This article investigates the image of Russia and its citizens within the consciousness of Turkish youth residing in the Antalya region, particularly in light of significant Russian-speaking migration. The research focuses on the transformation of perceptions of the “other” as interactions shift from tourist encounters to everyday coexistence. Utilizing data from a free associative experiment conducted among students at Akdeniz University, the study analyzes 130 units of material obtained through anonymous questionnaires. Respondents aged between 18 and 22 years provided insights that were qualitatively processed using MAXQDA software. For the first time, this study introduces four semantic fields associated with the concept of RUSSIA: political, geographical, evaluative, and symbolic. The analysis reveals a predominance of the political-state component in the students' consciousness, with the image of the country being personified through the figure of Vladimir Putin. Furthermore, the perception of Russians is characterized by a dichotomous nature; while their external attractiveness (light features, tall stature) is acknowledged, it is often contrasted with perceived communicative closedness. The findings suggest that Turkey's youth view Russia as a “northern pole of strength” and a formidable geopolitical entity. Ultimately, the study confirms the persistence of stereotypes regarding the “cold” and “harsh” nature of the Russian people.

The article addresses the problem of crosslinguistic comparison of verbo-nominal stable collocations that occupy an intermediate position between free word combinations and phraseological units. The material includes scholarly works on contrastive linguistics and studies of these constructions in Germanic studies and Russian studies. It is established that linguistics lacks both a comprehensive picture of the functioning of these units and a universal system of criteria for delimiting them from adjacent phenomena. It is found that existing methods of contrastive analysis prove ineffective for their comparison. The aim of the study is to identify a prospective methodology for the comparative description of verbo-nominal predicative collocations in divergent languages (on the material of German and Russian). The relevance of the research is determined by the special significance of cross-linguistic studies for language pedagogy, lexicography, and natural language processing. The novelty lies in combining the principles of contrastive linguistics and typology. A methodology is proposed that combines unidirectional comparative analysis with reliance on a set of typological parameters as a specifically constructed benchmark for comparison. It is proven that this approach overcomes limitations associated with the intermediate status of the studied units, which creates a basis for conducting contrastive studies on other languages and improving machine algorithms.

This article examines the impact of e-commerce and evolving consumer behavior patterns on nominative strategies within pragmatonymy. Drawing on a corpus of 1,427 chocolate product names produced by twelve confectionery enterprises in the Ural Federal District (spanning 2024–2026), the study documents a significant shift in consumer priorities from metaphorical designations to functional and informational ones: direct descriptive constructions account for 37.21% of the sample, while digital indices (weight, composition, quantity) are present in 43.8% of the onyms. The analysis reveals the active deployment of hybrid naming structures that implement a “dual coding” strategy (metaphor + compositional information), alongside paragraphemic elements (®, +, ×, %). The findings substantiate a divergence between codified academic orthography and actual titling practices in commercial branding, thereby confirming the gradient nature of contemporary spelling rules. Based on these results, a differentiated system of recommendations is proposed, which distinguishes strict unification protocols for legal documentation (rigid compliance with Rospatent registration certificates) from context-dependent guidelines for mass media and corporate communication styles grounded in discursive criteria.

The article presents a linguo-political diachronic and discourse-oriented study of the phenomenon of strategy. Drawing on material from several languages, the study demonstrates how the semantic core of the word — originally associated with “military leadership” and “military ingenuity or cunning” has gradually faded, while the term has been enriched with new semantic components under the influence of various discourses. Using lexicographic and lexical-semantic analysis, the paper identifies shifts in the meanings of words with the root strategthat occurred during the borrowing of Ancient Greek lexical units into Latin, Old Church Slavonic, Russian, and English. Corpus-based and contextual analysis provides evidence of a significant expansion in the domains of use of strategwords, accompanied by a narrowing of meaning toward an abstract semantics of goal-setting. Cognitive-discursive analysis reveals the specific ways in which the concept of strategy is conceptualized in military, political, and diplomatic discourses, manifested in the addition of semantic components related to long-term planning, calculation of efficiency, and similar features. The article emphasizes that historical semantic shifts signal broader processes: as the lexical unit undergoes determinologization and enters wider usage, its meaning becomes significantly narrowed through abstraction. The study concludes by identifying the emergence of the meta-concept grand strategy, understood as the necessity of mobilizing all available resources in order to participate in the global governance of world political processes.

This article addresses the problem of employing communicative-pragmatic strategies within scientific and methodological texts intended for pedagogical practitioners. The study aims to substantiate a parametric model of communicativeverbal strategies utilized in instructional manuals and guidelines developed within the framework of supplementary professional education (SPE). The proposed analytical framework encompasses four core components: the pragmatic objective of each strategy; key communicative situations characteristic of its deployment; semantic-pragmatic dominants that govern linguistic realizations; and linguo-pragmatic markers, defined as primary means of objectifying the author’s intent at the textual level. The analysis demonstrates that these strategies are actualized across five distinct types of communicative contexts: “information delivery,” “reference to normative legal frameworks governing professional practice,” “clarification / elucidation,” “practical recommendations,” and “fostering recipient engagement with pedagogical innovations.” Four principal communicative-pragmatic strategies employed within these situational frames have been identified. The informing, explaining, and incentive-driven (motivating) strategies are recognized as pivotal elements defining the specific communicative-rhetorical profile of scholarlymethodological discourse addressed to school teachers. Furthermore, it is noted that the persuasive strategy assumes an auxiliary function, which testifies to the ongoing hybridization of specialized professional genres with massmedia text conventions.

This article explores the axiological manifestation of power through ritual actions, specifically focusing on the English coronation as a performative practice within the political culture of British society. The study identifies essential characteristics of the coronation ritual, including its mimetic, ostensive, symbolic, performative, and affective dimensions. It examines the presentation aspect of this ritual event as a stream of symbols — presentemes — through which it is empirically observed and interpreted within the contexts of specific epochs and periods. A significant emphasis is placed on the performative nature of language, particularly the formulas of the king's oath and the recognition of the sovereign by the people. Additionally, the article discusses verbal gestures of loyalty and homage as acts of symbolic submission, which serve to establish relationships within both domestic and international political spheres. The adaptability of the coronation ritual to contemporary contexts is also analyzed, highlighting its ability to retain its original theological meaning while incorporating new religious and secular perspectives. The coronation is portrayed as a vital political instrument for fostering solidarity and consolidating a diverse society around a central authority figure. The article provides a comprehensive review of theoretical scholarly literature and media discourse surrounding the ritual culture of monarchical self-presentation. Furthermore, the paper traces the evolution of the English coronation through a value-ideological lens, examining the process of the ritual's neosemantization and the modernization of the axiological core of coronation acts.

This article examines previously unrecorded lexical variants found within a corpus of documents produced by the Polish-Armenian community. The study focuses on attested variations of indigenous Old and Middle Armenian words, as well as borrowings from Polish and Latin. The primary sources for this research are a chronicle (covering 1430–1652) and the court proceedings of the Armenian law court in Kamieniec. It is argued that Polish Armenians predominantly acquired foreign vocabulary through oral transmission. Consequently, borrowed lexemes often retained phonetic features characteristic of their source language's pronunciation. This mode of lexical acquisition, necessitated by the minority-language environment, facilitated effective communication with native speakers of the donor languages. The novelty of this work lies in its introduction into scholarly discourse of previously undocumented variants of both indigenous and loanwords used by the Polish Armenian diaspora. The analysis concludes that the presence of such lexical variation was largely due to the increasing influence of dialectal elements in the absence of a standardized pan-Armenian literary norm. Furthermore, these lexical variants serve as indirect evidence of the diverse contacts maintained by the Kamieniec community, its successful adaptation to a new linguistic and cultural milieu, and ongoing processes of integration. Ultimately, the examination of phonetically altered forms contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the sound system and lexical inventory of this specific diasporic vernacular.

Russian and Chinese paremias with the component “river” (река / 河) that have not been previously described are considered from the perspective of a linguoculturological comparative study. Proverbs for which collections of paremias contain commentaries were selected, as some expressions may be incomprehensible to foreigners. The classification of the material is presented in the form of frames whose slots and sub-slots reflect the specific features of Russian and Chinese perceptions of reality. It has been revealed that the cultural attitudes recorded in Russian and Chinese proverbs with the component “river” exhibit more differences than similarities. It has been established that in Russian paremias, the river is closely connected with human life. In them, an individual is evaluated based on their qualities, social and family relationships; their dependence on external forces is represented. In Chinese proverbs, the life of a river is linked to the fundamentals of existence and the philosophical attitude of Chinese society towards life, which allows for forming a rational view of a person and their actions. An associative experiment conducted among native Russian and Chinese speakers using the stimulus word “river” revealed direct associations with the constituent parts of rivers and the names of famous rivers of both countries among respondents.

This paper examines the issues surrounding the creation of an alphabet for the Nagaybak language, which is currently on the brink of extinction. It notes that the Nagaybak ethnos represents one of Russia's unwritten and endangered peoples. The authors express concern regarding the prospects of assimilation faced by the Nagaybaks into either the dominant Russian nation or neighboring Turkic-speaking communities. The relevance of this work stems from the fact that the absence of a native writing system poses a significant threat to the preservation of the Nagaybak ethnic identity. This article presents the results of a decade-long effort by a research collective, culminating in the development of a 31-letter Nagaybak alphabet designed to accurately reflect the phonological system of the language. Attention is given to the principles underlying the structural organization of the proposed script. It is reported that implementation of Nagaybak language instruction in schools commenced in 2025. Our analysis demonstrates that while the Nagaybak language belongs to the Turkic language family, it possesses unique characteristics that distinguish it from Tatar and other related languages. Furthermore, our findings establish that pedagogical methods oriented towards oral proficiency acquisition are the most effective within the context of limited language use. Consequently, we conclude that the developed Nagaybak alphabet and methodological resources will serve to strengthen the language's position among youth and preserve the cultural heritage of the Nagaybaks in the face of globalization.

This study presents a macro-frame modeling of the euphemistic nomination of death within Russian and Uzbek media discourses, drawing on a corpus of journalistic publications spanning a ten-year period. Through continuous sampling, 138 instances of euphemistic framing were identified. The research methodology integrates context-semantic analysis, frame-based modeling, and discourse-pragmatic interpretation. This integrated approach is operationalized through the coordinated examination of genre-institutional reporting regimes, foreground-background distribution mechanisms, and recurrent narrative-scenario trajectories. The analysis delineates seven stable macro-frames for the indirect representation of death, differentiated by their functional load and genre-specific entrenchment: (1) transition and departure; (2) absence and loss; (3) institutional notification and factualization; (4) physiological cessation and naturalization; (5) sacred-eschatological interpretation; (6) violent death and self-infliction; and (7) ritualization of memory and collective mourning. Findings indicate that Russian media discourse predominantly objectifies the event through neutral-institutional strategies — specifically chronicling, terminologization, and passivation of agency / responsibility. In contrast, Uzbek media discourse systematically amplifies the sacred-ethical framework while exhibiting addressivityand status-conditioned variation in euphemistic nominations contingent upon communicative context.

This article examines the media representation of the judicial figure within contemporary Armenian online news outlets. The study is predicated on the growing influence of digital ecosystems on public perception and institutional legitimacy of the judiciary. Drawing on a dataset of 407 headlines from six major Armenian online publications collected between June and November 2025, this inquiry seeks to identify the discursive strategies employed in the conceptualization of the judge as constructed through polycoded mediatexts. Employing a mixed-methods framework that integrates quantitative corpus analysis with qualitative discourse-historical approaches, semantic grouping, and multimodal visual semiotics, the paper delineates five core meaning-making models underpinning the image of the judge: the professional participant in adjudication; an embodiment of judicial authority; an object of civic scrutiny and legal accountability; a target for political instrumentalization; and a salient public persona. The findings indicate that editorial policies systematically govern the selection of neutral versus evaluative framing strategies, alongside the strategic deployment of direct quotations, metaphors, hyperboles, intertextual allusions, and other rhetorical devices. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that non-verbal components possess autonomous sense-generating potential independent of lexical choices. Specifically, compositional techniques, lighting schemes, resolution quality, and technical artifacts are shown to either reinforce or subvert established perceptions of the judicial branch.

This article examines the discursive construction and representation of the image of the Soviet school within “Russkaya Shkola za Rubezhom” [The Russian School Abroad], a leading pedagogical journal of the Russian émigré community. The study is based on a comprehensive corpus analysis of all 34 issues published by the periodical, which yielded a targeted dataset of publications addressing the issue at hand. Drawing upon the works of A. L. Bem, S. I. Hessen, N. F. Novozhilov, A. T. Pavlov, and other prominent contributors, the paper investigates how these authors assessed the current state and ongoing reform processes within the USSR's educational system, scrutinized key aspects of Soviet school policy, and addressed the funding challenges faced by academic institutions. The research delineates three distinct stages in the intellectual processing of the condition of schools and pedagogical thought in the Soviet Union. It traces significant shifts in the reception of the Soviet schooling phenomenon. The findings demonstrate that the journal's editorial trajectory evolved from tackling isolated practical questions of schooling in the first half of the 1920s to producing definitive historical overviews of the entire Soviet educational system (1917–1930) by the early 1930s. Five principal models for presenting the image of the Soviet school are identified: analytical (with prognostic elements), informational, bibliographic, statistical, and publicistic. The author underscores that these established representational frameworks were subsequently appropriated throughout the following decade by the journal “Russkaya Shkola”, general socio-political emigrant press, as well as in monographs and articles specifically tailored for Western audiences.

This article examines the landscape lyric poetry of Khabarovsk-based poet Ludmila Ivanovna Milanich (1934–2018). The study aims to identify the specific modes through which metaphysical motifs are embodied within her pastoral verse. The primary material consists of poems drawn from the collection “Music of a New Day” (Khabarovsk, 2006), with over fifty individual texts subjected to close reading. Employing comparative-typological and motif-oriented approaches to textual analysis, the paper traces the manifestation of key existential ideas and elucidates the nature of imagery characteristic of Milanich's poetic idiom. The argument demonstrates that the poetics of Milanich's landscape lyrics is fundamentally grounded in the notion of cosmic wholeness and ontological unity. Central to her conceptual framework are the notions of GOD, MUSIC, WORD, SUN, and the FEMININE PRINCIPLE, alongside the pervasive idea of an inherent creative impulse animating the world. The present work analyzes the formal strategies employed for the poetic embodiment of these mythologems. Furthermore, the article delineates points of convergence between Milanich's oeuvre and the literary output of the Soviet “Sixtiers” generation. A detailed case study addresses the deployment of the grasshopper narrative. These observations contribute significantly to refining our understanding of the historical-literary trajectory of Russian literature during the second half of the twentieth century.

This article presents a close reading of Andrey Voznesensky's poem “Return to Flowers” alongside the collaborative poetry collection by contemporary St. Petersburg writer Pavel Alekseev and artist Zoya Norina, titled “Hogweed. Bolshevik. The Culture of Capture”. For the first time, this study examines texts that synthesize the agitational poetic genre with florographic verse. Drawing upon comparativehistorical and cultural-historical methodologies for textual analysis, the author argues that Voznesensky imbues the linguistic register of political slogans and botanical symbolism with urgent existential signification; conversely, Alekseev incorporates modern lexicon into revolutionary-era propaganda posters while supplanting simple, accessible versification with profound philosophical poems rendered through the form of the florilegium. The analysis concludes that both the individual poem and the multi-authored volume exhibit distinct markers of postmodernist poetics — including the deconstruction of established semiotics, irony, and intertextual play — as well as metamodernist strategies such as sense-generation, post-irony, multigeneric hybridity, and stylistic super-flexibility. It is demonstrated that within Alekseev's poetics, the axiology of metamodernism ultimately subverts the initial postmodernist premises of deconstruction from which the poet departs. Furthermore, the paper documents the presence of latent metamodernist tendencies within the hypertextual architecture of Voznesensky's late oeuvre. The findings establish that Voznesensky and Alekseev perpetuate the classical tradition of integrating vegetal imagery into slogan-based art but transpose these plant symbols into radically contemporary variations.

This article examines the specific mechanisms for interpreting the “military” myth within the oeuvre of frontline poets who participated directly in the historical events that unfolded on the territory of Crimea during the Great Patriotic War. This study offers the first analysis of the poetological specificities of the Crimean text as manifested in the verse of N. Panchenko, N. Tarasenko, and G. Pozhenyan. It is established that these authors turn to large-scale generic forms synthesizing the features of the long poem (poema), verse narrative, and poetic reportage — modes capable of conveying the full magnitude and complexity of the pivotal Crimean campaigns of 1941–1945. The argument demonstrates that the “war myth” functions as a plot-generating dominant in such texts as N. Panchenko's “Crimea,” N. Tarasenko's “Pink Forget-Me-Not” and “Diversionary Landings,” and G. Pozhenyan's “Wind from the Sea.” These poems are grounded in a synthesis of documentary evidence and artistic fiction, wherein factual precision and granular event detail coexist with profound emotional-authorial evaluation. The paper argues that the mythologization of concrete historical episodes — specifically the Siege of Sevastopol, the Kerch-Feodosia Operation, and the Kerch-Eltigen amphibious landings — eschews romantic pathos and hyperbolic glorification of heroism. Instead, it relies on rendering the internal experience of reality through a lyrical persona deeply fused with the biographical image of the poet himself. Furthermore, it is noted that the “military myth” is enriched through an intertextual dialogue with classical antiquity and the sacralization of the Crimean topos as a repository of cultural and historical memory.

The article suggested represents the first attempt in Russian literary criticism to interpret the autobiographical prose of the American writer Ambrose Bierce (1842—1914?) as an integral phenomenon. The paper defines the boundaries and the main steps of the phenomenon development, examines the topography and chronology of the essays, genre and artistic style features. The paper focuses on the cycle “Bits of Autobiography” (1909), as well as episodes are not included in. Special attention is paid to the writer’s essays on the U.S. Civil War of the North and South — the most voluminous and dramatic part of his “memoirs”. Also examines the origins, history and evolution of the narrative, what factors shaped the author’s position, determined the features of the artist’s reflection, and influenced the stylistics of his works. Bierce was the first in US literature to attempt to deheroize the war, showing its inhumanity and cruelty — the American “lost generation” and, in particular, Ernest Hemingway, who saw the master as one of his mentors, would follow the path he had trodden.

The article examines the representation of the “successful woman” archetype in contemporary Russian women’s fiction, using Maria Metlitskaya’s novel Women’s Day as a case study. The analysis is grounded in John G. Cawelti’s concept of the formulaic nature of romance fiction. The authors advance a thesis on the convergence of characteristics defining a successful woman in literature and media discourse, which is predicated on the repetition of specific narrative formulas.

The study identifies plot formulas that structure the portrayal of the successful woman in Metlitskaya’s novel across three domains: family, romantic relationships, and career. It is demonstrated that the heroines’ family histories are constructed according to formulas of problematic mother-daughter dynamics, the motif of female obligation, and childhood trauma. Romantic relationships are represented through formulas of disillusionment resulting from infidelity and involvement with emotionally unavailable or traumatized men. The authors conclude that the professional trajectory of the successful woman is largely predetermined by her formative familial and amorous scenarios. Distinct compositional and psychological elements of the genre are identified, including heroines’ self-reflection, escapism, and professed exclusivity contrasted with ordinariness. The image of the “successful woman” is shown to be portrayed ambivalently and paradoxically within the novel, positioned in opposition to the collective archetype of the “ordinary woman”.

This article addresses the persistent limitations of existing digital folklore archives, specifically their insufficient semantic structuration and weak integration into pedagogical frameworks. The study undertakes the development and theoretical-methodological substantiation of an intelligent learning environment model grounded in thematic markup of a folklore corpus and augmented by artificial intelligence tools. The source base consists of Russian folkloric materials from the Republic of Mari El. Particular attention is given to a hybrid methodology that combines automated data processing with expert verification of algorithmic outputs. The findings demonstrate that systematic thematic annotation coupled with computational analysis facilitates the reconstruction of ritual scenarios, reveals regional variabilities within traditional practices, and transforms fragmented field recordings into semantically structured educational resources. It is established that the proposed architecture enables personalized learning trajectories and significantly enhances the efficacy of engaging with intangible cultural heritage. The novelty of the research lies in conceptualizing an intelligent learning ecosystem that integrates machine learning technologies, ethnographically informed taxonomies, and specific pedagogical mechanisms for studying traditional culture.

This article examines the function of factory newspapers in structuring production processes and sustaining their intensity within the industrial enterprises of besieged Leningrad during 1942. The study argues that existing historiography has traditionally treated these periodicals solely as propaganda outlets, thereby diminishing their value for reconstructing the everyday reality of factory labor. The research draws upon a corpus of understudied sources — specifically, publications from factory newspapers issued throughout 1942 — cross-referenced with archival documents reflecting the actual state of affairs on the shop floor. Methodologically, the paper employs a problem-chronological approach to trace the dynamics of labor processes, complemented by historical-systemic and historical-typological methods which facilitate the classification of forms through which newspaper content influenced its readership. The findings indicate that plant press served as a pivotal conduit for conducting Socialist Competitions (sorevnovanie), disseminating rationalization experience, and exercising administrative control over the workforce. It is demonstrated that these publications exerted significant socio-psychological pressure, consolidating collectives around the imperative of survival and reframing productive activity as an act of "home front resistance." This discursive framing enabled the city’s industry to maintain operational viability amidst the extreme conditions of the siege.

This article examines the positions adopted by the leading political forces of the Federal Republic of Germany in shaping relations with the Soviet Union, which functioned as a geopolitical adversary of the West during the period from 1985 to 1986. Drawing on official archival sources and employing a comparative-historical method, the study investigates the ideological underpinnings and concrete foreign policy approaches of the principal factions within the West German political spectrum: the right-conservative wing led by F. J. Strauss; the moderate conservative core surrounding Chancellor H. Kohl; the liberalpragmatic bloc represented by Foreign Minister H.-D. Genscher; and the Social Democratic opposition. The analysis addresses several underexplored dimensions of this historical juncture, including intra-coalition and inter-party competition over security doctrines, reactions to Soviet disarmament initiatives, and the perception of M. S. Gorbachev's “New Thinking.” Particular attention is devoted to the heightened activism of the Free Democratic Party of Germany, which sought to create preconditions for mitigating the confrontation between Bonn and Moscow through an active policy of Vertrauensdiplomatie (“confidence-building diplomacy”). The findings demonstrate that the polyphony of elite perspectives — ranging from military containment to strategic partnership — facilitated a multichannel dialogue with the Kremlin. This pluralism enabled the FRG to respond with considerable agility to shifts in the international environment. The relevance of this inquiry lies in its potential application for identifying mechanisms to overcome the current crisis in diplomatic engagement between the Russian Federation and the collective West.

This article examines the process of formation and development of Soviet law enforcement agencies in the Yenisei Siberia throughout the 1920s. Drawing on a wide range of archival materials, many of which are introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time, the authors argue that the regional situation was characterized by high personnel turnover, declining clearance rates, and an inability to fully implement crime prevention and suppression mandates. The study traces the major stages, trends, and specific features inherent in the establishment and functioning of local militia (police) and State Political Directorate (GPU) units at the provincial level. A typology of criminal offenses prevalent in the region is proposed. The analysis demonstrates how administrative downsizing policies and the transfer of militia funding responsibilities to regional budgets exacerbated the crisis within the internal affairs apparatus and significantly undermined its operational efficiency. The authors conclude that amidst rising crime rates and a chronic shortage of qualified personnel, the leadership of law enforcement bodies in the Yenisei Siberia struggled to maintain control over the deteriorating public order with only limited success. The relevance of this research stems from the imperative to examine the historical experience of law enforcement operations during transitional periods of systemic crisis at the subnational level.

This article examines the development and reconstruction of the resource base of state farms (sovkhozes) in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the initial postwar period from 1945 to 1953. The scholarly significance of this study lies in its focus on a timeframe that has attracted considerable attention within social history and economic historiography. Drawing upon an extensive corpus of primary sources — including consolidated annual reports of sovkhozes and related documentation held in two federal archives and one regional repository — all of which are introduced into academic discourse for the first time, the author provides a comprehensive analysis of the recovery process. The paper argues that the Great Patriotic War precipitated a measurable contraction of the state farm system across the country. It further contends that the most rapid pace of restoration occurred between 1949 and 1950. Despite evidence of a strengthened materialtechnical foundation and a partial resolution of labor shortages, the findings suggest that the pre-war configuration of the sovkhoz network in Bashkiria was never fully reconstituted. Consequently, by the early 1950s, key performance indicators failed to reach their prewar benchmarks, and the public sector continued to occupy a marginal position within the agrarian economy of the republic.

The article examines the representation of the Siege of Leningrad in leading Turkish publications of the Second World War period. It considers issues regarding the reflection of Turkey's foreign policy features in the press. The sources include mass-circulation media with diverse political orientations: Ulus (The Nation), Cumhuriyet (The Republic), Son Posta (The Last Post), Akşam (The Evening), among others. Data concerning the attitudes of the Turkish establishment and military toward events on the Leningrad front are introduced into scholarly discourse for the first time. Results of a comparative analysis of assessments of these events in governmental and liberal media are presented. Attention is paid to information regarding the military situation at different stages of the fighting for Leningrad. The issue is raised regarding the specifics of the information policy of İsmet İnönü's government as a reflection of its aspiration to fully control the press during the war years. It is reported that the Turkish press transmitted information about the Siege of Leningrad comparatively rarely. Emphasis is placed on the fact that primary attention was devoted to the military aspect of the matter. It is shown that little attention was paid to the heroism of the civilian population. It is proven that the reason for this was the unwillingness of the Turkish authorities to damage relations with Germany. It is established that the cause of strict censorship control over publication content was the desire of the authorities not to violate Turkey's neutrality. A conclusion is drawn that events on the Leningrad front were covered solely from a military perspective, while the role of the civilian population remained unaddressed.

This article examines the implementation of party personnel policy within the judicial sphere during the 1930s, focusing on a specific provincial region — Orenburg oblast. Drawing on prosopographical methods, the study reconstructs a collective portrait of local judicial officials. The primary source base consists of the personal files of party nomenklatura from Fond 371 (the Orenburg Regional Committee of the CPSU) held at the United State Archive of Orenburg Oblast, covering the period from 1934 to 1941. A comprehensive review of the archival holdings for this period yielded seventy-one dossiers, which constitute the natural sample for this analysis. Beyond constructing a socio-demographic profile, the author analyzes the criteria and requirements imposed by the state and the Party regarding both candidate selection and professional performance standards. It is argued that candidates were required to satisfy two fundamental prerequisites: political reliability and requisite professional competencies. The findings indicate that upon its establishment in late 1934, Orenburg oblast faced an acute shortage of qualified cadres across all administrative branches, including the judiciary. Based on the materials analyzed, the paper concludes that under these circumstances, ideological trustworthiness was the paramount factor determining appointment decisions. The author posits that promotion to key positions was driven not by social origin per se, but rather by formal Party membership; conversely, admission into the Party itself remained contingent upon class background.

The article addresses the insufficiently studied issue of disagreements between Soviet republics regarding key matters of jurisdictional delimitation during the formation of the USSR in 1921–1923. The research aims to identify such disagreements and their sources of origin, as well as to examine their impact on the operations of the RSFSR Plenipotentiary Representation (Polpredstvo) in Warsaw. The novelty of the study lies in its use of archival materials from the plenipotentiary mission held at the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation alongside previously published sources. The work is grounded in a comparative-historical analysis. It has been established that the process of unifying formally independent Soviet republics into a single state was accompanied by numerous disputes and discussions among Bolsheviks concerning the desired degree of integration and the powers of the republics across various spheres. It is noted that although the activities of the RSFSR Plenipotentiary Representation in Warsaw were primarily associated with resolving contentious issues involving the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR, the correspondence between the representation and Moscow also reflected divergences between the center and the Soviet republics of Transcaucasia.

This article offers the first comprehensive analysis of how various socio-political factions within the Russian Empire evaluated three distinct draft bills for the introduction of zemstvo selfgovernment into Arkhangelsk Governorate during the convocation of the Third State Duma. The study draws upon a diverse body of evidence, including official correspondence from the Council of Ministers and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, proceedings of the State Duma, as well as central and provincial periodicals and publicistic literature. A significant portion of these materials is introduced into scholarly discourse for the first time. The authors delineate the core substance of each of the three proposed schemes, with particular emphasis on the franchise mechanisms they envisaged.

The paper examines the reception of the government's official stance by both imperial-wide and local press outlets throughout the legislative deliberations. Furthermore, it reconstructs contemporary liberal and conservative interpretations regarding the ultimate failure of the bill in the State Council in 1913. The findings demonstrate that gubernatorial proposals were dismissed by the executive branch as incompatible with the fundamental principles of the 1890 Statute on Zemstvo Institutions. The inquiry identifies the principal factors behind the rejection of the Duma-sponsored project in the State Council: the allocation of a dominant role to peasant representatives within the zemstvo bodies; the designation of stateowned lands as the primary tax base for zemstvo levies; and a critical shortage of personnel deemed acceptable to the authorities for administrative positions.

This article examines the history of visits by foreign delegations and tourists to churches in Rostov Oblast between 1954 and the late 1960s within the context of state-church relations during the “Khrushchev Thaw.” The study aims to demonstrate that these events became a characteristic phenomenon of the era's new paradigm of state-religious policy. This framework was defined by a distinct duality: while public demonstrations of religious freedom were staged for Western audiences, internal pressure on the believing population simultaneously intensified. The research is conducted based on unpublished archival materials from the office records of the Plenipotentiary for the Council for Russian Orthodox Church Affairs for Rostov Oblast, publications in regional periodicals of the 1950s, as well as through the synthesis and systematization of findings presented in recent monographs and scholarly articles. As the analysis reveals, such excursions into the USSR by foreign groups became feasible only due to the Soviet leadership's tactical retreat from aggressive Cold War confrontation policies. Using the case of Rostov Oblast, the author demonstrates that guided tours of active parishes and direct communication with clergy did not always succeed in persuading foreign delegates of the absence of governmental coercion against the Church. Nevertheless, it is noted that visitors consistently displayed profound reverence toward both the sanctuaries and their ministers. Furthermore, the paper reports that local diocesan hierarchs skillfully exploited the situation surrounding these high-profile international visits to secure official permission for urgent restoration work at the Ascension Cathedral (Voznesensky Sobor) in Novocherkassk.