The article deals with the cognitive-semantic analysis of an event and its mapping onto a verb phrase headed by an English verb of movement (changing location). The object of the study was a group of English verbs of movement, presented in the work of the American linguist B. Levin. It is marked in the article that all the numerous classifications and subsequent refinements and splitting into subgroups of this part of the lexicon do not give their accurate and proper categorization. In the process of the analysis, the root semes of the verbs of changing location were identified, the presence of which allows to convey adequately the basic meaning of the situation they have objectified. All optional semes in each verb are highlighted depending on the functional-communicative, stylistic, socio-psychological requirements of the context. Based on this, the concept of positional variants of polysemantic verbs - allosemants - is introduced into the work. Particular attention was focused on the study of differences in the frame structure of the verb-framed and satellite-framed events. The analysis of the second type of events, actualized by the verbs of movement, gives a possibility to mark the appearance of a new variant of word formation based on cognitive compression. In the analyzed group of verbs, there were identified mechanisms for incorporating such components as MANNER, PATH, and INSTRUMENT into the frame structure of motion verbs that give the opportunity to enrich the English lexicon.

The article is devoted to comparing data on the results of associative experiments of different years. The main focus is on the conceptual core - the first ten words with the most associative links. It is reported that in 2013-2017, researchers of the Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after V. P. Astafiev, with the support of scientific foundations, prepared the “Electronic associative dictionary of Yenisei Siberia”, which includes 29,550 associative fields based on the results obtained when 1000 respondents were presented (incentives were proposed by the team of the ethnopsycholinguistics sector of the Institute of Atomic Energy RAS under the direction of N. V. Ufimtseva). The article compares the obtained data with the materials of the conceptual core of other associative dictionaries of the Russian language of the XX-XXI centuries, such as the “Dictionary of associative norms of the Russian language” by A. A. Leontyev, “Russian Associative Dictionary” edited by Yu. N. Karaulov, “Russian regional associative dictionary-thesaurus” by G. A. Cherkasova, N. V. Ufimtseva. It is proved that the data of associative dictionaries indicate a change in indicators on the scale of values of linguistic consciousness of the Russian language native speakers. An attempt was made to identify the specifics of the everyday linguistic consciousness of Russians in a geographically limited community. The conclusion is made that the changes in the linguistic consciousness of Russians are caused to a greater extent by temporary rather than regional conditions.

The nominative set “Fundamentals of power relations in the state”, structured using the method of ideographic reconstruction, is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of a comprehensive ideographic description of the socio-political vocabulary of the Russian language and the need for the planned development of each of its sectors. It is noted that the ideographic reconstruction of nominative sets that combine lexemes and idiomatic expressions makes it possible to systematically describe fragments of reality: relations in the state, society, between individuals - in the form of frame constructions that reproduce the scheme of actions in real life. The language units for the study were extracted from modern and historical explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, fixing vocabulary from the 11th to the 21^st centuries. It is shown that the ideographic grid “Fundamentals of power relations in the state” is organized in the form of a “ladder” of ideograms, the levels of which (43 slots) reflect the branches of semantic subordination between groups of synonymous units that form series within each ideogram. The ideograms of the nuclear and circumnuclear zones, as well as those located on the near and far periphery are described. It is indicated that this field unites more than 1400 units: modern and obsolete tokens and idiomatic expressions. The conclusion is drawn about the scientific and methodological significance of the ideographic description of vocabulary in the aspect of studying both Russian and foreign languages.

The article is devoted to the problem of implicitness. As an object of study, sentences with a conjunction but, sentences with a conjunction and , sentences with a quantifier word any (a quantifier of generality) and sentences with a construction of the form not important P (X ) (modus of indifference) were selected. The types of evaluations that may be implicitly contained in such sentences are analyzed. The study showed that sentences with a conjunction but as well as sentences with a conjunction and often contain a negative or positive implicit assessment of one of the participants in the situation described in the proposal. It was also established that, in contrast to the generality quantifier in logic - ⱯxP( x ), which means that “property P takes place for all x”, in the language the quantifier words and the words of the mode of indifference can focus not on the whole scale X, but on the extreme points of this scale. The indicated features of the quantifier of any of the constructions not important P(X) determines the type of assessment that can be implicitly contained in statements with these units, and the features of their functioning in the argumentative discourse. The relevance of the study is aimed at identifying implicit meanings. In the context of modern linguistics, implicitness is the subject of interest of many researchers.

The article was accomplished at the intersection of such relevant areas of modern linguistics as political linguistics, linguistic personology and linguistic metaphorology. The purpose of the article is to provide an overview of the work of foreign and domestic linguists for 2009-2019, devoted to the analysis of metaphorical models in the idiolics of politicians, to identify the main trends in research of this kind. The analysis showed that linguistic-personal research on metaphorics in political communication is carried out in a cognitive, pragmatic, stylistic, rhetorical, semiotic, psycholinguistic perspectives. It was revealed that according to the criterion “object of analysis” they can be characterized in territorial, status, ideological, gender, chronological, temporal and comparative aspects. The analytical review presented in the article demonstrates that there is a research asymmetry in modern linguistic-political personology: the work on federal politicians predominates over the work on regional politicians, the work on representatives of the political elite over the work on political opposition, the work on male politicians over the work on politicians - women, work on existing politicians - on work on the great politicians of the past. The authors believe that due to the indicated asymmetry in the objects of research, the task of linguopolitical personology should be to fill in the existing gaps.

The author uses personal and possessive pronouns in the literary and critical discourse of the 19th century writer and fiction writer N. D. Akhsharumov (1820-1893). The question is raised about the specificity of communicativeness of the pronouns used by the author, characterized by a wealth of referential and non-referential interpretations. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that for the first time a discursive analysis of the reference of two categories of pronouns in literary and critical work, unknown to a wide circle of readers, is offered. The material of the study uses the literary and critical article “On the enslavement of art” (1858), which expresses the main aesthetic and ethical approaches of the writer to understanding creativity. A phased discursive analysis of personal and possessive pronouns is carried out with the identification of their basic functions: reference (deictic - anaphoric) and non-reference (conceptual). It is shown that when changing the function of pronouns from the reference to the non-reference, the text status of the language units also changes. It is proved that pronouns in the author’s context with non-reference use acquire the status of modus concepts of the author’s narration.

The article is devoted to the analysis of word-formation activity of the suffix - teka in modern Russian. The material was the data of modern dictionaries and a card file of the use of lexemes collected by the authors. The relevance of the study is due to the activation of the derivational potential of the formant of - teka in the Russian language. It is shown that there is still no definite opinion among linguistic scholars regarding the status of a component of Greek origin - teka : it is interpreted as a suffix, a connected root, a suffixoid. It is demonstrated by examples that it joins the free and connected foundations of Russian and foreign origin and expresses the meanings ‘collection’ and ‘repository’, metonymically related to each other and not always shared in dictionary interpretations. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of new tokens containing a suffixoid - teka ( pivoteka, lakoeka, enoteka, novoteka, poleznoteka, flirtoteka, etc.). t is noted that the ability of an affixoid to join free roots and the transparency of its semantics lead to the appearance of new formations. The article proves that this formant expands its compatibility in modern Russian. It is shown that it joins the foundations of not only the substantive, but also the adjective and verb type, while the mechanisms of language play are realized.

The study of the pragmatic functions of such discourse elements as pragmatic markers, which are used in one of the genres of English-language political discourse - the pre-election speeches of candidates are presented in the article. The attention is paid in the article to the correlation of the concepts of “political discourse” and “pre-election discourse”, the features, functions and pragmatic settings of the genre of pre-election speeches are described, the terms pragmatic marker and discursive marker are defined. The material for the study was the video of the election speeches of candidates for the post of leader of the Conservative Party of Great Britain B. Johnson and J. Hunt, published on the YouTube online platform in June-July 2019. The classification of pragmatic markers by B. Fraser was chosen as the methodological basis of the study. As a result of the study, an inventory of pragmatic markers was compiled, used by candidates in several rounds of election campaigns, and the functions that pragmatic markers of various types perform in the genre of political discourse under study are described. The results of a comparative analysis of the use of pragmatic markers by each candidate in their pre-election speeches are presented. Conclusions are drawn about how, due to pragmatic markers, the arsenal of manipulative and influencing language means of election discourse is increasing.

The article is devoted to the study of ways of expressing imperative in the speech genre “command” based on the material of artworks by B. L. Vasiliev and V. N. Voinovich. Particular attention is paid to imperative intention as the leading genre-forming feature of the studied speech genre. The most regular verbal, adverbial (particles, unions) and non-verbal (particles, interjections, nouns and adverbs) means of expressing the semantics of imperativeness are described. Grammatical means expressing the semantics of imperative in the speech genre “command” are divided into four groups: constructions that include the verb imperative; constructions that include other forms of the verb; constructions represented by the unity of verb and non-verb forms; non-verbal means of expressing imperative. The article notes that the most frequent verbal means of expressing imperativeness are verbs in the form of imperative, infinitive and prohibitive. The expressiveness of statements, the imperative semantics of which is expressed by forms of verbs of indicative mood and non-verb morphological means, is emphasized. The main intention of the command in such contexts is supplemented by various shades of motivation: a request, a wish, a demand, a call, an indication of how the action was performed, and others. The analysis and comparison of the means of expressing imperative in the texts of the works of B. L. Vasiliev and V. N. Voinovich is carried out.

The article is devoted to the study of the dynamics of the semantic complex of dominant units of a poetic text. A dominant unit is interpreted as a token that can be defined by dictionary and non-dictionary, figurative, author’s meanings in a given work context due to its intertextual connections with units of address texts. It is noted that the dominant unit is a unit of intertextuality. The relevance of the study is in the insufficient knowledge of the processes of organizing the semantic complex of text units and the poetic text as a whole. The object is a poetic text, namely the poem of the English poet W. Blake “The Lamb” (the original text of the work is provided with interlinear translation). The subject is the dominant unit child of a given poetic text. The methodology of the article is based on the theory of intertextuality. A typology of intertextual relations is given: auto-, in-, para-, architextuality. The concepts of intertextuality and intercontextuality are differentiated. The concept of prototext is considered. A model for the analysis and synthesis of dominant units contextual meanings of a poetic text is proposed. The model is divided into five stages: fragmentation of the work under consideration, allocation of the analysis unit and its context analysis, establishment of identical analysis units in address texts, context analysis of address texts and their units, synthesis of the obtained context values.

The question of the role of the attitude as an explanatory tool in the syntax of belles-lettres is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the following: in the theory of belles-lettres, there is no generally accepted idea of how the syntactic form acquires aesthetic significance. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that the idea of the attitude, which is interpreted differently in the theory of belles-lettres, receives a new impulse for development based on the concept of D. N. Uznadze. Through the prism of the attitude, an analysis of the realizations of the syntactic form of sequential subordination of subordinate predicative constructions in the satirical play-miniature of V. Ardov “This is what your references did ...” has been performed. It is shown that the speech system, in which the uses of this syntactic form are combined, is formed on the basis of their common participation in the embodiment of a satirical attitude, putting them on the background of other syntactic units, inclusion in a syntactic experiment that reflects the dynamics of a satirical collision, performing compositional organizing, visual and suggestive functions. It is noted that when the satirical unit is “connected” to the attitude of the syntactic form of sequential submission in polynomial complex sentences, there is an orientation both to the constructive model and, in particular, to its various violations.

The problem of the translation of Russian particles into foreign languages is considered on the example of one of the most frequent inter-style units - word already . The variety of semantic-pragmatic manifestations of this particle in the utterance and text is shown; the resulting discrepancies in interpretation are already described in dictionaries and research papers. A classification of typical uses of already is proposed, including twelve semantic-syntactic variants of a particle, distinguished depending on the nature of compatibility with syntactic components and the semantics inherent in these uses. A connection is established between the types of particle use based on a number of invariant semantic components, the main of which are ‘change of situation’, ‘expectation’, ‘earlier than expected’, ‘late / later’, ‘many / more’, ‘little / less’, ‘long’. Based on the material of M. A. Bulgakov’s story “Fatal Eggs” and the text of its translation into Vietnamese, the typical semantic-pragmatic realizations of the particle already are analyzed and the features of the methods used to translate sentences with this particle are determined. It has been established that the most popular means of direct translation (75% of the total number of uses) is the functional word đã , less often the combination đã ... rồi is used - in the case of the transfer of meanings of already the ‘expected change in the situation’, ‘many’, ‘long’, ‘late’, as well as the combination of không còn ... nữa - no longer with the meaning ‘expected change of situation to the opposite’.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the novel “Anthem” (1938) by Ayn Rand (Alice Rosenbaum), an American writer and philosopher from Russia. The purpose of the article is to consider the story as a manifesto of objectivism, including it in the context of philosophical and cultural searches of the 20th century caused by the crisis of the Enlightenment project. The tasks are the analysis of ways to overcome this crisis in the philosophical and artistic searches of Ayn Rand and the relationship of these searches with the concepts of “social destruction” and the philosophy of “beat generation”. The story “Anthem” is considered in the context of the concept of the philosophy of objectivism formulated by the writer and the image of “integrated man” created by her - an integral man. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the author includes the ideas of objectivity in the context of time, showing their relevance to the discussions on the Enlightenment project and the special role of these discussions in American culture of the mid-20th century, in a situation of “split”. The results of a comparative analysis of the story with one of the main works of the “beat generation” - the novel by J. Kerouac “On the Road” (1957) are presented. As a result, the difference in the ways of searching for integrity by the heroes of two texts is revealed: if the Rand’s hero integrates the emotional and rational principles, the hero of Kerouac separates them, further aggravating the conflict between them.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the mythopoetic structure of the documentary drama “The Sun Rises” related to the genre of verbatim and staged at the Moscow Art Theater (author M. Durnenkov, director V. Ryzhakov) for the 150th anniversary of M. Gorky. The relevance of the study is due to the need for further research on the social and aesthetic function of the verbatim - a play created on the basis of editing written documentary sources. A significant difference between the object of study and other forms of the “new drama” is that the verbatim text uses sources from the end of the nineteenth to the beginning of the twentieth centuries. The modern reception of M. Gorky’s personality and work is not represented in it, there are no interviews with the participants of the performance and the audience, which, in general, complicates its perception, but at the same time increases its emotional component. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time it is indicated on the plot-compositional unity of the text of the play created by editing various documentary sources. The conceptual content of the verbatim “The Sun Rises” is revealed: the formation of the myth of M. Gorky and the artist, who was born in the public mind at the intersection of the writer’s conflicting opinions about himself and his work with assessments of his creative personality by contemporaries and descendants. The object of study was the transcript of the text of the play, which used various types of documentary sources: the correspondence of M. Gorky with correspondents, literary and critical reviews of his works, reflecting the state of literary criticism of a certain historical period, memoirs of contemporaries in which real facts from the life of the writer are included by memoirist in the historical context, as well as fragments of the dramatic works of M. Gorky and his journalism.

The article discusses the features of the presentation of the clothing and jewelry system in one of the works of Cao Xueqing, “Red Tower Dream”, recognized by the top of Chinese literature. It is noted that the analysis of this novel is addressed in different aspects by researchers both in China and in Russia. This article is devoted to the study of clothing and jewelry as a symbolic system in the novel. 173 different words and phrases that are used to designate clothes and jewelry were identified in 44 chapters of the first 80. Using several fragments of the description of the clothes and jewelry of the heroes as an example, their social and some personality characteristics were analyzed. Conclusions are drawn about the peculiarities of the presentation of the costume of a man and a woman in a novel reflecting the realities of ancient China. It is shown that the details of clothing and jewelry of the heroes of the novel testify to their estate, wealth and occupation. It is noted that the original descriptions of the costume and jewelry in the novel may differ from the translated version, so the Chinese reader, based on linguistic and extralinguistic knowledge about the culture of clothing in ancient China, can provide a more accurate and complete picture of the social characteristics of the characters than the Russian-speaking reader.

The author studies the works of Austrian writers Elias Canetti “Earwitness. 50 characters” (“Der Ohrenzeuge. 50 Charaktere”) and Klaus Hoffer “In Graz” (“Bei den Bieresch”). The relevance of the study is determined by the need to comprehend the literary process of Austria in the second half of the twentieth century. A review of the existing points of view regarding the significance of the analyzed works of both authors and in modern Austrian literature is performed. The debatable nature of Canetti's book genre and the originality of the poetics of the Hoffer novel are noted. The authors of the article proceed from the fact that Canetti's work is a “collection” of literary miniatures; Hoffer's novel can be considered as an example of the initial stage of development of German-language postmodern literature. The narrative strategies used by Canetti and Hoffer to create a surrealistic context and “fantastic reality” are drawn into consideration. The authors dwell on the study of the functioning of literary anthroponyms in the text space of works. It is proved that fictional onomastics is involved in the creation of semantic multidimensionality of a literary text. Hoffer’s novel traces Canetti’s borrowed method of creating a verbal image with enriched contextual semantics using proper names. The translation aspect remains outside the scope of the article.

The implementation of the monetary phase of Russian privatization in 1997 - early 1998 is discussed in the article. The relevance of the research is due to the fact that economic reforms and the privatization policy of the 1990s formed a socio-economic model and determined the characteristics of the political system of post-Soviet Russia, which led to the emergence of a number of basic problems facing Russian society in the late 2010s. It is noted that the post-communist transformation has become one of the most ambitious socio-economic shifts in the history of the 20th century. Therefore, according to the author of the article, it deserves a deep comprehensive study. The main trends in the privatization process of the 1990s are analyzed, the regional dimension is revealed on the example of St. Petersburg. The socio-political situation in the Russian Federation, which affects the course and dynamics of the transformation of property relations, is investigated. The government’s attempt to change the specifics of the privatization policy and further economic reforms in Russia is disclosed. The attention is paid to the political and criminal situation in St. Petersburg. The influence of privatization on the economy of the country, including the industry of St. Petersburg, is studied. The situation is considered on the example of a number of city enterprises. The social reaction to ongoing reforms is analyzed, in particular, the content of appeals of various public groups in connection with the implementation of the privatization policy.

The article considers the creation and functioning of the first in the history of the State Institute of Racial Biology in Sweden, in Uppsala, in the 1920-1950s and became the brainchild of the country's Social Democratic Party, which was gaining strength at that time, and a group of influential public figures, like the famous scientist Svante Arrhenius. The appearance of racial biology as a direction of scientific research in the late XIX - early XX centuries, which was framed in the works of Anders Retzius, Gustav Retzius, Francis Galton, Alfred Pletz, who became ideological followers of Joseph Arthur de Gobino, father of the Aryan racial theory is traced. Particular attention is paid to the ideological principles that laid the foundation for the institute, as well as the practical results of its activities. Particular attention was paid to the activities of Herman Lundborg as the head of the institute and the promoter of academic racism in the country - his lectures, publications and the dissemination of his ideas in Sweden. The reasons for the transformation of the institute in the mid-1930s, its evolution as a research institution in the 1940s, and then the extinction of activity up to its abolition as an independent institution are examined.

The article is devoted to the characterization of some problems of crop production and animal husbandry in the Kuzbass region (Kuzbass) during the late XIX - early XX centuries. The issues of livestock breeding dynamics in this territory are considered. Attention is paid to the characteristics of the structure of the Kuzbass herd in the indicated period. Based on the analysis of statistical data, the volumes of the Kuzbass herd in cabinet and state-owned villages of the Kuzbass region are presented. The question is raised about the characteristics of the agricultural districts of the Kuzbass region. The model farm of Kuzbass is being reconstructed at the time of 1913. The novelty of the study is that for the first time based on the processing of statistics, the state and dynamics of crop production and animal husbandry in the Kuzbass region (Kuzbass) in the late XIX - early XX centuries are presented. The relevance of the study is due to its scientific and social significance. The first is determined by the fact that this kind of research, based on the analysis of statistical data, is undertaken for the first time. The second is connected with the need to draw attention to the problems of sustainable socio-economic development of rural territories at present. The authors conclude that the degree of development of a particular agricultural sector in the region was determined by factors of a natural-geographical and climatic nature, as well as household needs.

The issue of peasant land tenure with rent in the Russian Empire and attempts to eliminate it in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries is considered. Attention is paid to the activities of the Russian authorities aimed at legislatively resolving problems related to the peculiarities of land tenure relations with rent in the Western Territory. The relevance of the study is due to the need to summarize the material accumulated by historiography on this topic, as well as the lack of elaboration of plots related to attempts by representative institutions of the beginning of the 20th century - the State Duma and the State Council - to eliminate or even to streamline the peasant land tenure with rent relations in the Russian Empire. The novelty of the study is in reviewing of the new sources, allowing to enter into scientific circulation data that clarify the idea of measures to regulate the rule of peasant land tenure with rent in the reign of Emperor Nicholas II. Particular attention is paid to the consideration by the State Duma and the State Council of draft laws on the right to development and “On common ownership in cities and towns of Western and Belarusian provinces”, designed to regulate peasant land tenure with rent interests. It has been proved that the initiative of the State Duma to eliminate the rest of the peasant land tenure with rent in the Western Territory has not actually been implemented.

Using the key historians of the so-called “French school” as an example, it is shown that the tendency of historical writing, laid down in the 16th century, underwent a critical reappraisal in the subsequent period. The authors of the article show that F. Labbe (1607-1667) in his work “The New Library of Manuscript Books” ( Nova Bibliotheca Manuscriptorum Librorum ) conceptually rethought the list of those historians who, in his opinion, deserve the attention of his contemporaries. It is alleged that works which subject matter was closely related to the interests of national monarchies appeared to be out of view. It is noted that F. Lubbe, as a representative of the Jesuit Order and, therefore, the spokesman for the interests of the Catholic Church, insisted on the need for cooperation between the papacy and the French kingdom. It is emphasized that, from the point of view of Labbe, the historical works of the 16th century deserved attention, which emphasized primarily the common historical fate of Western European states under the auspices of the church and the papacy as continuers of the Roman Empire’s tradition threatened by o the spread of the Reformation. The authors conclude that the reevaluation of the works of French historians of the 16th century by researchers of the next generation was far from always determined by a purely confessional point of view or proximity to royal power.

Based on a wide range of sources, the author analyzed the state of primary education in Eastern Siberia during the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20^th century. The novelty of the study is in the use of a spatially-oriented model of a modernization approach to studying the history of the development of primary schools on the outskirts of the Russian Empire. The author focuses attention on the typology of elementary school. Information is provided on the number of students and the number of schools in Eastern Siberia. Based on the analysis of a wide range of historical sources, the dependence of the development of primary schools on social initiative and the degree of state support in the first half of the 19th century is substantiated. The conclusion is made about the decelerated pace of development of the education system in the region. It is determined that a number of provisions of the 1864 reform were not implemented in the conditions of development of the sparsely populated eastern outskirts of the empire. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of elementary school reforms in the late XIX - early XX centuries in Eastern Siberia. It was established that at the beginning of the twentieth century, the primary education system in Eastern Siberia experienced a period of intensive development. It is noted that this process was facilitated by capitalist modernization, enhanced state funding, and the increase in the value of education in the consciousness of the population.

The socio-economic status of the Middle Urals in 1992, the first year of the implementation of the well-known program of “shock therapy” is considered. The selected topic seems relevant and of practical importance in the context of studying the mechanism for implementing large-scale reforms. The study was conducted on archival material. It is stated that in the history of modern Russia 1992 is a special period in its socio-economic significance. It is argued that the forms and methods of implementing “shock therapy” in Russia have left a deep, controversial and generally disturbing impression in the memory of most of its population. It is declared that the “shock therapy” of the 1990s in Russia in its essence was very similar to the new economic policy of the 1920s. It is shown that in the end of 1991 the USSR economy was in a state of deep systemic crisis and with virtually no reserves, on the verge of a complete collapse. It is noted that in 1992 the level of per capita consumption of food and non-food products by the majority of the population of the Sverdlovsk region continued to decrease. It is proved that the Sverdlovsk region in the Soviet period of the XX century was turned into a region with a hypertrophied industrial sector of the economy. It is concluded that the influence of long-term socio-economic mechanisms launched in 1992, will be experienced by the Russian society for a very long time.

The rural family of the St. Petersburg province of the mid-19th century is discussed in the article. The structural features, number of people, number of children, the position of widows and widowers in the households of the landowners’ peasants of Tsarskoye Selo Uyezd according to the confession list of 1855 are examined. The scientific novelty of the work is that in the course of the study archival sources, first introduced into scientific circulation, were brought in. It is shown that the average size of the peasant household was 6.5 people, household with 1-2 children aged 0 to 14 years accounted for 61 % of the total number, the share of simple families was 41 %, complex families - 44 %. The results of a comparative analysis of the difference in the age of the spouses, carried out according to the materials of the 1st half of the 18th - the middle of the 19th centuries, are presented, the changes in the mating behavior of the peasants that have occurred over this period are revealed. The author conclude that it is necessary to study the peasant family of the St. Petersburg province based on materials from the second half of the 19th century, which will allow us to analyze the changes in the demographics of the rural population that have occurred under the influence of reforms, and will also expand the possibilities of studying the situation in this region several decades before them.

The article is devoted to the issues of coin circulation in the Vyatka region (province) in the 30-90s of the 18th century. On the basis of a topographic summary compiled by the authors, the findings of coin treasure complexes are characterized. It is noted that, unlike previous periods, the treasures of coins of the XVIII century are divided into categories of coin metals. When analyzing coin complexes, the conclusion is made: in the territory of the Vyatka region, copper coins took the place of a silver penny and began to dominate money circulation from the second half of the 18th century, although a copper coin appeared as legal tender in Peter's time. The circulation of copper coins is determined, which make up the majority of the treasures of finds of the indicated period, mainly in the circle of the social lower classes of society. It is emphasized that the large copper treasures, large in size and weight, do not indicate an increase in the standard of living of the population, but are a reaction of the population to the depreciation of bank notes. The reasons for the population’s motivation for hoarding coin complexes are explored: an active foreign policy, the growth of industry and trade, monetary crises and related reforms and innovations, and tax increase.

The article is devoted to the evolution of the image of the Moscow principality, and then the state in the works of Polish chroniclers of the XV-XVI centuries Jan Dlugosh and Matvey Mekhovsky. Attention is paid to the characteristics of Moscow, and how these characteristics changed as it strengthened. Particular attention is paid to the assessments of J. Dlugosh and M. Mekhovsky regarding their contemporary Moscow princes and rulers of Poland and Lithuania, as well as the expansion of the territory of the Moscow principality. Respect for Moscow princes and criticism of Polish rulers are especially noted. Based on a comparative analysis of the news of J. Dlugosh and M. Mekhovsky, a growing interest in the Moscow state is shown, a geographical description of which is given by M. Mekhovsky. The work shows that the Polish chroniclers have not yet been interested in the internal political history of Moscow - all references were exclusively related to Polish or Lithuanian events. The relevance of the study is due to the role played by Polish historiography of the XV-XVI centuries in shaping the image of the Moscow state, Russia in Europe, in particular, M. Mekhovsky’s Treatise on the Two Sarmatians.

The issue of acculturation of the indigenous population of Siberia is considered on the example of the Lower Ilim group of Evenki. The emergence of “yasak villages” is studied as a transitional stage between nomadic nature management and peasant farming. It is shown that the reduction in the number of Lower Ilim Evenki is largely due to their transition to the peasant class, which was not recorded in the documents. Attention is paid to the impact of natural and sociocultural conditions on the transformation of nature management and lifestyle. It was established that the factors of neighborhood and characterized by strip farming living with the Russian population contributed to the borrowing of agriculture only when the natural environment allowed it and there were accompanying circumstances, such as the loss of deer, and the reduced economic potential of the nomadic collective. Two main types of economic acculturation with stability and efficiency have been identified. The acculturation of Lower Ilim Evenki is considered on the basis of archival sources. The novelty of the work consists in the introduction into the scientific circulation of documents that allow you to reconstruct the course of economic and social changes - from the traditional commercial-reindeer herding lifestyle to settled lifestyle and a change in ethnic self-identification. It is noted that the attention to the mixed Evenki-Russian population from the side of researchers of the 1920s was associated with the search for theoretical positions for the transformation of the native economy.

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of presentation of the phenomenon of “Perm disaster” by modern researchers of the Civil War in Russia. The purpose of the article is to analyze publications published in the last decade on the history of the military operation near Perm in December 1918, to summarize and determine the prospects for studying this issue. It is noted that historians have established the causes, course and results of the operation. It is reported that today it is seen as a prologue to a cardinal change in the situation on the Eastern Front. The authors claim that as a result of the Perm operation, contemporaries witnessed not only the defeat of the Red Army, but also the manifestation of the power of the Bolshevik dictatorship. The conclusions made by researchers are summarized: Permian events led to an aggravation of the military, socio-economic, and political situation on the Eastern Front and had a negative impact on everyday life. It is shown how modern historians have determined the significance of these events for their participants: the Bolsheviks came to the decision to intensify terror, the white - to the conclusion that a general offensive was necessary, the population - to the understanding of the world as the most important life value. It is emphasized that the most promising in the study of the topic has become an integrated approach based on the rejection of politicization and myth-making of the revolutionary past.

The relevance of the study is largely due to the fact that at present, as in the period under consideration in the article, many clergy leave their work in the Church, and in the period of revival of the Russian Orthodox Church, this may become a significant problem for it. Its solution implies the need to study the history of this phenomenon. The author, based on the content of legislative acts and the interpretations of modern scholars, considered one of the main problems in the Russian Orthodox Church - voluntary care of the clergy in secular authority, during the XVIII - early XX centuries. On the basis of archival documents, the article reveals the main reasons that encourage young people of the spiritual Department to seek a place of service in secular institutions in the first half of the XIX century, the results of solving such cases by the Tobolsk spiritual Consistory, the terms and stages of office work. The methodological basis of this study was the most important principles of historical science, primarily such as system, historicism, interdisciplinarity and scientific objectivity, which allowed us to consider the studied phenomena in dynamics and interaction.

The article is devoted to the study of historical experience in the formation of pensions for employees of the Tobolsk province in the XIX - early XX centuries. The authors of the article associate their interest in the indicated problems with its poor knowledge, as well as the reform of pension provision in modern Russia. The source of the study was the legislative, clerical and statistical documents of the funds of the School Directorate, City Council, Tobolsk Provincial Board, Tobolsk State Chamber, Tobolsk Gymnasium, Tobolsk State Bank, Tobolsk Post and Telegraph Office, Tobolsk Notary Archive and others. The most significant of these are the lists of pensioners living in the Tobolsk province, the Tobolsk Treasury Chamber statements on pensioners, documents that fix the number and size of pensions issued and not issued, and cases regarding the assignment of pensions. The authors of the article note the absence in the period under review of a single pension provision practice for all social categories of the population. The author analyzes pension payments accrued to officials from the treasury, and funded payments from public emmeritial cash desks. It is concluded that the formation of the pension provision of civil servants can be attributed to the end of the first quarter of the XIX century. The circle of persons entitled to receive a pension is designated, the sources of pension financing are identified. It was concluded that for the provision of pensions to officials of the period under review, the dependence of the pension salary on the size of the annual salary, the rank and length of service of the civil service was characteristic.

The relevance of the study is due to the need to study the characteristics of the resettlement of the local Evenki group of the Olekma River Basin, which influenced the modern land use and economic and cultural relations of Evenki living now in the Olekminsky District of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Kalarsky and Tungiro-Olekminsky Districts of the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Tyndinsky District of Amur region. The article focuses on the study of the Evenki population dynamics based on a comparative analysis of the materials of the censuses of the 20th century. For comparison, current data on the number of Evenks in their areas of residence according to the 2010 census are given. An analysis of archival sources showed that changes in the resettlement of Evenk clans occurred simultaneously with changes in the administrative-territorial division. Factographic materials found in the National Archives of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) confirm that when deciding on the administrative-territorial structure, the opinions and proposals of the local population were taken into account. Author’s maps were compiled, which allowed a spatial analysis of the distribution of the population and the forms of organization of the Evenki economy. It was found out that each region has its own specific land use determined by administrative decisions and regional policies.