This study investigates the composition and dynamic evolution of the nominal basis for the conceptual phenomenon known as “Internet” in the Russian language. A comprehensive methodology was employed to analyze linguistic data. The completeness of dictionary entries and lexical thesauri corresponding to this semantic domain is characterized. Through a corpus-based approach utilizing the Russian Web 2017 dataset, we identified the most influential components contributing to the language phenomenology of “Internet,” including terms such as program, website, network, phone, service. Derivatives like online store, internet platform, web service were also noted within the corpus. Additionally, established collocations include phrases such as visit a site, access the network, open a browser. Paradoxically, units such as content and technology exhibited low frequency in our sample. Pragmalinguistic analysis revealed that Internet-related lexemes are frequently used in pragmatically marked contexts within computer-mediated communication environments (digital forums, blogs, social media posts). These contexts encompassed evaluations (“convenient website”), requests (“send me the link”), narratives (“installed an app”). Using a search-cluster distribution method based on neural network architecture, we clarified the latent structure underlying the concept of “Internet” by identifying nine clusters: connection, technologies, users, content, etc. Applying an integrative model resulted in a set of 294 lexemes associated with the conceptual phenomenon of “Internet.”

This study investigates a set of verbs in the English language that denote rapid movement where the semantic feature ‘rapidity’ is implicitly encoded at the level of metalinguistic lexicographic description. Semantic characteristics structuring this lexico-semantic group are identified through analysis. The data for investigation were extracted from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. A total of 143 lexical-semantic variants of verbs with an implicit component of ‘rapidity’ were analyzed. Componential analysis results show verb groups classified by parameters such as directionality, causativity, suddenness, controllability, acoustic accompaniment, etc. It was found that the semantic characteristic 'rapidity' integrates into the structure of these lexical units and coexists with other features. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the semantics of fast motion can be complicated by additional nuances like trajectory, kinetic organization type, goal orientation, and auditory effects associated with the action. The research proves that the linguistic category of speed exhibits internal differentiation and reflects multifaceted perception of motion. Ultimately, conclusions highlight the high variability and multidimensionality of the semantics of fast-motion verbs in English.

This article focuses on the discourse of German psychological journalism by reviewing works that conceptualize psychotherapeutic, scientific-psychological, and popular-psychological communication. It is hypothesized that nouns verbalizing change are characteristic of German-language psychological publications. These include terms denoting changes themselves as well as obstacles to change such as Veränderung, Entwicklung, Wandel, Transformation, Trauma, Krise, etc. To verify this hypothesis, a quantitative-discursive analysis was conducted using materials from the journal Psychologie Heute published between 2013 and 2025. Methods of computational linguistics were employed, specifically utilizing the corpus manager AntConc. From the total of 4,348,563 word tokens within the research corpus, all contexts including lexemes signifying change were extracted. The study demonstrated that these nouns do not rank among the most frequent words in the analyzed corpus. However, it also revealed significant discrepancies between their usage patterns in the studied corpus compared to a reference corpus. Special attention is given to context-semantic analyses of collocations with these selected lexical items. It is concluded that collocational patterns contribute to terminological precision and serve discussions related to current social issues in the field of German popular psychology.

This paper examines the evaluative potential of the Russian phraseological unit iz kozhi (von) lezt’ (to go out of one's way) within the framework of quantitative cultural linguistics. The specific features of the phraseological unit's speech realization, revealing various reflexes for inducing evaluations of different signs through the immediate and extended contextual environment, are analyzed. The author's method of corpus-discourse analysis is employed. The study material consists of dictionary definitions of the idiom in explanatory and phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language, as well as the contexts of their use in the Russian National Corpus. The total material volume is 462 contexts in 417 texts from the main corpus. The meaning of the phraseological unit in lexicographic sources is defined as ‘to try hard, to be zealous’, without any indication of any evaluative value. However, the analysis of the corpus data revealed a significant predominance of contexts of negative-evaluative use of the expression. Even when it is acknowledged that the nominated participant is making an effort to achieve positive goals, the very fact of excessive effort is interpreted negatively by the speaker. The authors came at a conclusion of national conditonedness toward negative evaluations of Russian phraseological units expressing the idea of excessive expenditure of effort, or unjustified overstepping of the norm in the performance of an activity.

This study investigates language markers of idea literature within a philosophical reflexive paradigm using the material from Michel de Montaigne’s “Essais”. The relevance of this research lies in formalizing criteria for identifying texts belonging to “idea literature” by examining linguistic means that reflect their reflective nature and thesis-driven argumentative structure. Employing a linguoaxiological approach, content analysis was conducted to identify verbalizations of ontological concepts, arguments, and persuasive techniques. Data were extracted from the online corpus MonLOE, which provides access to digital manuscripts of the 1588 edition of “Essais”, enabling automated search and analysis of linguistic units. The term essema, defined as an evaluative construction expressing subjective axiological truths, is introduced. It is demonstrated how key essemas function to subjectivize meanings of core ontological concepts such as DEATH (mort), MAN (homme), REASON (raison), NATURE (nature), KNOWLEDGE (savoir), WORLD (monde), CUSTOM (usage), VIRTUE (vertu), TRUTH (vérité). Through detailed examination of textual modality features characteristic of essays as a reflexive genre — such as aphoristic expression, exemplification, intertextuality, and appeals to authority— the study highlights effective rhetorical strategies employed in Montaigne’s work. The novelty of this investigation resides in uncovering and systematizing linguistic mechanisms underlying conceptualization processes in philosophical essays across diachronic dimensions.

This article presents the development of an integrated cognitive model for translating metaphorical units. It addresses the issue of the cognitive essence of the translation process involving metaphors and phraseological units known as chengyu, collectively referred to as “metaphorical units.” The author proposes a novel cognitive framework that captures key mechanisms involved in analyzing static linguistic structures and dynamic linguocognitive processes during pretranslation stages (reconstruction of meaning) and identifying the most appropriate translation strategy during actual translation phases (reconceptualization). Emphasis is placed on how the choice of translation strategies relies on the concept of cognitive translation, which involves scenario-based approaches grounded in assessing conceptual shifts followed by selecting either universal or culture-specific strategies. Materials analyzed were drawn from Chinese literary sources (e.g., Lianke's novel “Dreams of Dingzhuang Village”) and political discourse (chengyus extracted from news articles between 2023-2025). Original texts along with their translations into Russian served as primary data sources. Ultimately, it was concluded that the proposed model demonstrates its efficacy across both literary and political contexts, providing a clear algorithm for achieving cognitively pragmatic equivalence in translation practices.

This paper presents a description of punctuation transfer and its types using examples from the transference of Spanish question marks and exclamation points into Russian literary texts. The primary material for this study consists of instances of punctuation transfer found in prose and poetry of the twenty-first century, while additional data comes from early experiments with such transfers dating back to the nineteenth century. The relevance of this research stems from the fact that foreign-language punctuation has received little attention within the theory of cultural and linguistic transfer. Consequently, factors motivating writers or poets to employ punctuation transfer as well as typologies of incorporating foreign-language punctuation into literary works have not been adequately established. It is demonstrated here that punctuation transfer involves deliberate borrowing of foreign punctuation marks. Two distinct types of punctuation transfer are identified based on their stylistic function: one type applies when marking foreign language dialogue, whereas another type pertains to special punctuational organization within native-language text. It is noted that the first type predominates in prose, while the second type is more characteristic of poetic compositions.

This study focuses on lexemes that denote insiders or one's own people in the Russian language, specifically word families derived from substantives such as drug [friend], tovarishch [comrade], and brat [brother]. The primary objective is to analyze these lexical units with respect to their semantic evolution over the period spanning the eleventh through seventeenth centuries. Factors influencing this change are identified, including socio-economic transformations and historical-cultural developments. The relevance of this research lies in its exploration of the origins of these terms, uncovering their original meanings and elucidating the reasons behind their subsequent semantic shifts using various written sources from Ancient and Medieval Russia. Methodologically, the investigation employs descriptive analysis, comparative-historical reconstruction for establishing semantic relationships, lexicographic methods, and linguo-cultural analysis. It demonstrates that communities during Kievan Rus were designated by words like bratchina and druzhina, while groups formed based on shared activities were referred to as tovarishchestvo and tovarstvo. The phenomenon of sworn brotherhood (pobratimstvo) played a significant role in uniting individuals not merely on the basis of close kinship but also due to common interests, spiritual affinity, and professional endeavors, particularly military service. Substantives like druzhina and druzhba signified collectivities characterized by strong bonds among members rooted in mutual obligations.

This study investigates the linguacultural, genre-specific, and media characteristics of the educational video blog “Einfach Deutsch lernen — Learn German with Ida” as a presentation-oriented, personality-focused internet macrogenre with predominant institutional intentions. The transformative potential of mediatization and its manifestations in pedagogical discourse are characterized. Structural-semantic, stylistic, pragmatic, and media features of the video blog are described. The interface of the genre, composition, thematic-rhematic organization of videoposts, interactive elements, and hypertextuality are analyzed. Principles and techniques for adapting instructional texts to target audiences, kinetic means, precedent phenomena, introduced methodological subtexts, communicative strategies, tactics, and moves by the blogger are examined. Distinctive features of how subject teacher bloggers structure their informational content are presented, determined by chosen principles and methods of material adaptation, schematic thematic-rhematic organization of statements, integration of kinetic means and precedent phenomena into specific functional roles, prevalence of internal hypertextuality, and extensive inclusion of methodologically informed speech acts by the blogger. It is concluded that within this genre, equally important are the blogger’s informative-argumentative, manipulative-consolidating, expressive-appealing communicative actions, while control-evaluative strategy proves less productive.

This study investigates the textual content of two online treasure hunting groups from a communicative-pragmatic and socio-psycholinguistic perspective. It examines how specific linguistic features function within these texts, including polymodal text, semantically depleted language units, implicatures, and others. Fifty posts with accompanying images as well as ten video publications from participants' web pages were analyzed for each group representing Bashkortostan and Orenburg regions. The study introduces data on implicit meanings that are activated through both textual and polymodal communication means. Comparative analysis between the online communities of Bashkortostan and Orenburg is presented. Additionally, attention is given to speech activity theory, which allows us to consider audience-directed information based on the communicator's intention and their chosen methods — verbal or audiovisual — for presenting this information across social networks. In light of increased virtual interaction, the object of scientific inquiry becomes discursive text, influencing various perceptual channels among group members. The conclusion emphasizes that pragmatic strategies used by internet-based treasure hunting communities create certain behavioral models due to their reliance on pragmalinguistic tools.

This article explores the artistic characteristics of the chronotope of the East using Andrei Volos’s novel “Return to Panjrud” as a case study. The originality of this work lies in its first-time determination of the specifics of organizing time and space within the global socioethnic category of “East,” along with an analysis of their functions in the fictional universe of the text. It is demonstrated that the chronotope of the East has a complex structure encompassing simpler chronotopes. Special attention is given to the primary spatial loci of the novel — pit, home (permanent or temporary), city — which collectively form the everyday chronotope. Additionally, it is argued that beyond the everyday chronotope, the novel presents historical space chronotope associated with the Samanid Empire era, legendary space chronotope linked to distant pasts of Central Asian peoples, and mythopoetic space chronotope, which are layered over the everyday chronotope and imbue the text with historical-philosophical depth. Ultimately, the authors conclude that key features of the Eastern chronotope in the novel include its depiction as a unique spiritual state characterizing memory space, close connection with symbolic elements found in the mythology, folklore, and literature of Central Asian peoples, and representation of temporal progression as cyclical movement implying constant return to origin.

his study offers an interpretation of several futurist texts by avant-garde poet Sergei Tretyakov that have rarely been subjected to detailed philological analysis. Drawing on materials from Tretyakov's first poetry collection, “Iron Pause,” it demonstrates how the young author’s ideological commitment intensified his lyrical “we” stance, calling for selfless service to all things new and progressive. The dynamics of experimental practices being introduced into the poetry of a so-called moderate member of the literary group “Mezzanine of Poetry” are examined, revealing a sharp inclination toward artistic exploration and poetic playfulness. While previous studies focusing on Tretyakov’s poetry primarily highlighted observations about neologisms and word creation techniques, this work identifies trends in poetic representation characteristic of futurists, such as visual strategies in graphic design and painterly tactics used within the verbal text itself. Within the context of radical Futurist-Gileans' creative output, it is shown that Tretyakov actively incorporated strategies combining verbal and visual elements, emphasizing color usage and shaping the graphic outline of verse (“Fan,” “Road”). It concludes that despite Tretyakov's brief association with the Mezzanine of Poetry group, there is now sufficient evidence to consider him not among egofuturists or centrists but rather among cubo-futurist Gileans.

This study investigates the emergence and development of a new genre system in early twentieth-century Chinese literature. It draws on prose works by prominent writers from modern China to examine their contributions to literary innovation. Comparative analysis is conducted between satirical short stories by Lu Xun (1881–1936) and novels with elements of fantasy by Lao She (1899–1966) and Zhang Tianyi (1906–1985). It demonstrates that the search for novel generic forms occurred within an environment characterized by rejection of traditional artistic consciousness and transition towards individual creativity. The author argues that exposure to foreign literatures, particularly nineteenth-century English authors, influenced these creators' approach to social satire. A theoretical framework for understanding the evolution of this genre is presented, tracing its roots back to eighteenth- and nineteenth-century vernacular fiction. This work contributes significantly to our understanding of literary life in pre-war China through exploring the transformation of genre systems and the birth of hybrid genres combining social critique and fantasy. Its originality lies in being the first Russian Sinological investigation into such processes, thereby enriching comparative studies of Sino-Western literary influences.

This study aims to justify and demonstrate the five-axis model of a ‘philological tensor’ as a theoretically significant tool for philological analysis in response to contemporary methodological challenges. The research employs philosophical-methodological modeling techniques based on the synthesis of hermeneutic, structuralist, semiotic, and cultural approaches. An historical-typological analysis is applied to trace the evolution of literary forms along each axis identified within this framework. The scientific novelty lies in the development of an innovative concept of the ‘philological tensor,’ which serves as a unified model for comprehensive literary analysis by integrating fragmented methodologies into a cohesive whole. This paper presents findings that elucidate both the content and function of the five fundamental axes — Logos, Nomos, Eikon, Praxis, and Glossa — and their interconnectedness. It traces the evolution of literary forms across these dimensions from ancient synesthetic mythologies through modern multimedia narratives. Emphasis is placed on the practical value of this proposed model for analyzing texts spanning different eras comprehensively. The conclusion underscores its versatility and heuristic potential, suggesting applicability not only to classical works but also to current textual forms, thereby positioning it as a universal approach to philological inquiry.

This study investigates the ideological and artistic uniqueness of contemporary St. Petersburg writer Sergey Arno’s novel “Doctor Ruysch and His Children”, which has not previously been subjected to specialized analysis. The work is examined within the context of its belonging to the literary phenomenon known as “Petersburg text.” Attention is given to defining this concept, exploring its history, and assessing its current state. It is demonstrated that the “Petersburg text” continues to exist in today’s literature. The author’s engagement with historical realities is noted, but it is emphasized that these are imbued with new original content and narrative variations. The unique thematic features of the novel “Doctor Ruysch and His Children” are identified. Original principles of textual construction (mise-en-abyme, metatextuality) are highlighted. Two narrative strands are distinguished. The first focuses on the foundation of the Kunstkamera as a significant cultural event in St. Petersburg, while the second delves into the enigmatic Dutch life story of anatomist Frederik Ruysch. An examination of the novel’s aesthetic characteristics follows. It is established that black humor, absurdity, satire, and grotesque serve as primary comic devices. These elements contribute to an innovative blend of fictional imagination and depictions of twenty-first-century reality, introducing fresh perspectives on historical narratives, unconventional approaches to plot motivations, and enhanced artistic value.

This article represents a pioneering study within Russian literary scholarship focusing on the travel notes book by Serbian writer Milan Jovanović (Marine) (1834–1896), titled “Wanderings in the East” (1894–1895). The author examines these travel notes against the backdrop of Sino-Serbian relations at the turn of the nineteenth to twentieth centuries. The primary objective is an analysis of how China and its people are perceived through this work as part of Serbian literature. Specifically analyzed chapters include “Chinese Sea” and “Hong Kong.” Employing artistic perception as a central category of imagology, the author investigates representations of China, Chinese individuals, and their culture within Jovanović’s text. These findings contribute significantly towards understanding cultural connections between Serbia and China. Additionally, the article discusses depictions of the Chinese compared with other nationalities, foreigner perspectives, particularly European views, religious beliefs among the Chinese, notions of homeland, and perceptions of Chinese women. Ultimately, it concludes that Jovanović made substantial contributions toward dispelling myths about China’s stagnation created by European literature, while also contributing positively to shaping future public consciousness transformations and ideological shifts in China.

This study investigates the history of public capital development within the administration of the Caucasus Line Center during the turn of the 1840s to 1850s through an analysis of the Kabardian Public Fund. Unpublished documents from the administrative center, the temporary court of Kabarda, district administrations, and fort commandants were utilized as sources. The organizational foundations for managing this public fund are examined, including its revenue streams and expenditure categories. It is emphasized that the fund functioned as a comprehensive financial institution, accumulating funds collected from representatives of various ethnic groups such as the Kabards, part of Ossetians, Karachais, Abazins, and residents of Takhtamyshev villages. At one point, it was collectively referred to as “The Kabardian Public Fund of Greater and Lesser Kabarda and Other Peoples.” The origins of this form of public capital accumulation can be traced back to the late 1840s and early 1850s when key principles governing its operation began to take shape, which remained applicable until 1917. Collected resources were primarily directed towards funding important projects like school construction and teacher salaries.

This article investigates the activities of the North Caucasian regional branch of the All-Union Society of Former Political Exiles and Special Settlers during the period from 1924 to 1935. The relevance of this study lies in its contribution to understanding Soviet public organizations and their branches across different regions of the USSR. Unpublished archival documents, personal materials, and periodicals from the State Archive of Rostov Oblast form the basis for this research. The main areas of activity of the North Caucasian regional branch are identified. The history of the organization is traced from its establishment until it ceased operations (March 1921 – August 1935). It is concluded that the branch was already experiencing a crisis before the assassination of Soviet state and party leader Sergei M. Kirov, which led to widespread purges among representatives of various public organizations, including former political exiles and special settlers. Emphasis is placed on the fact that in June 1935, following an announcement by the leadership about self-dissolution, Soviet authorities liquidated both the All-Union Society and all its regional divisions.

This article investigates how mass-circulation periodical press influenced public opinion in Russia during a critical period leading up to the severe political turmoil of 1917. It highlights that the development of domestic scholarship after the Revolution initially overlooked several important issues related to World War I history. In post-Soviet times, however, research on Russia's involvement in this conflict intensified significantly, including the use of newly discovered archival materials, with particular emphasis placed on periodical publications. The study analyzes various Russian newspapers as essential components of wartime cultural discourse and instruments of ideological influence. These newspapers not only reflected realities at both frontlines and home but also actively constructed them within public consciousness through editorial agendas. Furthermore, it demonstrates how increasing oppositional tendencies in the print media contributed substantially to shaping protest sentiments amidst growing challenges faced by military operations and internal discontent.

This study investigates the implementation of state policies regarding research and development outcomes in the oil industry of the USSR during the late 1960s, identifying factors that contributed to mixed results. The objective is to analyze how central authorities' decisions aimed at accelerating technological progress were implemented within this period, using the oil sector as a case study. For the first time, declassified documents from the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History are introduced into scholarly discourse. Modernization theory serves as the theoretical framework for exploring these issues. It is demonstrated that scientific-research organizations and design institutes within the oil industry pursued projects focused on improving drilling techniques, extraction methods, and transportation systems for both crude oil and gas. Emphasis was placed on developing new fields through efficient technologies that minimized capital investments required for infrastructure and exploration activities. While this approach led to substantial increases in production volumes, it had adverse long-term consequences for socio-economic development across newly exploited regions and throughout the national petroleum complex.

This study investigates trade-market relations within rural life during the 1930s using archival materials from three agricultural regions in southern Russia: Don, Kuban, and Stavropol. The research highlights a significant gap in understanding how trade and entrepreneurship contributed to peasants' adaptation to new socio-economic conditions resulting from comprehensive collectivization policies. It is argued that most peasant households were predominantly self-sufficient, selling only minor portions of their produce on markets primarily for acquiring funds necessary for tax payments and purchasing basic consumer goods. Additionally, it demonstrates that these activities fostered greater economic autonomy among collective farmers and strengthened the position of individual smallholders, prompting Soviet authorities to intensify market control measures and implement large-scale initiatives aimed at weakening small commodity-producing village farms. Evidence shows that administrative controls, increased taxation, and confiscation of land surpluses significantly impaired the viability of small personal subsidiary plots owned by collective farmers, leading almost entirely to the disappearance of non-cooperative sectors in villages by the late 1930s.

This study examines how Soviet Union's contribution to defeating Nazi Germany was presented and evaluated through newspaper discourse during World War II. It is based on materials published by India’s English-language daily, “The Hindustan Times,” which circulated in Delhi between 1944 and 1945. Access to these sources has been made possible with support from the Russian Cultural Center in Mumbai, marking their first scholarly utilization. The research tests a hypothesis that allied press objectively reflected the role of the USSR in overcoming German aggression. Findings indicate that articles published in “The Hindustan Times” expressed unabashed admiration for the heroics of the Soviet people and Red Army while acknowledging the leading role played by the USSR in crushing Hitler's expansionist forces. Additionally, it highlights public opinion within India that viewed the Soviet Union not only as victorious against Germany but also as an advocate for colonial peoples' rights. Overall, this work confirms previous hypotheses advanced by Russian scholars regarding accurate portrayal of the USSR's wartime contributions in Allied media outlets.

This study examines how American Mormons (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) were perceived by the Russian public through articles published in popular illustrated literary, political, and scientific journals such as “Niva,” “Illustrated Review of Countries” (“Zhivopisnoe Obozrenie Stran Sveta”), and “Worldwide Illustration” (“Vsemirnaya Illyustraciya”) during the period from 1870 to 1873. It highlights that the successful colonization of vast uninhabited territories in the region of Great Salt Lake and Rocky Mountains in North America appeared as an unusual phenomenon in the nineteenth century. The analysis reveals that these journalistic accounts primarily relied on information borrowed from foreign sources, including Western European and American press materials. The research demonstrates that many contemporary journalists and commentators failed to comprehend the unique phenomenon of Mormons attempting to implement their religious and social utopia in practice. Articles about the “Latter Day Saints” in Russian illustrated magazines were filled with unchecked rumors and contradictory assessments, praising the evident achievements of Mormons in settling Utah territory and highlighting their industriousness while simultaneously criticizing them for their supposed naïveté and absurd beliefs. Furthermore, it is noted that Russian journalists diverged significantly in their interpretations of Mormonism, ranging from negative and critical attitudes towards the community to neutral or sympathetic portrayals of this religious group.

This article analyzes collectivized agriculture as a critical factor influencing patriotic sentiment among rural populations in the Soviet Union during the 1930s. The study highlights that this topic has not received adequate attention within historical scholarship, thereby underscoring its academic relevance and novelty. Based on archival records and published materials primarily sourced from southern regions of Russia — an important agricultural area — the research investigates shifts in peasant attitudes toward their homeland amidst socialist transformations. It argues that forced and violent collectivization efforts severely undermined villagers' psychological well-being by eroding trust in authority. Consequently, the first half of the decade witnessed significant distortion of traditional patriotic values due to agrarian modernization policies implemented through destructive methods. However, comparative-historical analysis demonstrates that improvements in living standards within collective farms combined with state-driven initiatives for youth-oriented patriotic education restored love for country as a foundational value in rural society by the late 1930s.

This article examines the evolution of rural settlement networks in Western Siberia during the period of industrialization characterized by collectivization and a series of measures aimed at consolidating collective farms through the incorporation of homesteads into larger settlements from the 1930s to the 1950s. It explores state resettlement policies during this era and their impact on key indicators such as typical structure, population size, and density of rural settlements. Based on unpublished archival data regarding the movement and inclusion of single-household peasant farms within settlements, as well as consolidation efforts for collective farms, and drawing upon materials from the All-Union Population Census of 1959, the study identifies distinctive features of village-type settlement development in the region. The analysis compares these figures with similar metrics across the RSFSR and its administrative divisions. Notable findings include a decline in rural populations, uneven urbanization trends across subregions of Western Siberia, increased typological diversity due to changes in farming practices resulting in the formation of collective farms, state farms, central farmsteads, branches, and agricultural facilities. Furthermore, it highlights an increase in settlement sizes driven by deliberate government policies that prioritized merging smaller economically weak homesteads and outlying hamlets into larger communities.

This article examines documents regulating school education for Germans in Russia, primarily focusing on German colonists. The chronological scope spans from the early years of settlement until the beginning of the twentieth century. Analysis of sources reveals that up until the 1840s, the state mainly oversaw the development of general legislation governing internal arrangements within colonies and their schools, relying heavily on established practices in these settlements. It is noted that there was an increase in state intervention into educational matters following administrative reforms implemented in foreign colonies in 1871. Attention is drawn to how reform efforts were a logical continuation of government policies aimed at standardizing various aspects of non-Russian populations' lives. The position of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, which consistently defended the autonomy of German schools against state influence, has been identified. Evidence shows that tensions between church and state reached their peak towards the end of the nineteenth century due to the transfer of Protestant schools under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Education and Russification policies. Efforts made by the government during the First Revolutionary Period to introduce certain liberalization measures regarding German education are traced. However, it is observed that the emerging dialogue between the government, the church, and the German community was disrupted by World War I.

This article examines historical experiences of political parties’ propaganda activities within Russia's military during World War I (1914 — February 1917), focusing on regional materials from the Middle Volga region. Drawing upon archival records at both federal and local levels as well as contemporary periodicals, it investigates the efforts by various groups to influence soldiers. The study highlights how Cadets aimed to maintain patriotic sentiments among troops while Bolsheviks employed diverse forms of oral and print-based agitation. It demonstrates that such propaganda extended beyond barracks into areas nearer the front lines, factories fulfilling state orders, and even hospitals where wounded soldiers were treated or rehabilitated. Despite having a social base within the armed forces, Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks did not engage in organized verbal propaganda campaigns in military units across this region. It is observed that the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) and Mensheviks, by abandoning active party propaganda, inadvertently facilitated the ascendance of the Bolsheviks, who continued to engage in clandestine activities among soldiers and officers. The authors conclude with lessons for history, emphasizing that armies should be shielded from partisan influences given their crucial role in maintaining societal stability.