic school, who managed through self-education, great dedication to earn the rank of chief officer, that is, chief officer, is considered. The training program has been disclosed. It is shown that in the conditions of the acute need of the factories for young people who know the basics of mathematics, the students were assigned to cases without completing the full course. The number of school students for thirds of the year, the number of collective enrollments were established, the total number of students trained by Sannikov was calculated - at least 156. It is shown that the school entered at the age of 9 to 20 years, among them were the children of officers, clerks, most of them were the children of masters, apprentices, factory workers, there were children of soldiers. At the same time, Sannikov taught arithmetic to students from other schools in Yekaterinburg, supervised training in the arithmetic schools of the Uktussky and Verkh-Isetsky factories. Sannikov’s advanced views on the methods of education and punishment of children are characterized. A wide range of additional assignments assigned to Sannikov as a qualified specialist is presented: searching for places for the construction of factories, searching for silver, preparing hundreds of drawings of factories, teaching drafting to young people, monitoring meteorological observations in Yekaterinburg, etc.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the relationship in the spiritual sphere between the representatives of the peasant generation of the “revolutionary turning point” (born at the turn of the XIX—XX centuries) and Komsomol members from the generation of “children of the revolution” (their childhood fell on the first post-revolutionary years) in the initial period of mass collectivization of the USSR. The deep demographic changes in post-revolutionary Russia, the strengthening of the role of youth in the countryside are shown. A statistical analysis of rural Komsomol organizations was carried out. Young people are seen as a demographic group that has formed a critical attitude towards religion. Komsomol is recognized as an organization that turned the generational hierarchy of the Russian village. Much attention is paid to the role of the Union of Militant Atheists in attracting young people to active anti-religious activities. Priority is given to studying the reaction of peasants to the antireligious activities of youth. It is shown that the spiritual heritage, which, according to the rules of continuity of development, the generation of the “revolutionary turning point” was called upon to pass on to its successors, was rejected in real life by active representatives of the younger generation. From the author’s point of view, the participation of young people in the “anti-religious offensive” is one of the decisive factors in the strengthening of the intergenerational rift, which became apparent even in the previous decade.

The article is devoted to the issue of creating a national school in North Ossetia during the forced modernization of the 1920—1930s. The relevance of raising the topic today is emphasized, due to the public demand for a school that can adequately respond to the strategic challenges of the time and ensure the viability of the country’s multinational cultural community. The stages of reforming the education system in the national region in the context of the cultural policy of the 1920—1930s are highlighted, the socio-political and organizational aspects of the scientific, technical, methodological, personnel foundations of the new Soviet school formation are emphasized. A phased approach on the part of the authorities and administration to the implementation of plans for the nationalization of the school, in overcoming the mistakes that are inevitable in the revolutionary content of the transformations in the field of culture, is traced. It is concluded that the evolution of the national school in the 1920s—1930s reflected the socio-psychological reassessment in the highest authorities of the role of national cultures. As a consequence, political pragmatism in the development of the national school increased. In conclusion, it is noted that the experience and results of the formation of the national school in North Ossetia by the end of the 1930s determined the strategic vector of educational policy in the republic until the collapse of the USSR.

The article deals with the formation and development of pan-Celticism as a movement for solidarity and cooperation of the Celtic peoples in the revival of their languages and culture, as well as a means of struggle for autonomy in the regions of the British periphery. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the Celtic Association and the Celtic Congress activities, as well as the ideological component of these organizations. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that the author, for the first time in Russian historiography, turned to the problem of pannational movements as a possible form of preserving, maintaining and popularizing the culture and language of small peoples. It is concluded that pan-Celticism at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries had both a political and a cultural dimension. However, as a result of the reaction of the British government that followed the Easter Rising of 1916, the Pan-Celists were temporarily forced to abandon their political goals. The growth of self-awareness of the Celtic peoples, the independence of Ireland in 1922 and autonomy by Wales and Scotland in 1997, as well as the surge of unprecedented interest in the Celtic heritage in the world in the last decade of the 20th century can be considered as a result of almost a century of activity of pan-Celtic organizations.