This paper presents a pragma-linguistic analysis of language switches observed in samples of Takhmaks-Chastushkas, a genre of Bashkir folk songs with a wide thematic range performed in a recitative and melodicrecitative style. The material for analysis comes from expedition records of the authors, samples of Takhmaks-Chastushkas included in a separate volume of the multi-volume systematic scientific publication “Bashkir Folk Creativity”. It is demonstrated that a large number of bilingual Takhmaks function in Bashkir song folklore, their emergence influenced by centuries-old language contacts and the prolonged cohabitation of representatives of the Bashkir and Russian peoples on the same territory. Key pragmatic functions of code-switching (humorous, rhyme-forming, and referential) are identified, which can be combined within one realization of codeswitching.   Despite   differences    between the two language systems, the composer of Takhmaks achieves semantic, compositional, and structural integrity of the text by mixing lexemes from the Bashkir and Russian languages. It is emphasized that code-switching is done to create a humorous effect, attract the audience’s attention, maintain rhyme and rhythm of the Takhmak, and compensate for speech gaps. If foreign material is replaced with native language content and brought into line with the norms of the native language, Takhmaks lose their humorous nuance.

The linguistic and axiological potential of unofficial urbanonyms reflecting the realities of the urban environment as a design space is evaluated. The research tasks include identifying typical and non-standard objects and motifs of evaluative urbanonymic nomination, developing optimal methods for describing interregional nominative parallels and unique slang terms in the dictionary of unofficial urbanonyms. The material sources consist of dictionaries of youth slang, author’s archives of spoken language, and internet communications (2010—2024). The semantics of slang terms-urbanonyms were clarified using componential and contextual analysis methods. Parameters of their lexical description were developed using the method of lexicographical construction. Based on slang material from Pskov and St. Petersburg involving unofficial urbanonyms from Ufa, Volgograd, Novosibirsk, and other cities, the evaluative attitude of nominators towards design projects embodied in architectural structures, memorial objects, street sculpture, and monumental painting is demonstrated. Interpretations, comments, and contextual illustrations in the presented fragments of the projected dictionary reveal the specificity of the nominator’s imagery associations when implementing various ways of slang formation: playful transformations of official names, references to precedent phenomena, metonymic and metaphorical transfers and their combinations.

This article presents a sociolinguistic characterization of the indigenous Métis people in Canada. Drawing on existing scholarly works and research, the study aims to describe the status of the Métis people, recently recognized as an indigenous nation of the country, and their language. It delves into the historical formation of the Métis nation and its current state, providing a demolinguistic profile of the Métis population today. Statistical data from recent censuses is included. The novelty of this research lies in its examination of the contemporary situation of the Métis people with a focus on existing laws and judicial decisions impacting all aspects of their lives. An overview of anthropological and sociolinguistic studies on Métis people conducted by scholars over the past decades is offered. The author emphasizes the functional characteristics of the Métis language, Michif, outlining its ethnic and social functions. The article also discusses policies concerning Métis people in the realms of social, economic, and political rights. The relevance of this study is underscored by the heightened attention from Russian and global societies towards language situations and solutions to linguistic issues in polyethnic states, as well as the preservation of indigenous languages.

This research is situated within the context of contemporary discourse studies. It examines the genre of “promise” functioning within virtual pedagogical discourse. The study explores the genre features of a speech act, considering their potential determination by the pragmatic properties of discourse. Drawing on existing models of speech   genres in contemporary genre theory (models by Т. V. Shmeleva, N. B. Lebedeva), two types of genre features of promises are identified. The first type includes invariant characteristics of the genre “promise”: a) the communicative goal of the utterance, linked to a voluntary commitment by the subject to fulfill something; b) linguistic markers of the genre — syntactic constructions containing performative “I promise,” predicates “I swear” / “commit” / “give (<my word>)” with direct objects or explanatory clauses indicating the object of the promise. The second group of features comprises genre characteristics of the text, determined by its discursive nature: a) the dictum content of the genre (theme of “Education”), b) the status roles of participants in institutional-pedagogical discourse; c) properties of the speech act determined by the structural-functional features of the messenger (interactivity, media files). Ultimately, a promise emerges as a genre realization of shared and simultaneously adapted speechthinking intention and discursive means.

The article is dedicated to the study of metaphor as a means of forming scientific concepts and creating expressive-illustrative context. The research aims to identify types and sources of metaphorical transfers in Ossetian literary-critical texts and analyze their functioning as an important part of the language of these texts. The novelty of this study lies in the first-ever analysis of metaphor types in Ossetian literary-critical texts, verbalizing scientific concepts and creating an expressive field specific to scientific discourse. Sources of metaphors and their functions are identified. The study reveals that the main types of metaphors in the language of the texts under investigation are nominative, figurative, poetic (individual), and cognitive. Sources of metaphors include nature-mimetic and anthropocentric, acoustic, visual, and spatial groups, artifacts, symbols, etc. Metaphors are integrated into the content of the texts as essential linguistic material capable of creating a scientific context and reflecting the scientific worldview of the people. Many scientific concepts and a range of artistic-illustrative means in the analyzed texts can be considered borrowings from the Russian language, indicating a connection between the two languages in the scientific sphere of communication.

This study explores the “image of the virtual intentional author” in the news discourse of corporate websites. A comparative analysis of materials from corporate websites of Kemerovo State University and Siberian Coal and Energy Company is conducted. Subjective, predicate-actant, and locative-temporal components are identified. Typical and specific semantic components are named. The typical shared components include the following meanings: “I am a significant subject of the Russian space”; “I represent a collective of professionals”; “I engage in volunteer and charitable activities”. Each of the considered organizations’ intentional author image is characterized by specific features. The intentional author of the university’s news content realizes the following modal meanings: “I am not only a leading university in the region but also part of global rankings, serving as a center for scientific, social, volunteer activities, etc. in the region”, thus, the virtual author communicates the intention to present the university as a significant subject of the Russian educational space. The   intentional author of the energy company’s news content conveys meanings such as: “I am the best production organization”; “I am competitive”; “I am socially oriented”; “I interact with authorities and public organizations”.

The concept of rhetorical risk is introduced and actualized within the framework of the rhetorical decoding of the text concept aimed at studying the mechanisms of effective text formation. The phenomenon of textual effectiveness gains particular significance in turbulent periods of human existence. The research material consists of a corpus of mediatexts created during the COVID-19 pandemic and in April 2024 during the devastating flooding in the Southern Urals and Western Siberia. The aim of the article is to identify the zones of rhetorical risks in the text and to identify their indicators. In accordance with the methodological principles of linguorhetorical reconstruction, the zones of rhetorical risks in the text were identified as inventive, dispositival, and elocutive. Indicators of the inventive zone include the implicitness of the speaker’s practical goal-setting   and   the   orthodoxy of the thesis put forward. Indicators of dispositival risk zones include one-dimensionality of argumentation, excessive use of statistical data as arguments, and frequency of related reasoning. The elocutive zone of rhetorical risks arises due to the speakers’ neglect of such a significant communicative criterion for turbulent times as dialogism. The research results can have broad professional applications — from educational activities to mass media and linguo-expert practices.

The relevance of this article is justified by the necessity to construct a comprehensive picture of the development of Kazakh literature at the beginning of the 20th century through the analysis of tragic elements in the works of Myrzakhyp Dulatov. The authors critically evaluate various approaches to studying this aesthetic category in the works of I.I. Plekhanova, V.E. Khalizev, and E.V. Volkova. The scientific novelty lies in the first-time analysis of the poem ‘Qaida edıñ?’ (Where were you?) from the declared perspective. The research establishes that, firstly, tragic events (specifically, the forcible mobilization of Kazakhs for participation in World War I and famine) form the narrative basis of this poem. Secondly, antithesis serves as a significant means of conveying tragedy. Thirdly, the Kazakh worldview (steppe — land — Alash — people) depicted in this poem intricately intertwines with tragic hopelessness, where the semantic boundaries of the concept PEOPLE encompass human life values: steppe, family, lineage, generational ties, life. Fourthly, syntactic parallelism, various forms of repetition, rhetorical questioning, and other poetic devices aid the author in expressing their own viewpoint and engaging the reader in the quest to identify the culprit behind tragic events.

The article analyzes the works of Vyacheslav Ivanov on Fyodor Dostoevsky. Using the material from the book “Dostoevsky: Tragedy — Myth — Mysticism” (1932), the research principles and interpretive strategies implemented by Vyacheslav Ivanov in interpreting the female characters in Dostoevsky’s novels “Crime and Punishment,” “The Devils,” and “The Idiot” are identified. It is shown that Ivanov’s conception of the artistic features of characters such as Sonya Marmeladova, Alena Ivanovna, Maria Timofeevna, and Nastasya Filippovna are revealed in the context of the “main myth” of the works. The mythopoetic and functional aspects are highlighted as the most significant in Ivanov’s interpretations of the female characters. Additionally, it is argued that the psychological and spiritual characteristics of the heroines are not overlooked by the hermeneutist, as understanding the nuances of their inner world was necessary for him to reveal the mythopoetic functions. Through Ivanov’s interpretations of Dostoevsky’s female characters, it becomes evident that the poet-thinker’s approach to the writer’s works represents a synthesis of philosophical conceptualization and historical-literary perspective.

A new interpretation of Mikhail Sholokhov’s story “Family Man” from the collection of stories “Lazorevaya Step” (“Don Stories”) is proposed. Traditionally, the image of the central character — the Cossack ferryman Mikishara — has been interpreted as a portrayal of a sinful hero, a criminal, a patricide. However, the author of the article considers the leading character’s image in light of biblical motifs and parallels. It is demonstrated that the old ferryman’s night confession is permeated with allusions to sacred biblical texts, specifically to the image of God the Father who sent his own Son to death. The image of the Cossack father is constructed by the writer in projection to the sacred image of the Father-Spirit, and in this comparison, new semantic markers of the character’s nature are explicitly revealed. The temporal constant of the confessional narrative — Easter — is supplemented by Sholokhov with motifs such as dove, soul, willow, river, fish, and others. Thus, an unexplored layer of meaning in the work emerges in which new components of the motif system begin to appear: not sin and guilt, but misfortune and sacrificialness, torment and suffering that the Cossack-father faced in the conditions of a terrible fratricidal civil war. The analysis demonstrates how the poethological components of the story (title, change of title, composition “story within a story”, plot dynamics and narrative pauses, symbolized landscape, portraiture techniques, etc.) are oriented by the writer towards authorial evaluative meanings.

This study explores the issue of symbolization of natural imagery in an ontological, existential sense through the works of authors belonging to the first wave of Russian literary emigration. It is noted that in E. Yu. Skobtsova’s novel “Russian Plain”, a mythologized image of spiritualized space is created, encompassing an expressively colored image of the motherland, calling on children to respond to universal pain. In the autobiographical prose of N. D. Gorodetskaya, past and present converge in a unified sense of gratitude: the gracious, invaluable past seems to merge into the present, giving it integrity and significance, with the native surrounding world in the past becoming the writer’s main life support, a great ontological value. V. A. Nikiforov-Volgin’s works reveal a typologically similar mythologization of space in an original individual-authorial perception, accentuating the motif of the sacredness of the latter, expressing the drama of the years of adversity; with N. D. Gorodetskaya, the writer is united by a perception of the harmony of the native surrounding world with a child’s soul. The analysis conducted convinces that the artistic thinking of E. Yu. Skobtsova, N. D. Gorodetskaya, V. A. Nikiforov-Volgin developed in a typological stream of neorealistic artistic consciousness characterized by a multifaceted synthesis of various artistic elements.

This article presents the results of an analysis of the character system and plot-forming conflicts in the novel by Andrei Turgenev (Vyacheslav Kuritsyn) “Sleep and Believe. Blockade Novel.” The overall state of military-historical prose at the turn of the 20-21 centuries was examined. The main historical myths about the blockade were characterized. An overview of researchers' perspectives on the genre, plot, and poetics of this work was conducted. It was established that A. Turgenev’s novel is part of a postmodern historical discourse, where the metaphysics of the “Petersburg text” intertwines with the most odious myths about the Leningrad blockade (abuses of leadership, arbitrariness of People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR, cannibalism, etc.). Analysis of the text allows us to assert that the central myth and main character of the novel is Marat Kirov, a fictional secretary of the Leningrad Regional Committee. He embodies current historical myths about the blockade, as well as about the real leaders of Leningrad — S.M. Kirov and A.A. Zhdanov. In depicting Kirov, the author widely uses contrast and hyperbolization techniques, as well as numerous references to the “Petersburg text.” As a result, the degree of hyperbolization and demonization fostered by A. Turgenev actualizes the traumatic experience of the entire Soviet history and allows associating the image of the fantastic Marat Kirov with Peter the Great.

This study explores the features of poetic cosmology in N. V. Gogol’s tales from the cycle “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”. It examines the poetics of the nocturnal landscape and the symbolic richness of celestial space. The functions of light details in poetic depictions of the universe are identified. Special attention is paid to portraying the Universe as a visible expression of the problem of good and evil, which serves as the core theme of the entire cycle “Evenings...”. It is argued that celestial space is not only a central landscape image but also a distinct ontological category. The study reveals that for the cycle “Evenings...”, two contrasting models of the universe — harmonious and chaotic — play a significant role, based on the relationships between earth and sky. Earth and sky, as two coordinates of the universe, can form a cohesive picture for Gogol, where earthly space is revealed through celestial beauty. Celestial space can be understood as a kind of screen onto which human potential for spiritual transformation or sorrow due to its absence is projected. Beneath Gogol’s primary aestheticization of the daytime and nighttime universe lies a philosophical depth in his paintings, prompting reflections on human earthly journey, the sinfulness of earthly existence, and the aspiration towards the heavens, which generates the image of the disconnection between earthly and celestial realms.

The article examines the representation of themes of love and loneliness in women’s prose in Azerbaijan. It is noted that the literary works of women in different countries have gained particular relevance at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries. The novelty of the research lies in identifying key themes raised in the works of several leading Azerbaijani female writers, who are not well known to a wide circle of Russian readers. The creative works of A. Masud, Farida, and A. Gyulnel are analyzed, with themes of love and loneliness being the focus of the study. It has been established that the thematic content of the works exhibits a traditional character typical of women’s prose: the quest for love by women and men, contemplation of issues of loyalty and betrayal, and solitude. It is shown that the characters in their pursuits do not find understanding from those around them. The absence of love drives A. Masud’s characters to madness (“Fatima” novel), physical death (“Aysun” story), or moral decline (“The Boss” story). In Farida’s work “Silent Birds”, the issue of the influence of ancient cruel traditions on the relationships and fate of young people is raised. In “Cactus” by A. Gyulnel, the heroine suffers from loneliness due to the lack of parental love. The author concludes that the variety of issues raised by female authors is imbued with the idea of the tragedy of human existence without love.

The aim of the study is to analyze the functions and forms of Boborykin’s references to Shakespeare’s dramatic heritage and determine the extent of Shakespearean theatre’s influence on the formation of the writer’s creative system. The material consists of feuilletons and articles by P. D. Boborykin for the journals “Library for Reading” (1861, 1862), “Case” (1871), “Word” (1878), publications in the newspapers “New Time” (1876), “Theatrical World” (1887), as well as the book “Theatrical Art” (1872) and the memoirs “For Half a Century” (1929, 1965). It is shown that in his feuilleton publicism, Boborykin turns to Shakespeare to criticize the contemporary theatre in all its manifestations — from the quality of plays, the choice of repertoire by theatre administration, acting, to the level of the audience. When evaluating A. N. Ostrovsky’s dramaturgy, the writer uses criteria developed by himself for analyzing Shakespearean theatre. Boborykin does not recognize historicism in artistic texts due to the author’s inability to be unbiased in reproducing the realities of the depicted era. In relation to Shakespeare’s plays, the writer introduces the term “universal human nature”, implying the reflection by the playwright of his contemporary reality in the settings of the chosen era. Boborykin reproaches A. N. Ostrovsky for an abundance of epic elements which, in his opinion, are unacceptable in dramaturgical art. Shakespeare’s works became the aesthetic, artistic, and philosophical foundation for the writer’s system of evaluating theatrical art.

This study examines   the   disruptions   in the operations of state trade enterprises and consumer cooperatives in   providing   food to the population of Bashkortostan during the Great Patriotic War. The article is based on unpublished documents from the National Archives of the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as materials from periodicals. It is revealed that the weakening of the state’s control functions led to an increase in embezzlement and theft in trade and public catering enterprises. The combination of reduced trade turnover and the rise in abuses within the supply system resulted in severe food shortages. Supply disruptions affected workers, officials, evacuated populations, children, and medical institutions. Various abuses are discussed, including food ration card counterfeiting, different forms of self-supply, and instances of double provisioning. Attention is given to violations in accounting for population groups and inflated supply norms. It is established that combating abuses in the supply system was complicated by the involvement of enterprise leaders, shop workers, accountants, and representatives of auditing bodies in criminal activities. The conclusion is drawn that despite numerous violations, the supply system only minimally provided essential food items to the population of Bashkortostan with interruptions and not in full.

This study examines Soviet national policy towards nomadic peoples during the 1920s1930s, a period   when   the   foundations of national-state building in the USSR were being laid and developed. The research focuses on a specific region — Southern Russia, one of the most multiethnic macro-regions of the country. The study investigates the implementation of socio-economic and national policies of the Soviet state in the territory of ethnic minorities such as the Kalmyks, Nogais, and Stavropol Turkmen. Common specific characteristics of the nomadic population are noted: religious fanaticism, social isolation, innate closedness. Eradicating these negative qualities among the Kalmyks, Nogais, Stavropol Turkmen, and integrating them into the all-Russian space required authorities to adopt a differentiated approach to working with each ethnic group. It is proven that by implementing the national policy of the Soviet state through solving urgent socio-economic problems of the Kalmyks, Nogais, and Stavropol Turkmen, the authorities were able to achieve at least two main objectives to some extent. The first objective was to lift the mentioned nomadic peoples out of socio-economic crisis, mainly through stimulating and developing agriculture, despite the challenging natural-climatic conditions of the region. The second objective was to ensure the transition of nomads to a settled way of life.

This article examines the migration policy of the state in the Astrakhan region following its formation from 1944 to May 9, 1945. The study is based on materials from the archives of state and party authorities in the State Archive of the Astrakhan Region. The reasons, goals, content, and outcomes of the authorities’ migration policy are identified. The number of migrants is established, showcasing the geography of departure points and migration directions of the population. It is demonstrated that during the final stage of the war (1944 — May 9, 1945), the migration policy aimed to provide labor resources for the fishing industry, new livestock farms, and government initiatives for the development of the Volga-Akhtubinsk floodplain. In the years under consideration, migrations occurred on a voluntary basis and were incentivized by state benefits. In 1945, during the organization of relocations from the Volga-Akhtubinsk floodplain, migrants were recruited from areas with climates and soil conditions similar to those of the Astrakhan region (Kazakhstan). However, the challenging material and living conditions in the settlement areas led to mass return migrations. The Astrakhan region was unprepared to receive and integrate migrants due to insufficient funding for relocations and local authorities’ lack of attention to the needs of newcomers.

This study conducts a comparative analysis of the state of the scientific and technical complex of the USSR and leading Western countries in the 1960s based on declassified archival materials. It identifies the main trends in science and technology during this period and the factors that led to the lagging behind of the USSR. Previously unpublished archival documents are introduced into scholarly discourse. It is demonstrated that the data sent to the country’s leadership by leading specialists and scientists of the Academy of Sciences indicated the USSR’s lag in several crucial directions determining the pace of scientific and technical progress. Key hindering factors cited by experts included insufficient funding, lack of coordination among various agencies, absence of interaction between the defense and civilian sectors of science, and planning miscalculations. The conclusion is drawn that this list can be supplemented with reasons such as inadequate competence of some top-level government officials, departmental approach, shortage of specialists in key areas, and disregard for recommendations from leading scientists. Meanwhile, trends in the development of the scientific and technical sphere in the USA and other leading countries indicated the establishment of national innovation systems as highly effective mechanisms for accelerating scientific and technical progress.

For the first time, a comprehensive analysis of the entire set of club buildings from the Soviet era in the Urals region (Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Perm, Orenburg regions, Bashkir and Udmurt ASSR) has been undertaken. The author of the article compiled a database comprising over 300 units. Information on specialized buildings of palaces of culture erected in cities and industrial settlements of the region in the 1920s-1980s was analyzed. The most popular standard projects of club buildings as well as individual projects were identified. A detailed description of palaces of culture, whose architectural appearance resonated widely in the public sphere, is provided. It is shown that in the late 1940s to early 1950s, under the dominance of neoclassical architectural aesthetics, a series of projects embodying exemplary characteristics were implemented in the Urals, clarifying the degree of centralization of the cultural policy of the USSR. The placement of specific cultural complexes is characterized in detail. A conclusion is drawn that club construction in cities and industrial settlements of the Urals was uneven both spatially and chronologically. The peak of construction was in the 1950s, with a significant decrease in the pace of building palaces of culture by the 1980s; the majority of clubs were concentrated in major industrial centers. The massiveness of club construction was determined by the use of standard projects, yet this does not diminish the specific valuable qualities of Soviet palaces of culture as a crucial element of historical heritage.

The aim of the article is to characterize representations of the history and historicalcultural heritage of the Buryats in the pages of the Sibirskie Ogni journal from the early 1920s to the late 1980s in the context of state memory politics. The methodological framework of the study was the field of “Memory Studies.” Conclusions were drawn   about the intense ideologization of the historical past of the Buryats on the pages of the Sibirskie Ogni journal at all stages of the Soviet period, as well as the journal's disregard for Buryat heritage associated with the traditions of Buddhist East. Six stages of representation were identified. In the first stage (1920s), Buryat authors freely wrote in the journal about Buryat history, expressed historical grievances against Russia, and sought recognition of the value of Buryat historical-cultural heritage. In the second stage (1930s), only articles by Russian authors about Buryat history in a critical tone were published in the journal. In the third stage (1940s-1950s), Sibirskie Ogni journal printed articles with crushing criticism of inconvenient versions of Buryat history presented in national literature. In the fourth stage (1960s-1970s), Buryat history was not discussed at all in the journal. In the fifth stage (1980s), a flourishing of Buryat culture was proclaimed under the influence of Soviet leadership. After the collapse of the USSR, much was rethought and perceived as a historical mistake. The Sibirskie Ogni journal began publishing articles again on Buryat literary traditions, epic poetry, etc.

This article focuses on the socio-political life during the terms of the II, III, and IV State Dumas, specifically examining the career and kinship connections within the “Stolypin administration” and the deputy corps. The study covers the period from April 26, 1906, to September 5, 1911, when P. A. Stolypin held the position of Minister of Internal Affairs. It also explores the period from the election of the II Duma on February 20, 1907, to the election of the IV Duma on November 15, 1912, to identify former or future governors or vice-governors among the deputies of the Stolypin era. The geographical scope of the study includes the provinces of European Russia. The authors aim to analyze the relationship between bureaucratic and political elites during the Stolypin era. The article examines the career biographies and factional affiliations of Stolypin administrators connected to the Duma, as well as the kinship ties between the governor corps and Duma deputies. The authors conclude that provincial administrators were predominantly associated with the Union of October 17 and right-wing factions, with most not seeking to pursue parliamentary careers. Typically, these were public figures who had previously held positions in local government and nobility self-government before serving in provincial administration.

This comparative analysis examines   data on the workforce in two regional economies (Bashkiria and Udmurtia) during the years 1940-1955. The selected period is unique due to the extreme transition from peacetime to wartime economies and back. Special attention is given to analyzing the indicator of “average monthly wage levels”. Materials from leading federal archives and one regional archive were utilized. A detailed comparison of indicators between the two regions is conducted. It was found that before the war, industry played a significantly larger role in Udmurtia's economic structure compared to Bashkiria, but during the war years, the proportion of industrial workers in Udmurtia only slightly increased, while in Bashkiria it more than doubled (a consequence of evacuees being relocated). The study reveals that during the examined period, sectors such as construction and geological exploration developed at a significantly faster pace in Bashkiria compared to Udmurtia. In 1940, the largest sector by number of workers and employees was the industrial sector, with the educational system coming in second place, playing a key role in preparing the workforce. The conclusion drawn is that by the end of the study period, a positive outcome was achieved with living standards surpassing pre-war levels.

This article explores the formation and development of transregional relations of territorial communities of France with Eastern countries and regions. It examines the interplay of centrifugal and centripetal tendencies in the “center-regions” relationship of the French Republic. The analysis focuses on the normative framework of international and foreign policy activities of French territorial communities based on national constitution and legislation. Traditional close ties of French regions with partners from European countries are discussed, with a special emphasis on collaborations with countries in Eastern and Southern Mediterranean, as well as North Africa. Partnership with distant Eastern territories is separately examined. The study is based on a comprehensive methodology incorporating principles of historicism, objectivity, comprehensiveness, historical-systemic and historical-comparative approaches, as well as theoretical foundations of multilevel governance theory. It includes an examination of the activities of various administrative units in France: regions, departments, municipalities, cities, and metropolises. The conclusion drawn is that the international activities of French regions are currently less active than those of regions in other European Union countries; however, in the 21st century, they have significantly intensified compared to previous periods.

The article explores the issue of public attitudes of Soviet citizens towards measures of state financial policy. It examines the sentiments of USSR citizens after the cessation of campaigns related to the issuance of government bonds from 1946 to 1957. The primary sources of information were letters from citizens addressed to Soviet government bodies, as well as diary entries. The study relies on methodological achievements in the “history of emotions.” It was revealed that after the abolition of compulsory subscription campaigns for domestic state loans, the key issue became the repayment of the state debt. It is shown that citizens placed high hopes on the revision of decisions by N. S. Khrushchev after his resignation in 1964. Their attempts to engage in dialogue with authoritative structures and leaders were made repeatedly before the official redemption began, but they did not contribute to a review of earlier decisions until 1974. The study demonstrates that the gradual redemption of bonds in the 1970s-1980s contributed to the establishment of a social compromise, and the practice of mass loans transformed from a measure of current financial and social policy into a subject for historical reflection, discussion, and nostalgia.

This study examines the leisure activities of Nizhny Novgorod residents during the NEP era. Various forms of urban leisure and their connections to state ideology are characterized. A total of 31 sources were analyzed, including legislative sources, statistics, and periodicals. Sources included articles from criminal and administrative codes, statistical data, and Nizhny Novgorod press. An overview of Nizhny Novgorod periodicals from 1921-1924 is provided. Results of a comparative analysis of legislative materials, statistical data, and periodicals are presented. Emphasis is placed on the ways and methods of shaping urban culture in line with state ideology. The issue of deviant behavior among city dwellers and its causes is raised. It is highlighted that new holidays aimed to replace religious celebrations. The study shows that the values of the urban community were influenced by ideological beliefs and spread through new leisure forms. It is proven that the structure of urban festivities contributed to the establishment of new societal values. The authors conclude on the significance of organized leisure in creating a socio-cultural urban environment. The role of periodicals in popularizing urban leisure forms is demonstrated. The relevance of the study lies in exploring the connection between ideology and the organization of urban leisure.

This study presents an analysis of the content of handwritten records from Muslim metric books of the mid-19th century at the Komarovskaya Yurt Mosque in Tobolsk Province. The analysis focuses on the second part, which includes information on marriages and divorces. Building upon previous research analyzing birth data from the first part of mosque records, this work introduces, for the first time, data on marriages and divorces of residents of Western Siberia belonging to a single ethnic group: the mosque’s parishioners were Bukharans — migrants from Central Asia. A total of 116 marriage records and six divorce records were analyzed. The statistics suggest that the institution of marriage was stable. The study reveals the ages of those getting married, marriage conditions, dowry amounts paid, reasons for divorce, and polygamy practices. It is proven that despite the lack of surnames among the Tatar population in the 19th century, recording the names of marrying individuals, their fathers, witnesses, and social status in mosque records allows for the identification of each individual. Interfaith marriage contacts were not recorded during the analyzed period. The relevance of this research lies in providing new insights into Muslim marriage customs and social processes in a specific territory during the specified period.