This paper investigates the dynamics underlying the construction of external and internal models of the architectonics of lexical sets within ideographic dictionaries. Ideographic dictionaries are examined within the framework of lexicographic discourse as a means of categorizing and conceptualizing the world through systematically organized sets of linguistic units, which are arranged by means of various spatial formats. It is emphasized that spatial models for structuring lexical sets reflect the depth of lexical elaboration, as well as strategies for specification and expansion of their composition, along with the distinctive features and significance of lexical sets of varying rank within their structure. The study identifies several types of architectonic models employed in ideographic dictionaries, distinguishing between global and local models: taxonomy, synopsis, and field structure; to these, a novel and promising unit — the denotative-ideographic map — is added as an emerging format. It is noted that taxonomy and field structure have been extensively explored, whereas the synopsis model remains relatively underdeveloped. The analysis demonstrates that research into the formats and parameters of Russian ideographic dictionaries reveals a dynamic trajectory in their interpretation: progressing from simple classification to taxonomy, synopsis, and field structure, and ultimately moving toward a conceptual-thematic format embodied in cognitive-linguistic (denotative-ideographic) maps.

The present study identifies the dominant strategies of time representation within the ethnocultural context of Anna Nerkagi’s novel “White Lichen”. The relevance of this research stems from the fact that the lexical and grammatical tools employed in the narrative construct an ethnically specific perception of time, conceptualized both as an external life space and as an internal state of the tundra dweller. The transformation of temporal lexical semantics leads to the denotative ontologization of time through the nominative unit life and predicative elements such as to be and to live, as well as to the creation of figurative analogies between the natural world and the northern human being. Changes in grammatical semantics occur not so much at the level of aspect-tense forms, but primarily through situational context. The past tense is used to describe the experience, behavior, reflections, and emotions of the northern individual, serving to depict actions and events within a dynamic perspective of the external world. The present tense reflects the familiar world, creating an illusion of vision or life’s truth. The future tense shapes the inner world of the characters and determines the path guided by ancestral wisdom. In “White Lichen”, we observe an intersection of temporal vectors: grammatical forms of the present and future tenses, when used in a past context, represent actions as real.

This paper explores the naming strategies used by law firm associations and examines their implications for marketing effectiveness. Based on an analysis of 285 firm names systematically sampled from the register of legal entities maintained by the Bar Association of Kemerovo region, we identify two primary approaches to naming: descriptive and associative. Descriptive names rely on established conventions, including references to professional categories, geographic locations, individual founders' surnames, or specialized services offered. In contrast, associative names invoke abstract concepts, cultural symbols, metaphors, or even arbitrary signifiers. We evaluate each category’s capacity to appeal effectively to consumers, highlighting potential challenges related to interpreting intended meanings. Furthermore, regional variations within the Russian context are analyzed, providing insights into how localized linguistic preferences shape corporate identity formation among law firms. Our findings suggest practical guidelines for optimizing future naming decisions to enhance brand recognition and market competitiveness.

This study analyzes the impact of feminist policy in contemporary Germany on the stability of linguistic norms within political discourse. The article examines the process of integrating gender markers into the language, which is interpreted as a breach of traditional grammatical and orthographic norms in German. The research aims to identify linguistic markers that indicate artificial language transformation driven by new political agendas. The materials for this study include two policy documents published in 2023 by the Federal Foreign Office and the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany, collectively comprising 235,000 characters of empirical data. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis, the study demonstrates how the conceptual core of feminist policy is expressed through non-canonical graphic and morphological means, leading to violations of the language norms in modern German. The authors conclude that the observed trend represents a form of politically motivated linguistic intervention, creating an alternative usage that contradicts codified norms.

This paper presents an analysis of formulaic response utterances in youth speech, conceptualized as propozeomas (e.g., Osuzhdayu [“I condemn it”], Ponyal, prinyal, obrabotal [“Got it, received, processed”], Znayu, umeyu, praktikuyu [“I know, I can, I practice”] etc.). These utterances are proposed as units of intermediate status between phraseological units with a predicative basis and free sentences. The study examines their structural and functional specificity, including the absence of imagery and their role in dialogue organization, among other features. It is established that these utterances function as speech clichés or ready-made verbal solutions, enabling instantaneous reactions in typical communicative situations and relieving speakers or writers from the cognitive effort required to formulate extended personal statements. Emphasis is placed on their role as a communicative tool that fills typical slots in dialogue, serving as metalinguistic markers with varying semantic specialization. It is noted that such constructions act as markers of cultural identity for the contemporary “digital” generation, reflecting shifts in communication styles and value orientations among young language users. The analysis demonstrates that the examined stable cliché-utterances from modern youth speech mark value fixations centered on self-presentation through personal experience, information-digital interaction, visual sensitivity, and ritualized normative-value distancing. It is further observed that the aggregate of these value slots constructs a psychographic profile of the younger generation.

This article investigates constructions of spoken dialogical speech that contain brief structures composed of a personal pronoun combined with an auxiliary verb (modal, substitute, auxiliary, or copula). A general term proposed for such structures is tag phrase. Four models of constructions featuring tag phrases are examined: those where the tag phrase appears within one syntagmatic chain together with an adjoining clause, or forms an independent reactive utterance in dialogue unity. These include examples like (1) Peter will come, won't he? (2) “Peter will come.” “Won't he?” (3) Peter will come, he will. (4) “Will Peter come?” “He will.”

Through analysis of dialogues from Ben Jonson’s comedy Every Man in His Humour (1598), it is demonstrated how tag phrases contribute to conversational fluidity by adding naturalness and emotional nuances to character speeches, breaking up lengthy turns, highlighting specific words or combinations, making them more prominent for both audiences and readers, and conveying information about characters' social standing. It has been found that these functions are rendered in Russian translations via lexical-syntactic features of Russian sentences, as exemplified in P. N. Sokolova's translation published in 1933.

This paper addresses the significance of regional paremiography, focusing on the regional dictionary “Proverbs and Sayings of the Bryansk Region”. The study conducts a comparative analysis of this dictionary with other paremiological collections, revealing that, in terms of both macro- and microstructural characteristics, the dictionary compiled by V. D. Glebov continues the best traditions of Russian paremiography. The macrostructure of this dictionary encompasses all spheres of paremiological conceptualization, which are typically represented in the thematic groupings of proverbs in dictionaries organized by thematic principles. A logical continuity in thematic sections is identified, drawing analogies with the representation of thematic diversity in V. I. Dal’s dictionary “Proverbs and Sayings of the Russian People”. It is noted that the emphasis on themes of labor and humanity unites Glebov’s dictionary with M. A. Rybnikova’s “Russian Proverbs and Sayings”. Furthermore, a comparison with regional paremiological dictionaries highlights differences arising from alternative principles of material arrangement, varying quantitative compositions of proverbs, and their grouping. The structural organization of the Bryansk proverbs and sayings dictionary is described as an isomorphic relationship between its macro- and microstructure.

The article addresses a pressing issue in psycholinguistics — namely, the modeling of the mental lexicon as a dynamic structure that underlies the processes of speech comprehension and production. The research aims to determine the degree of semantic proximity between words within the mental lexicon. Using a database developed by the authors, titled Interactive Map of Basic Values of the Russian Federation, the study conducts a comparative analysis of the associative field “Health” alongside other fields representing values significant to Russians. The analysis identifies overlapping associates — common semantic features that establish mental connections among the words under consideration. The findings demonstrate that the strength of lexical associations and the degree of semantic proximity between words are determined by the index of overlapping associates. The novelty of this research lies in its ability, through the analysis of the overlapping associates index, to establish a hierarchy of values based on their semantic proximity to the concept of “health,” as well as to quantitatively objectify dominant features that reflect the interrelation and interdependence of Russians’ basic values. The author concludes that the specifically organized structure of the mental lexicon components determines the value-based worldview and potentially possible trajectories for the development of personal meanings, which are realized in communication.

This paper examines the phenomenon of antisocial creativity as a distinctive mode of selfexpression that challenges established social and moral norms. Antisocial creativity manifests in a wide range of forms — from graffiti and vandalism to slang, rap, and digital memes — each capable of shaping perceptions of reality and influencing the evolution of social norms. The study focuses primarily on unauthorized graffiti as a salient and illustrative form of this phenomenon. The research aims to classify the thematic interpretations of graffiti through a psycholinguistic free association experiment. Photographic images of graffiti served as the primary research material. The analysis identifies key characteristics in the perception of vandalistic graffiti and proposes a thematic classification that conceptualizes this form of antisocial creativity. The findings demonstrate that the associative field surrounding graffiti is dominated by respondents’ negative evaluations, emotional responses, and expressions of individuality or protest. The thematic classification encompasses legal aspects (offenses, penalties), cultural-aesthetic dimensions (art, creativity), social contexts (youth subculture, protest), psychological factors (emotions, aggression), and economic considerations (damage, repair costs).

This study investigates linguistic means for representing the idea of cooperation between Russia and China within contemporary internet discourse. The research aims to identify language tools used by media outlets to represent Russian-Chinese interactions. The empirical basis consists of media texts from leading Russian and Chinese news agencies published in 2025. A total of 390 texts specifically focused on conveying ideas about collaboration were analyzed using methods such as content analysis, discourse analysis, structural-semantic analysis, and comparative approaches. These methodologies allow researchers to account for cultural and political contexts, along with specific communication practices embedded in language use. Findings demonstrate that both countries' discourses emphasize collaborative efforts through frequent usage of lexemes related to friendship, trust, mutual benefit, historical allusions, and ideological constructs promoting multipolarity. Identified linguistic strategies span various levels: lexical (official clichés, imagery-laden vocabulary, metaphorical constructions); morphological (inclusive pronouns like “we,” numerals); syntactic (parallel structures, multicomponent construction patterns); and supratextual phenomena derived from historical precedents. Overall, these findings contribute to a deeper understanding of cognitive-pragmatic mechanisms underlying representations of partnership in modern media discourse.

This paper investigates several persistent trends of pragmatic transformation in Russian spelling and punctuation norms within the student online environment using chat communication as a case study. The empirical basis for this research consists of data collected through an online survey conducted among students majoring in creative disciplines at Volgograd State Institute of Arts and Culture during November–December 2024. Analysis of the gathered material revealed consistent tendencies toward pragmatic transformations in Russian language usage among students in their online interactions: notably, more tolerant attitudes towards misspellings (including lowercase capitalization of proper names) and ambiguous views on punctuation errors due to potential difficulties they may cause in understanding text content. It is concluded that many new phenomena currently perceived by society as violations of linguistic standards might soon gain acceptance as permissible forms limited to informal internet-based communication contexts. Findings suggest that young people are increasingly relaxed about deviations from traditional rules of spelling and punctuation in chats, with such communications becoming free from conventional normative constraints. Within the framework of casual interaction, we observe the emergence of a novel online etiquette where speed of information exchange takes precedence over strict adherence to formal conventions while maintaining clarity and comprehensibility of messages.

This article offers a novel interpretation of a number of futurist texts by Olga Rozanova (1886—1918), an artist and poet who ranks among the pioneers of the Russian avant-garde and whose literary output has seldom been subjected to detailed philological scrutiny. Drawing on Rozanova’s earliest theoretical writings, notably the Manifesto of the “Union of Youth” (1913), the study traces the artistic principles that she regarded as central to the New Art movement and examines the extent to which her own creative practice in the 1910s adhered to the programmatic statements of the manifesto. It is demonstrated that the striking visual characteristics of Rozanova’s painting style are closely intertwined with her poetic experiments. A particular focus on color emerges as a hallmark of her poetry from the St. Petersburg period, imbuing her verse with rich imagery and symbolic resonance. The interrelation between her visual and verbal art is illustrated through an analysis of the poem “Is It a Dream…” and the painting “Fire in the City”, revealing profound synergies between Rozanova’s painterly and poetic practices. The paper also proposes a revised dating of “Is It a Dream…”, suggesting that it was composed in 1914 rather than 1917, as previously assumed by scholars. The conclusion emphasizes that a meticulous comparative analysis of Rozanova’s visual and literary oeuvre enables a more precise reconstruction of the chronology and dating of her poetic texts.

This article undertakes a comprehensive analysis of the poetics of the “Siberian text” within the fictional universe of Mikhail Alexandrovich Tarkovsky, a prominent contemporary Russian prose writer. The research is based on a selection of the author’s works, including short stories and novellas featured in the collection “Selected Works” (2014), as well as the novel “Toyota-Cresta” (2017). This study represents the first attempt at a scholarly interpretation of Tarkovsky’s oeuvre within the framework of this specific thematic discourse. A critical review of major academic approaches to the concept of the “Siberian text” in contemporary literary studies is provided. The article examines the distinctive features of Tarkovsky’s “Siberian text” through the lens of fundamental artistic and aesthetic constants, notably chronotope and literary hero. It is established that the chronotope of the Siberian taiga and the portrayal of characters underpin an idyllic model of existence within the author’s narrative. Furthermore, it is argued that Tarkovsky proposes a new paradigm for conceptualizing Siberia, one that stands in contrast to the traditional perception of this territory in classical literature (e.g., Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Chekhov), where it is often depicted as a place of exile — a space imbued with infernal or liminal semantics.

This article examines the manifestation of biblical semantics and the eschatological semiosphere within the frame text of M. A. Voloshin’s lyrical works composed during the Russian Civil War. The primary sources are the poems included by the author in the collection “The Unburnt Bush” (Neopalimaya Kupina), considered in the aggregate of its various editions compiled between 1917 and 1923. The study presents the results of a comparative analysis of different versions of the poems across these years. A typology of frame text is developed in accordance with the principal meanings of biblical semantics as expressed both in the frame and in the poetic text itself. It is emphasized that references to the Bible, particularly to the Book of Revelation, are accompanied by motifs of demonic possession and hell on earth. The analysis reveals that the poet interprets national calamity as a punishment for sins, with the possibility of redemption through suffering. The article concludes that Old and New Testament quotations and allusions, which permeate the textual frames of individual poems and cycles, fulfill an apperceptive and suggestive function, establishing semantic parallels between biblical prophecy and contemporary reality for the reader. It is demonstrated that biblical imagery and eschatological intuitions embedded in paratextual components enabled Voloshin to infuse the national catastrophe with a deeper spiritual and symbolic meaning, while also instilling hope for a “post-apocalyptic” rebirth.

The article is devoted to understanding the prose of G. Gazdanov, a representative of the “first wave” generation of young émigrés. The aim of the study is to identify changes in Gaito Gazdanov’s style from his first publication to the novel “An Evening with Claire,” which brought the writer widespread recognition in the literary circles of the Russian emigration. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that, for the first time, as a result of a comparative analysis of short stories published in 1926— 1928, stylistic and poetological changes that became pivotal for the writer’s prose have been identified. It has been established that the evolution of style and poetic devices occurred gradually — from the story “The Hotel of the Future” to the novel “An Evening with Claire,” and the “turning point” on this path is the story “The Dragon,” which represents the key features of Gazdanov’s mature prose: a clear “softening” of narrative technique; the appearance of a narrator endowed with reflective consciousness and autobiographical “details.” It has been revealed that the depiction of the hero’s total reflection is combined with the depiction of scenes from the material world; following the prose writers of the Silver Age, the writer widely uses the musical motif, directly interconnected with the motif of death; he introduces the image of a woman — a Muse. In “The Dragon,” G. Gazdanov first embodies the idea of a “second” inner existence, and also turns to the autobiographical episode of his father's death.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of Chinese-language scholarly publications on Maxim Gorky available in the CNKI database as of December 31, 2024. A total of 562 publications were examined. The research corpus was compiled through a systematic search of the CNKI database, followed by statistical processing and manual verification of the retrieved materials. The analysis reveals that peaks in scholarly interest in Gorky in China occurred in 1981, 1986, and 1997, coinciding with anniversaries, academic conferences, and the introduction of new biographical and epistolary sources. The core focus of Chinese Gorky scholarship is shown to center on the novel Mother, The Song of the Stormy Petrel, humanistic themes, the concept of “literature as a study of humanity,” and comparative studies between Gorky and Lu Xun. It is demonstrated that research articles are predominantly published in specialized journals on Russian, Soviet, and world literature, while there is a noticeable expansion into theoretical literary studies and interdisciplinary publications. The study emphasizes that within Chinese literary scholarship, Gorky is interpreted as an author of revolutionary-humanist texts, a catalyst for debates on man and literature, and a pivotal figure in Russian-Chinese comparative studies. The findings suggest a transition in Chinese Gorky studies from predominantly evaluative and receptive approaches to a multidimensional model that integrates textual analysis, ideological interpretation, and crosscultural comparison.

Against the backdrop of a growing need for a deeper historical understanding of literary evolution, this study aims to develop the category of the literary hero’s act as a criterion for identifying transitional periods within the 19th-century Russian literary process, with a focus on works of artistic prose. The selection of modeling as the primary research method is justified by the model’s capacity to reveal the essential features of the phenomenon under investigation and its function in advancing the literary process, as well as in enriching reader culture and experience by expanding the boundaries of aesthetic perception and interpretive meaning. Modeling is understood as the foundation for analytical, interpretative, and evaluative forms of discursive activity, facilitating the structuring of literary space and the conceptual comprehension of literature. Building upon the observations of M. M. Bakhtin, N. I. Nikolaev, and other scholars, the category of the literary hero’s act is examined as a modeling criterion within the proposed authorial framework for the 19thcentury literary process. It is noted that this model is characterized by cyclical patterns and evolutionary dynamics, comprising four trajectories (heroic archetypes) and seven chronologically successive stages. The author concludes that the dynamics of the 19th-century Russian literary-historical process correlate with variations in the interaction between the worldview and the act of the literary hero.

This article examines one of the least studied episodes of peasant resistance during the collectivization campaign — the so-called “Tolstoukhov Uprising” of 1929–1931 in the Zyryanovsk district. The authors focus on the causes, development, and aftermath of the movement, as well as the measures taken by party and security agencies to suppress it. It is argued that a comprehensive analysis of the uprising requires the use of investigative materials from the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) of the Kazakh ASSR, along with documents from regional and republican archives. This approach enables a detailed reconstruction of both the course of events and the behavioral patterns of the uprising’s leader, Fyodor Tolstoukhov. The study concludes that the distinctive features of the uprising were its large-scale preparatory activities and the formulation of an ideological platform reflecting peasant interests. The ideological stance of the rebels is shown to have emerged as a direct response to the coercive methods of collectivization and the excesses of local authorities. Special attention is given to the nature of repressive policies and their implementation at the local level. For the first time, a comprehensive source analysis of investigative case files is conducted, allowing for a deeper understanding of the motives and structure of the uprising. The authors demonstrate that an analysis of these materials clarifies the social composition of participants, their motivations, and the organizational features of the movement.

This study examines the role of Russian Steamship and Trading Company (ROPiT) in developing regular shipping services between Russia and Bulgaria from 1880 to 1913. Drawing on long-term business practices of this firm, it identifies objectives and structures within the context of geopolitical and economic circumstances during that period. The institutional diversity of implemented solutions by steamship owners is highlighted, with a focus on their common goal of enhancing maritime communication between both countries. Based on primary sources, the position of ROPiT in cargo and passenger transportation over more than three decades is analyzed. Causes for regional restructuring of bilateral transport are identified. Plans, decisions, and actions taken by stakeholders interested in company activities are explored. A review of specific periods in the company's operations (1880–1886, 1887–1895, 1896– 1913) confirms government institutions' and ROPiT's commitment to maintaining shipping amidst unstable relations between Russia and Bulgaria. It demonstrates potential growth opportunities at the first stage, loss of these possibilities due to severed state and trade ties at the second stage, and efforts towards recovery under challenging conditions faced by each country during the third phase.

This article examines beer consumption culture and practices in Soviet Armenia during the period of the New Economic Policy (NEP) from 1921 to 1928. An interdisciplinary study aims at uncovering socio-cultural transformations within early Soviet society. The sources include archival documents, legislative acts of the USSR, Transcaucasian Federation, and Soviet Armenia, scholarly research, materials from contemporary press, and literary texts. Many data are introduced into academic discourse for the first time. Cultural practices associated with beer consumption and their representation in public discourse have been analyzed. It is demonstrated that beer became an element of a new consumer culture situated between traditional customs and modernizing lifestyles. The everyday life of brewing establishments reflected tensions between NEPinfluenced living standards and ideological norms. The study reveals how the popularization of beer was accompanied by conflicts between representations of “old,” predominantly Eastern, and “new,” urbanized Soviet ways of life. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the formation of beer-drinking culture followed general trends across the Soviet Union similar to those observed in Russia under the NEP era, where beer was conceptualized as a symbol of industrial leisure among workers. The topic has not previously been addressed in Armenian historiography. The relevance of this research lies in its potential to offer alternative perspectives on evaluating daily life during the NEP period.

This article investigates the emergence and dissemination of the well-known military slogan “Russians never surrender” during the pre-revolutionary period of Russian history. It challenges widespread myths attributing the slogan’s origin to World War I or the Great Patriotic War, demonstrating through extensive source analysis that the phrase was already widely recognized as early as the first quarter of the nineteenth century. The study examines and analyzes materials from periodicals of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries where this slogan appears, considering the context of its usage. For the first time, a number of publicistic texts from newspapers such as “Rus’,” “Petersburg Listok,” “Novoye Vremya,” “Russkoye Slovo,” “Russky Invalid,” “Utro Rossii,” and “Birzhevye Vedomosti,” which referenced “Russians never surrender,” are introduced into scholarly discourse. A substantial body of pre-revolutionary historical literature is scrutinized, significantly enriching the understanding of how and when the slogan was employed throughout various periods of Russian history. It is suggested that the expression became a military motto at the turn of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The research demonstrates that, having first appeared in print in the 1820s, the slogan rapidly evolved into a fixed cliché and by the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries had gained nationwide recognition, becoming an important element of official propaganda. The novelty of this study lies in its detailed and systematic examination of the slogan’s origins and spread within the Russian Empire — an aspect that has not previously been explored in depth within historical scholarship.

This article examines the role and functioning of school management committees in the Russian Empire during the last third of the 19th and early 20th centuries, situating their development within the broader context of societal modernization, democratization, and administrative decentralization. Drawing on normative documents and ego-documents as primary sources, the author argues that the establishment of these committees represented a significant step toward decentralizing internal school governance. While the committees contributed positively to school infrastructure development and financial management, their effectiveness was undermined by persistent tensions between principles of collegiality and unilateral authority, limited financial autonomy, insufficient state oversight, low engagement among committee members, and their dependence on school administrations. By the early 20th century, these structural weaknesses led to a crisis in the functioning of management committees, culminating in their eventual abolition. Nevertheless, the author contends that these bodies played a crucial role in mitigating authoritarian tendencies within school governance and laid the groundwork for the emergence of both bureaucratic and state-public models of educational administration.

The study examines the adaptation experience of noble estates to economic conditions in the second half of the nineteenth century through the early twentieth century, using as a case study the fertile regions of Kazan province. The research is based on appraisal inventories from the State Land Bank's Kazan branch. It investigates both the natural geographical and socio-economic factors influencing estate development in the southwestern part of Kazan province, including strategies for landowners' adjustment to capitalist organization and outcomes thereof. Illustrative examples are provided highlighting successful agricultural management practices along with sectors that saw significant growth. A key finding underscores the role played by credit access in transforming these estates. Notably, smaller and medium-sized nobility dominated ownership patterns in districts such as Yadrinsky, Tsivilsky, Sviyazhsky, and Tetyushsky — areas characterized by highly productive soils — while large-scale landed gentry were relatively scarce. The author argues that it was primarily those wealthy landholders possessing substantial holdings who demonstrated greater potential for sustainable profitability, utilizing bank loans to implement modern agronomic techniques. Conversely, small-to-medium property owners faced greater challenges adapting to market-driven economic shifts, often failing to redeem their mortgaged lands.

This article examines the production activities of state-owned agricultural enterprises (sovkhozes) in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) during the period from 1945 to 1953. The study is motivated by the sustained scholarly interest in the postwar transformation of Soviet agriculture. The research draws upon consolidated annual reports of sovkhozes and other archival materials sourced from two federal and two regional archives, all of which are introduced into academic discourse for the first time. A comprehensive analysis of sovkhoz performance is provided, with particular emphasis on crop farming and livestock production. It is argued that the management system of republican sovkhozes exhibited a notable degree of decentralization. The findings indicate that crop cultivation constituted the leading sector within the state farm economy of Bashkiria during the period under review. The authors conclude that in the immediate postwar years, the sovkhoz system underwent a process of strengthening its material and technical infrastructure and restoring its prewar economic capacity. However, it is emphasized that even by the early 1950s, output and state procurement levels for key agricultural products had not reached those of 1940. The article demonstrates that, overall, the state agricultural sector in the republic — as in the USSR as a whole — failed to emerge as a serious competitor to the collective farm (kolkhoz) system.

This article examines the circumstances and underlying causes behind the unsuccessful “scientific repatriation” of the prominent pathologist Philipp Schwartz (1894–1977), founder of the Emergency Association of German Scientists Abroad, to the Federal Republic of Germany in the aftermath of World War II. The study analyzes the preconditions and motivations for his attempted return to the University of Frankfurt, which he had been forced to leave in 1933 due to persecution by the Nazi regime, after which he spent many years working at Istanbul University. The paper investigates key episodes related to Schwartz’s efforts to reestablish professional ties with his former employer, situating them within the broader context of the struggle to overcome the Nazi legacy in German academia during the 1950s. Additionally, the article explores the phenomenon of his prolonged obscurity both in the final years of his life and after his death until 2014 in Germany — the country where the foundation of his distinguished scientific career was laid. The research draws primarily on previously unpublished archival documents from the University of Frankfurt, as well as other valuable biographical materials concerning Schwartz and some of his contemporaries, which are introduced into Russian scholarship for the first time. The findings of the biographical and prosopographical analysis lead to the conclusion that Schwartz’s case, while not unique, was significantly shaped by his leadership of the aforementioned scientific diaspora organization and by his personal character traits.

This article examines the agrarian enlightenment of farmers in Galicia during the latter half of the 19th century and the early 20th century. The research is based on a diverse array of sources, including newspapers, journals, brochures, and other publications related to agriculture that were circulated among the rural populace during this period. The analysis draws from Polish-language and RusynUkrainian publications, as well as scholarly works by Polish and Ukrainian historians focusing on agricultural issues. The study investigates the nature and accessibility of agricultural literature for Rusyn-Ukrainian and Polish farmers in the region. It has been established that while Polish-language publications predominated, Rusyn-Ukrainian peasants also engaged with literature in their native languages. The article further explores the acquisition processes of popular science monographs and agricultural journals imported from the Russian Empire. It highlights that these publications covered a broad spectrum of agricultural practices, including aquaculture, beekeeping, fertilization, horse breeding, and the raising of both large and small livestock. The author emphasizes that specialized journals provided valuable information for landowners of all sizes, facilitating the adoption of innovations across various categories of farmers. Additionally, the article notes that low literacy rates among peasants posed significant challenges to the assimilation of new agricultural technologies.

This article examines the effectiveness of China’s policy toward Singapore during the period from 1990 to 2025, focusing on the evolving dynamics of bilateral relations. The study identifies key challenges in four principal areas of cooperation: political and economic partnership, cultural exchange, collaboration in higher education, and cooperation in the field of regional security. It argues that Sino-Singaporean relations, as a paradigm of pragmatic engagement and mutual enrichment, are gradually emerging as a reference model for new patterns of international relations in Asia. However, structural challenges persist, including a significant imbalance between political and economic cooperation, divergences in cultural identity, and insufficient depth in educational and security collaboration. The research is based on an analysis of official documents as well as media publications from China and Singapore, which reflect existing difficulties in bilateral ties. The authors conclude that, while preserving the advantages of trade and economic cooperation, China is enhancing political trust, developing an innovative model of partnership, strengthening strategic adaptability and influence in Southeast Asia, and thereby facilitating the transformation of Sino-Singaporean relations from an “economics-driven” framework to a “comprehensive strategic synergy.”