The article is devoted to the speaker’s adsubjectification in discourse, namely the mechanism of sentence contextualization, in which the meaning is obligatorily expressed, completely predetermined by the semantic context in the form of presuppositions that limit or exclude intentionality. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study non-intentional variants of grammatical content that contradict established ideas about the manifestations of subjectivity in language and speech. The novelty of the work lies in the establishment of non-intentional variants of the use of sentences with non-propositional meanings. The study was conducted on the material of the texts of the Russian Orthodox sermon. The use of two types of sentences with predicates of necessity is studied. An approach is used that takes into account the correlation between the semantic functions of predicatives and causators. Adsubjectivation as a predetermination of the causator by the semantic context was revealed for both varieties. It has been established that in statements with an explicit causator, the necessity of an action is always determined by situational presuppositions; in utterances with implicit causators — preparatory conditions for a speech act. At the same time, the impossibility of subjective motivation for the need for action in the discourse of preaching is noted, since this generates semantically unacceptable statements. It is shown that the mechanism of adsubjectification unambiguously determines the semantic limits of statements in a sermon, which is considered as evidence of the cognitive commonality of the implicit components of the content of statements plan and religious ideas.

The article deals with the process of formation of the terminological framework of socialist rhetoric. The study is based on the materials of the Meetings of the Central Committee of the Communist and Worker’s Parties Secretaries and the heads of the member countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance government in the period from 1956 to 1969, the program documents of this organization. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the evolution of the categorical framework, which was used in the description of cooperation between countries. It is noted that in the mid-1950s, at the beginning of the formation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the language for describing its activities, the term integration was stigmatized, as it was associated with economic processes in Western Europe. It is clarified that at the same time, descriptive constructions were actively used, revealing the essence of integration in the countries of the socialist camp, and there were also frequent cases of the use of the term in official speeches by party leaders. The author comes to the conclusion that since the late 1960s — early 1970s the term socialist integration began to be actively used to construct the image of a socialist economic system as an effective analogue of the European Economic Community, while this concept had an important symbolic meaning and was an element of ritual socialist discourse.

The article is devoted to one of the aspects of the linguistic substantiation of the connection between language and culture: the identification of lexical units with a potential conceptual meaning in thematic groups, which allows them to participate in the creation of aphoristic idioms (aphorisms, proverbs, sayings). From the standpoint of linguistic typology in the lexico-semantic sphere, the words denoting a dog and a horse in the Khanty and Khakass languages are considered. The empirical base of the study was the author’s notes of the spoken language of the Khanty, dictionaries of the Khanty and Khakass languages, a collection of Khanty riddles, a collection of Khakass proverbs and sayings. As a result of the study, a circle of idioms (indicated languages) with a distinct cognitive and mental, worldview basis is outlined. The methods used are the method of typological interpretation of lexical material and descriptive. When analyzing the semantics of these words, special attention was paid to the indication of regular stable phrases: it is the associative potencies that are the basis for the development of further connotations, the logical conclusion of which is the participation of certain words in idioms. It has been established that idiomatic constructions with the lexemes ‘dog’ and ‘horse’ characterize not so much these animals as the way of life of two different ethnic groups, as well as the human qualities of the representatives of these peoples, shed light on their ideas about life.

The question is raised about the possibility of a systematic description of Russian phraseological units as a means of expressing a more or less confident categorization of objects and situations. The results of definitional, component and contextual analysis of 300 phraseological units are presented. The author’s classification of phraseological units into 4 groups is proposed: “confident categorization”, “most probable categorization”, “uncertain, borderline categorization”, “most approximate / ‘empty’ categorization”. It has been established that in most cases phraseological units express the speaker’s complete confidence in the categorization and evaluation of any objects or situations. It is noted that this confidence is often associated with the signs of ‘true / false’, ‘important / unimportant’, ‘similar / unlike’, ‘good / bad’. It was revealed that a smaller part of phraseological units characterizes the cases of the most probable, borderline and most approximate categorization. In general, the analysis shows that phraseological units most often verbalize such signs of a situation as its truth or falsity, the possibility or impossibility of establishing the truth, trust or distrust of the person from whom some information comes, which indicates the special importance of “truth” in the Russian language picture of the world.

A unique example for the German language of the divergent development of the pronunciation norm and frame semantics in the phraseological unit das A und O and variants das Alpha und Omega / das Alpha und O / A und O. The interpretation of the pronunciation norm from the theoretical works of L. A. Verbitskaya is used. Observations on the development of semantic frames are presented on the basis of semantic-cognitive analysis and sociophonetic analysis of the pronunciation norm of a grapheme phraseological unit. The loss of religious connotation during the transition of the phrase into profane discourse in the course of discursive secularization is noted. The influence of the written norm on the oral norm is established as the reason for the emergence of the variance of the phraseological unit in diachrony. The emergence of variance of a grapheme formula in the direction of reduction of its components is studied. Mechanisms for modeling the meaning of idiom variants by means of four cognitive operations are disclosed. The study of formula norm dynamics is confirmed by examples of codification in nine German dictionaries. The relevance of the study is due to the application of corpus analysis to 14743 contextual uses of the formula das A und O in texts from the digital corpus of the German language DWDS. It is concluded that the pronunciation norm in its dynamics regulates the functioning of this phraseological unit in literary German.

The article is devoted to the study of doctor-patient verbal interaction, carried out in line with the patient-centered approach. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to identify the linguistic means used to organize the doctor-patient verbal interaction and to develop in the patient conscious desire to be involved in the treatment process. It is noted that giving the patient greater autonomy in the decision-making process regarding medical treatment methods, the doctor is expected to have the communication skills to structure the text of the conversation and to provide the information in a perception-friendly sequence. The object of the study is medical consultations with cancer patients. The purpose of the study is to identify structural components of the dialogues that include linguistic means aimed to verbalize the patient-centered approach. Authentic Russian-language medical consultations with low-risk prostate cancer patients served as the empirical material. The article presents a comparative analysis of approaches to structuring medical consultations based on Russian, English and German languages; identified structural components aimed to inform the patient in accordance with the patient-centered approach, and the examples of their verbal design. The paper draws conclusions about the semantic and linguistic content of the structural components that help to attract the patient to conscious participation in communication and treatment.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the functioning of the phraseologized combination, moreover, in the text. The data of various dictionaries, which provide a description of this construction, are analyzed. It has been established that this unit is characterized by multifunctionality, however, its use as a text bond has not yet been the object of separate studies and is not clearly reflected in dictionaries. In this article, a description of the text bond moreover is carried out, from the point of view of structural and semantic features, system connections and functionality, in each of these parameters several sub-parameters are distinguished. The morphological structure and semantics of the bond are analyzed in the “structural-semantic features” parameter. Homonymy, units that are close in function and semantics, interaction with other functional words within the framework of the “systemic connections” parameter are considered. The types of usages (types of contexts) that this bond forms, its scope, location in the utterance and stylistic marking within the “functionality” parameter are described. The results of the analysis carried out in the future should become the basis for compiling a dictionary entry of a textual bond, moreover, in the Dictionary of Functional Words of the Russian Language.

The issue of language representation of emotions in the text of literary work is considered by the example of the emotion of fear in N. V. Gogol’s play “The Inspector”. The relevance of the research is determined by complexity of perception, which foreign readers have during understanding of text pieces that show variously apprehensible in different linguocultures emotions of characters. The most well-known translator of Gogol in China Jiang Xiaomo is noted to use three kinds of translation: equivalent, partially equivalent and non-equivalent. The appeal to non-equivalent translation is emphasized to be contingent on the difference in perception of the emotion of fear by Russians and Chinese and, consequently, the need for a translation adapted for the Chinese reader. The lexical means of conveying the emotion of fear and its description in the play "The Inspector" are analyzed as different ways of representing emotions. The lexical means of conveying the emotion of fear in the play are shown to be interjections, and the description of fear experienced by the characters is created by nouns and verbs in the characters’ speech or verbs and participles in the author's remarks. Based on comparison of the play "The Inspector" and Gogol’s stories the authors conclude that the lexical means of conveying the emotion of fear are presented only in the play, since a stylization of live speech is created within the genre.

The article is devoted to the display of the stylistic peculiarities of literary ironic discourse in modern English and French prose. The empirical basis of the research is built on the corpus of text fragments containing ironic statements selected from literary works in English and French. The relevance of the study is accounted for by the insufficient study of the interconnections between verbal components and conceptual background of irony — the mental mechanism of second-order empathy — as well as the need to confirm the status of irony as a speech strategy of encouragement, incentive, self-defense, censure, ridicule, discredit, self-justification, self-representation or self-abasement, which is verbalized in fiction literature, thanks to the involvement of a number of stylistic devices of a semantic and syntactic sense. It is shown that in addition to linguistic means that objectify the conceptual structure of an ironic utterance and deictic units that reveal the order and logic of organizing information at the level of second-order empathy, fictional ironic discourse (both English and French) is brightly colored with figurative and expressive means of language, which actualize through ambiguous, voluminous, image-forming semantics and expressive syntax. In the course of comparative analysis, it has also been found out that the French-language fictional ironic discourse has a higher density of stylistic devices and is more expressive than the English-language one.

The article considers the aggressive communicative behaviour of a virtual linguistic personality provoking a communication conflict in the virtual space (a troll-aggressor). The data include comments retrieved from LiveJournal posts and Internet memes published during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the course of the analysis, the authors reveal the communicative roles, strategies and tactics of trolls-aggressors. The common strategy of the troll’s aggressive conflict interaction in the indicated time period is the strategy of hostility which is embodied in particular strategies (micro-strategies) of discrediting and attack. It is concluded that discrediting as a micro-strategy can be implemented via a false compliment, the tactic of taunt, the tactic of insult and the tactic of blaming. The micro-strategy of attack is implemented by means of threat and indignation. Particular attention is paid to the description of the markers of the above-listed tactics observed in trolls-aggressors’ communicative behaviour. Enumeration of the tactics used for provoking conflicts in virtual environment made it possible to concretize the typology of trolls-aggressors which has been revealed in the course of empiric data analysis. As a result, the authors present a scheme which reflects the types of trolls, belonging to the general type “troll-aggressor”, and the implemented communicative strategies and tactics within the framework of the common strategy of hostility.

The article is devoted to the representations of the Great Patriotic War in Soviet and postSoviet cinematography. The study presents the comparative analysis of the heroic narrative dating back to wartime propaganda and most clearly manifested in post-war film epics, as well as the tragic narrative, which is inextricably linked with the ‘lieutenant’ prose of the Thaw-era. The changes in the images of the Soviet cinema in the Russian war films of the 2000s are considered. It is proved that these changes, found in modern series and remakes, are critically evaluated by both academic circles and youth audience. On the basis of discussions held in ten focus groups the main critical attitudes are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the problem of remediation which consists in the predominance of visual images only outwardly copying popular Soviet films, without independent reflection on the specificity and the meaning of military experience. It is noted that the concept of remediation makes it possible to shift the focus from dissatisfaction with individual parts of films about the Great Patriotic War to the general problem of changing the media regime in modern society and to start analyzing the mechanisms of its functioning.

Self-nominations with the function of an anthroponym (nicknames, yuzerniki, usernames) belonging to users of the Russian-speaking segment of Internet communication are analyzed. The material includes 5,000 examples with personal metadata of communicants and the results of more than 350surveys of informants. The sources are social networks (Vkontakte, Telegram, Professionals, LovePlanet), media hosting sites (Flickr, YouTube), news portals (RT, Vzglyad), an online game (World of Tanks) and a specialized forum (Сyberforum). Nominal, morphological, syntactic, spelling, phonetic, lexical, semantic properties of self-nominations are established. A descriptive analysis of the material demonstrates both the actual features of namecreation and general verbal changes in Runet. A tendency towards deanonymization has been proven: more than half of the self-nominations are of an autonymous origin. In pseudonymous self-names, the creative and playful functions of the language are realized, humorous and self-ironic connotations are found, the features of appearance, status, and political views are implicitly and explicitly imprinted. It is shown that the structure of virtual self-nominations tends to complicate, “burden” them with additional meanings, information. It is noted that the number of self-names with a complex syntactic structure in the form of phrases is growing. It has been established that graphic means and spelling deviations are losing their former significance and popularity. It is concluded that the stability of the expansion of the English language is fixed.

Network blends, occasional neoplasms posted by users of the social network VKontakte under the hashtag #Slovarevo, are studied in a linguo-creative aspect. The main provisions of the theory of blending are formulated as a way of game word formation, which has become widespread in the modern communicative space in general and in the Internet environment in particular. The cognitive foundations of linguo-creativity of blending and the basic principles of conceptual integration that ensure the effective functioning of blends are determined. Structural types of blends are identified, reflecting the main formal methods of constructing contaminants in the network space. The predominance of haplological blends in the illustrative material, inheriting the original words in full and facilitating the decoding of contaminants, has been established. The main mechanisms of the language game based on blending are analyzed, reflecting the high level of metalinguistic reflection of the users of the social network “Vkontakte” involved in punning word formation. Linguistic and creative activity in the Internet environment is characterized in terms of interactivity, interaction between the addresser and the addressee. Cases of communicative failures in the interpretation of blends in the absence of contextual support and the possibility of discursive deployment of their semantics are considered. The implementation of the linguo-creative potential of network blends was assessed based on the triad “forgetive — creative — pseudo-creative”.

The article deals with the problem of love relationship between a man and a woman presented in the work of the medieval thinker Ibn Hazm ‘The Ring of the Dove’. The choice of the writer and his work is caused by several reasons which have determined the research problem. The authors note existing gaps in the study of love themes in Ibn Hazm’s works. Moreover, the love theme becomes especially relevant nowadays because of the vast variety of attitudes to gender relations existing in the world and differing from conventional wisdom accepted by world religions and traditional national cultures. The aim of the study is to analyze the representations of the art of love in the work ‘The Ring of the Dove’. The authors draw on the studies of Russian, Arab, Persian and Central Asian scholars who reflected upon certain aspects of Ibn Hazm’s thinking. The authors come to the conclusion about Ibn Hazm’s deep understanding of psychological and pedagogical peculiarities defining love relationship between a man and a woman, who observe origins, types, signs and results of love. The description of the feeling is illustrated by means of multiple examples from real life and the author’s personal experience. It is argued that Ibn Hazm’s thoughts are still relevant today.

A new interpretation of I. Bunin’s story “Mowers” (1921) is proposed. If Bunin’s traditionally “short” story is considered by researchers as a realization of the theme of the Motherland, love for the lost paradise on Earth, admiration and glorification of the Russian people, the work reveals other, essentially opposite intentions of Bunin’s text. It is shown that summing up the results of the first year of emigration formed complex and contradictory thoughts about Russia and its people in Bunin’s mind. It is shown that while recreating in the story what seems to be an uncomplicated memory of the meeting with the mowers and expressing delight over their heart-wrenching song, in fact Bunin is building a complex multi-tiered narrative system. It is noted that in this system, the outer layer of the narrative (a long-standing meeting with the mowers) is crowded by today’s reflection of exiled emigrants (Paris, 1921) and is symbolized by folklore ideas about fairy-tale Russia and its primitive mythology. It is proved that the intention of the author-narrator is focused not on admiration for the past and the lost (traditional perspective), but on antagonism and rejection of the old fairy tale, which, according to Bunin of the 1920s, has come to an end. The central motives of the story are rethought, the semantic recoding of the title image of the mowers is traced.

The results of the study on the subjective structure of diology “Journey to Malorossia” by P. I. Shalikov are presented. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the multilevel model of the subject of consciousness and the subject of speech in conjunction with spatial and temporal components of the text. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the specificity of the subject is characterized in the prose of “mass sentimentalism” as “I” of an individual, “I” of a citizen and “I” of a litterateur — a “sentimental traveller”. The relevance of the study is due to the permanent interest in understanding the category of the author in a broad theoretical context, inter alia, by means of system-subjective approach. It is argued that in “Journey to Malorossia” the subject of consciousness and the subject of speech are actualized primarily as an individual, despite the author’s desire to follow the tradition of the sentimental prose. It is shown that the spatio-temporal organization of the text is simplified, landscape descriptions are schematic and the absence of temporal markers indicates a contradiction between the intention of being “in the flow of feeling” versus everyday narrative. The article concludes that the attempt of P. I. Shalikov to embed an individual artistic system into the paradigm of sentimentalism (from the individual author to the system author) is unsuccessful.

The narrative structures of novels written by Ye. CheshirKo and O. Roy are considered. The author characterizes the narrative polyphony: the voice of subjectivized unreliable narrator is supplemented by the voice of an objectified narrator or the voices of other characters, which leads to transformations of the genre basis of the work. It is established that the narrative on behalf of the nonhuman character causes the appearance of the features of magical realism which consist of a special binary chronotope including the characteristics of the contemporary real world and the alternative one, a distinct type of character who is either a representative of the alternative world or a mediator between two worlds. The relevance of the research lies in the need to study narrative instances in the modern prose. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that on the basis of the modern novels, united by several features, the narrative polyphony and the ways of its creation are characterized. The author explores the stylistic features of the aforementioned novels which have not previously been the subject of thorough literary analysis. It is proved that the polyphony of narrative images expands the possibilities of the plot, style, as well as the view of a person as the subject of the image. The comparative method and the method of intertextual analysis are used in the article.

The article deals with the characteristics of the song versions devoted to the capture of the count Zakhar Chernyshev in the repertoire of the old-timers living in northeastern Yakutia. The data include the texts of the songs recorded on the Indigirka and the Kolyma. The relevance of the study is due to the following: nowadays the local folklore texts are being studied to define the degree of traditionalism of the plot. The implemented methods such as a descriptive method, a comparative method and some methods of lexicosemantic analysis help to reveal the features of the folklore text. It has been established that the version accepted in Russkoye Ustye and the Kolyma version of the song are similar in images, approaches to the theme and the development of the plot. It is noted that the influence of the Yakut language on these songs is hardly noticeable, in comparison with other historical songs that existed on the Indigirka and the Kolyma. It is shown that continuity and the exact execution of the learned text were important in Russkoye Ustye, whereas changes in the text might have been allowed on the Kolyma. The author comes to the conclusion that there is no accident in the transformation of the leitmotif of the song from the first records, where the character is captured by the Prussians and the theme of will is the main one, to the last recorded versions, in which count Chernyshev is ready to serve the “White Tsar” and the theme of will is hidden.

The article deals with the issue of organizing the Minsk Military District during the First World War. Attention is paid to the interpretation of the conditions in which the process of formation of this important structure in wartime conditions took place. The authors dwell on the main functions of this territorial entity related to the need to prepare reserves and supply the army in the field. In the presented study, it is shown that in an emergency, for the implementation of these tasks, it was planned to change the system of civilian administration with its subordination to the military leadership of the district. The novelty of the study is seen in the reflection of the problem of reconfiguring the borders of a part of the border military districts, which affected, among other things, the construction of censorship bodies, their ability in practice to adequately and promptly respond to the demands of difficult wartime. It is proved that the “mobility” of the borders of military censorship regions, caused by changes in the operational situation, was reflected in the creation and functioning of the necessary unified district censorship system, which also explains the violations of the “Provisional Regulations on Military Censorship” that occurred within the borders of the district. The stated problem is investigated by the authors of the article on the basis of materials from periodicals and documents stored in local and central archives.

The features of the formation and development of cultural and educational institutions in the new urban settlements of Buryatia in the 1950s—1980s are discussed in the article. On the basis of previously unpublished archival documents, journalistic texts and private sources, the main activities of state and departmental clubs and houses of culture, theater associations, libraries, and museums have been reconstructed. The problems of material and technical support and staffing of cultural institutions are considered; the specifics of the formation of amateur creative teams in the conditions of areas of new economic development are revealed. It is noted that the main trends in the cultural development of Soviet cities were determined by the state, but it was looking for new ways to regulate cultural policy. The authors come to the conclusion that the concentration of young people from different parts of the country in new towns favorably influenced the formation of the cultural environment and contributed to the emergence of various forms and directions of cultural — educational and mass cultural work. It is shown that the cultural life of new cities was provided by amateur art groups. It is noted that the transition of local groups from the amateur to the professional level slowed down due to the material dependence of cultural institutions on the city-forming enterprises, whose departmental interests they were called upon to serve.

The relevance of the study is due to the insufficiently studied and fragmentary coverage of the problem of development and regression of the Nogai societies of the North Caucasus traditional economic sectors in the 19^th — early 20^th centuries. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that in this study, the situation of the main economic sectors of the Nogais (horse breeding, sheep breeding, cattle breeding) is considered in a historical retrospective in the relationship of state policy aimed at transferring the nomadic Nogais to a settled state, reducing pasture spaces and natural and climatic phenomena and factors that caused emergency situations in the economy of nomadic societies. As a result of this impoverished pastoralists were forced to switch to a semi-nomadic or sedentary form of life. The author draws attention to the fact that in the conditions of a shortage of water sources and extreme (abnormally cold and abnormally hot) weather, the extensive nomadic pastoralism of the Nogais in the 19^th and early 20^th centuries experienced a serious crisis. It is concluded that at the end of the 19^th — beginning of the 20^th centuries, the Nogais of the North Caucasus were undergoing a process of decomposition and decline of nomadic pastoralism. It is noted that herd forms of cattle breeding are gradually being replaced by domestic types, permanent dwellings appear, agriculture is developing

On the basis of archival materials and special historical literature, land-legal relations among the Nogais in the second half of the 19^th — early 20^th centuries are considered. The relevance of the problem stated in the article lies in the fact that land and legal relations among the Nogais of the region are poorly understood. The ways of implementing the agrarian policy of the Russian government in the Eastern Ciscaucasia are described on the example of the Nogais. It is argued that administrative pressure occupied a prominent place among the methods of influencing the nomadic population. It is noted that at the same time, financial assistance played a significant role in attracting nomadic Nogais to a settled way of life. It is clarified that finances played a role in attracting the poor population to change their lifestyle. It is concluded that, despite the difficulties, the agrarian reform in the territory of the plain Ciscaucasia predetermined the transition of a significant part of the representatives of the Nogai community to settled agriculture and animal husbandry. It is emphasized that in the course of the agrarian reform the Nogai community has undergone a significant transformation. It is noted that a smaller part of the Nogai society still retained a nomadic lifestyle, but for short distances.

The issue of the history of pension provision for “special types of service” in the Russian Empire is considered in the article. The provision of pensions for these categories of civil servants is seen as an important part of the government’s policy to stabilize the state apparatus. Attention is paid to the rules for assigning pensions to employees of departments: mining, communications, forestry, customs, court, educational and scientific. The results of a comparative analysis of pensions of these categories of employees with pensions of civil (and in some cases military) employees under the Pension Regulations of 1827 are presented. The privileged position of employees of “special types of services” in relation to other civil and military employees is shown. The question is raised about the history and causes of this privileged position. The novelty of the study is in the fact that for the first time the history of pension provision for special categories of civil servants is considered in a comprehensive manner. It has been proven that the privileged position of these categories of employees was a way to recruit for service in industries that required special qualifications or were distinguished by difficult conditions.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the public opinion of the United States of America regarding the participation of the American state in the First World War, which in Western historiography is referred to as the “Great War”. Based on a wide range of English-language sources (American press, posters, speeches by politicians, representatives of the church, public associations), the authors concluded that the American society ambiguously assessed the fact of the participation of the United States of America in the military conflict. One group of American citizens advocated intervention in the war to prevent relentless German submarine action and to determine the participation and role of the American state in making peace. Another group of the American population believed that the entry of the United States of America into a military conflict would facilitate the penetration of a militarized culture into the country, which would threaten American values. The proposed study may be of interest and be useful for rethinking the experience of interaction between the state and society in the process of solving the most important tasks, as well as for revealing certain issues of public reaction to the problems of the state during wartime.

The issue of the life and creative activity of the Polish exiled artist — a participant in the Polish uprising of 1863—1864 Jozef Berkman is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that, despite the significant number of drawings and paintings by Y. Berkman, today the facts of his life are practically unknown both in hard labor in the Nerchinsk mining district and in a settlement in the Irkutsk province. It is noted that the information found in a number of sources regarding the life of the artist in hard labor and settlement is often unreliable. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that a reconstruction of the period of the artist’s life in 1864—1877 in the Baikal region is presented in the article. The authors have identified and introduced into scientific circulation materials from domestic and foreign archives, portraits of Polish exiles, painted by the artist in Transbaikalia and currently stored in museums in Poland. The authors reviewed the scientific literature on the topic of the study, analyzed the memoirs of Polish political exiles who served hard labor together with Y. Berkman and described his artistic activities.

A historical analysis of the development of automobile winter roads in Yakutia, i.e. roads laid on frozen soil and surface ice of reservoirs, is presented. The chronological framework of the study covers the period from the moment the first of the winter roads appeared in the region in the early 1930s until the collapse of the Soviet Union. The study was carried out within the framework of the anthropology of cold, a direction of scientific research developed by the author and his colleagues, focused on identifying the significance of cryogenic processes and phenomena in the life of the population of the northern territories. Based on the involvement of a complex of archival materials, including those introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the dynamics of the development of a network of automobile winter roads is traced. It has been established that the most important driver for the development of the transport system of Yakutia, including winter roads, in the period considered in the article was the interest in the development of deposits of various minerals — gold, tin, diamonds, etc. The place and role of automobile winter roads in the transport system of the region are revealed. The presented material indicates that winter roads were an important way to ensure the connectivity of the territory of Yakutia and one of the key tools to sustain the life support systems that have developed in the region.

The historical-demographic and socio-cultural characteristics of the Tatar population of the Tomsk province at the end of the 19^th century are presented. The ethno-demographic and urbanization processes that took place during this period are considered on the basis of the materials of the First General Census of the Russian Empire in 1897. The class, professional structure of the Tatar population of the province is described. Particular attention is paid to the problem of ethnic differentiation of the indigenous Turkic-Tatar population of the region. The scientific novelty of the study is largely determined by the poor knowledge of the issue. The relevance of the study is due to the need for further study of the stages and factors of the formation of this large group of Western Siberia population, denoted by the common ethnonym ‘Tatars’. It is shown that the Turkic-Tatar population of the Tomsk province was characterized by the heterogeneity of its composition. It is noted that the complexity of the ethnic picture in the Tomsk province was determined by the diversity of the indigenous Turkic population. It is emphasized that over 90 thousand people indicated Tatar as their native language, but not all of them subsequently became part of the emerging Tatar community. It was revealed that the Tatars of the Tomsk province, as well as the Tatar community of Western Siberia as a whole, were characterized by a weak involvement in the all-Russian economic processes.