The article is devoted to the study of metaphor as a cognitive mechanism for the creation of a new term, based on the integration and reinvention of knowledge in the light of background information and new field of special knowledge. The material is the English articles devoted to the military. The important role of the process of metaphorization in the formation of modern English terminology of military discourse is established. Appeal to the study of military terminology is important due to its intensive development in conditions of modern technological progress and significance of issues related to the military sphere. The main areas-sources of lexical borrowings used for the formation of metaphorical terms of military discourse are identified. Actualized indications of borrowed lexical units are considered. The most productive thematic areas of the metaphorical terms formation are revealed. The unevenness of metaphorical nomination in thematic groups reflects the dynamics of the emergence of new concepts within the thematic groups, and, consequently, the value relevance of the thematic groups for the military team. It is proved that formation of military terminology metaphor is based on the principles of anthropometrical, consistency, selectivity and relevance, giving an idea of the system of value orientations of specialist in studied area.

The article is devoted to the concept of COMMUNITY as one of the components of the concept sphere of language personality of Barack Obama in his early political career. The material for the study is his first autobiographical work - “Dreams from my Father”. The methods of conceptual, semantic and discourse analysis are used. An attempt was made to reconstruct the concept of COMMUNITY by studying the characteristics of its linguistic expression. Objectives of the study include a description of the means of objectification of this concept in this work and the construction of the nominative field with highlighting of conceptual signs. Regular actualization of the concept in this work allows to conclude that COMMUNITY is one of the central concepts that form the concept sphere of Barack Obama at the time of writing “Dreams from my Father.” In addition to the function of reflection of the author’s inner world and his personal values, the appeal to this concept has the function of the impact on the reader and it generates and reinforces in the minds of readers (and hence public) designing politician’s image. The concept of COMMUNITY by Barack Obama has a complicated structure and includes a number of other complex concepts, having axiological load and important to the majority of American citizens, such as IDENTITY, RESPONSIBILITY, COMMITMENT, UNITY and some others.

The results of research on the linguistic marking of epistemic responsibility of the subject of political discourse are presented. The material is the speech of the elected President of the United States D. Trump at a press conference on 11 January 2017. The study was conducted using the methods of linguistic description, discourse, quantitative and content analysis. Two types of use of evidence-epistemic markers in the speech of a politician are identified. The first type of markers is focused on epistemic responsible representation of information, that is actually the marking of epistemic responsibility. It is shown that in this case there is a decrease or increase in epistemic responsibility through the use of indicators of problematic or categorical reliability, primarily predicates of views in the main part of the complex sentence and epistemic adverbs with the semantics of possibility / probability or confidence. The second type of markers involves manipulating the mind of the recipient. It is shown that in this case the markers of indirect evidentiality based on external unspecified source of information are used for the purpose of blurring of the guarantor or confirming the accuracy of statements, giving the information as included in the general fund of knowledge of the recipient and addressee, as well as presenting opinions as factual statements.

The political poetry of F. I. Tyutchev is considered in terms of classical rhetorical tradition functioning in it. The author believes that the political poems of the poet most clearly expressed his historiosophical ideas about Russia’s role in world history, the necessity of unification of the Slavic peoples, etc. Many of these ideas are very controversial, therefore the rhetorical task of persuasion of the opponents should have been addressed by proven and effective ways. Tyutchev used the techniques typical to the genre of the ode as a “ready words” in cases where the issue underlying the political poems was in need of an effective argument. Genre characteristics of odes, thanks to the “eloquent” rhetorical task, consistent with this objective. The author argues that Tyutchev also used the techniques of oratory, including judicial eloquence, in the political poetry. It is shown that many of his poems are built as a journalistic or forensic speech, in strict accordance with the requirements of the composition of such texts. The author concludes that for the evidence of political ideas the poet uses two types of arguments: arguments and examples with a considerable predominance of the latter. The article describes the cases of the use of arguments-arguments and arguments-examples in specific texts and the analysis of the poem “Encyclica” as “associated” speech with all the rhetorical characteristics of the text.

The problems of studying the journalistic works by Stavropol journalist of Ya. V. Abramov, who collaborated with the newspapers “North Caucasus,” “Azov region,” magazine “New word” and other periodicals of the central cities of the Russian Empire in the Caucasus in the late XIX - early XX century, are covered. Attention is paid to the problems of public life in the North Caucasus, that were displaying by articles, essays, notes of provincial journalist. A review of the main topics of Ya. V. Abramov’s journalistic creativity associated with the ideas of populism is made. The main stylistic methods are shown that were used in texts which deal with current social issues, typical not only for the North Caucasus, but nationwide with the turn of the century, having typical character that required an immediate response from the local and central authorities. The research urgency is caused by the fact that the authors introduced into scientific use data about the current corps of reissued texts by journalist Ya. V. Abramov. The article raises the question about the need to promote and further study of the works of currently little-known writer-populist, whose works are of great importance for the history of domestic journalism.

The article examines the memoir text by P. I. Sumarokov “Leisure of Crimean judge or Second journey to Tavrida” in the context of travel literature of the XVIII-XIX centuries. The work is done within the framework of the research project “Annotated sign “Russian travelogue of the XVIII - early XIX century” supported by the Russian State Scientific Fund. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that special attention is paid to the narrative strategies of the author. The determining factors in the choice of the latter are the direction of travel (“inner East” of the Russian Empire) and the specific vision of the author-narrator. The latter is linked with pairing the classic and sentimental tendencies. Separately, the author stops on the binary oppositions that determine the attitude of the traveller: “West - East” and “capital - province”. The first parts of these oppositions are invariably associated with sentimental and idyllic experiences of the narrator. The article reveals the specificity of the image of the narrator, conjugating two forms: the sentimental traveller and the responsible official and a citizen. Attention is also given to expression in the narrative of strategies of the traveller-narrator of colonising and being colonised types of consciousness. The author also focuses on the intertextual relations of the analyzed work. It is concluded about non-discreet narrative structure of “Leisure of Crimean judge”.

The article is devoted to the study of the formation of the zemstvo electorate in Ufa Governorate (1874-1897). The research urgency is caused by the connection of this problem with questions about the essence of the local administrative apparatus under autocracy, the compatibility of traditional and modern institutions, the adaptation of different social groups to freedom of expression, dialogue between the authorities and society. The novelty of the study is that the study of Zemstvo voters was based on the analysis of the published, but generally little known sources - the lists of Zemstvo voters. The composition of the congresses of the voters, the major categories of owners in different chronological periods are discussed. Special attention is paid to the number and composition of election congresses of small landowners. It is shown that in the post-reform period large peasant land ownership in a relatively short time was a serious competitor to the electors from the nobility. The administration and Zemstvo controlled and regulated the number of participants in the elections to ensure the composition of Zemstvo institutions specified by the government. However, despite all constraints, each of the caste groups was represented in district Council meetings. By comparative analysis with the data of the neighbouring governorates similar and distinctive features of the provincial electorate in the provinces of the Volga-Ural region are identified.

The concept of multiculturalism of Azerbaijan is considered, which plays a significant role in today’s domestic and foreign policy of Azerbaijan. The relevance of the study is determined, in particular, by the fact that 2016 was declared in Azerbaijan “the year of multiculturalism.” It is reported that during this year there were a huge number of events dedicated to multiculturalism - from the global forum of the UN Alliance of civilizations to youth summer and winter schools. The article examines the origin and content of modern Azerbaijan’s policy of multiculturalism. Variability of its interpretations is shown, even at the domestic level. It is proved that the Azerbaijani multiculturalism typologically can be assigned to the traditional model of multiculturalism, characteristic for many countries of the world where there are diverse religions, ethnic groups and culture, such as in Russia. It is shown that Azerbaijan is actively using the policy of multiculturalism to promote a positive image of the country globally with the participation of international organizations and in bilateral relations with individual countries.

The article is devoted to analysis of the role of natural law doctrine in the justification of the absolutism by the English thinker Robert Filmer (1588-1653). On the material of his key political work “Patriarcha” it is shown that the appeal to natural law takes in Filmer’s theory a place no less important than using patriarchal arguments. The main feature of the variant of absolutist ideology proposed by Filmer was a denial of the contractual origin of society, at the same time compatible with the reliance on natural law arguments. The paper focuses on his interpretation of the origin of monarchical power, the interpretation of the English legal system and the role of the monarch as the only Supreme lawgiver, and also the interpretation of the questions of the origin of property rights. The article demonstrates that in Filmer’s patriarchal interpretation the society from an entity made up of autonomous individuals, turns into a natural unity, where the people remain in constant dependence on their parents and, in the end, on the power of the “Supreme father,” personified by the figure of the reigning monarch. Since royal power is based directly on natural law, subjects are unable to put forward any constitutional limits on the power of the king.

The history of the formation of the French Communist party (FCP) in 1920-ies is considered. A review of the main historical events that had an important influence on the development of the Communist movement in Russia and in France is made. In particular, the importance of the internal party struggle in the Communist party of Russia and its impact on internal movement in the FCP is noted. The characteristic of the main political currents within the party is given. It is shown that the political confrontation between Stalin and Trotsky had a great influence on the future path of the Communists of France. It is emphasized that the main task of the heads of parties in the period under review was the creation of a unite Communist space with a single management structure and laws. Socio-political changes within both parties are analyzed. Also the opposition to the Communist movement in France and in Russia is discussed. The role of individual political figures in France and Russia influenced the development of the movement of Communists is analyzed.

The attempt is made of historical and economic analysis of the efficiency of the livestock sector of agriculture of the major industrial region of the country under the domination of the administrative command kolkhoz-sovkhoz management system and its adaptation to market conditions. The article is devoted to the subject insufficiently developed in the national historiography, especially in regard to its regional dimension. The study is conducted on materials of two archives of Middle Urals: archive of Territorial body of Federal state statistics service for Sverdlovsk region and the Centre of documentation of public organizations of Sverdlovsk region with the assistance of the scientific and publicistic literature. The relevance of the topic is determined by its high importance for the social sciences, especially history and economy. Scientific novelty of the work is seen in the fact that the new materials discovered by the author in these archives are introduced into scientific usage. It is argued that by the time among the historians and economists there is no consensus concerning the socio-economic potential of the administrative-command system. It is stated that different opinions and assessments in full measure apply to livestock - leading agriculture in most countries. It is declared that regional historians use the topic of agricultural development of livestock breeding in the Sverdlovsk region usually only as auxiliary material in the study of general problems of agriculture complex. It is noted that there are four main stages of development of Middle Urals livestock. It is emphasized that due to the enormous investment in the agricultural sector, the Soviet state for many years was able to create a semblance of efficiency of livestock production. It is proved that economic efficiency is the cornerstone of any socio-economic system. The conclusion is that the restructuring of livestock to a market economy was of a very high price to the agriculture of the Sverdlovsk region.

The article is devoted to the subject insufficiently developed in the domestic historiography, especially in regard to its regional dimension. The study is conducted on materials of the Centre of documentation of public organizations of Sverdlovsk region with the assistance of the scientific and publicistic literature. The relevance of the topic is determined by its high importance for the social sciences, especially for history. Scientific novelty of the work is seen in the fact that the new materials discovered by the author in these archives are introduced into scientific usage. The purpose of writing the article was to identify the certain stages of the history of Middle Urals crop production, its characteristic features and problems of growth and efficiency that had to be solved by the workers in this sector of the economy. It is noted that the importance of the crop to the economy of mankind is difficult to overestimate. It is argued that the periodization of the history of plant cultivation in the Middle Urals can be carried out on several grounds. It is claimed that a great help in the reasoning and conclusions of the article provided statistics on the growing region in the investigated period summarized in several tables. It is stated that the urbanization in Russia and the Soviet Union proceeded much more painfully than in Western countries, as occurred against the backdrop of a significant lagging of the country in socio-economic development. It is declared that the degradation of the planting was shown up, primarily, in a rather significant reduction of crops of most plants. It is emphasized that the authorities, especially since the 1960-ies, were trying in some way to improve the efficiency of agriculture and crop production. It is proved that the effect from the huge public investment was clearly inadequate and disproportionate: agriculture absorbed huge funds at low returns. The conclusion is that, despite the much more advanced modern agricultural technologies and the transfer of the agricultural sector on a market basis of functioning, one can’t talk about any significant progress in crop production in the region.

The analysis of materials obtained in the Arctic regions of Yakutia during the expeditionary studies related to various aspects of ethnic processes among the indigenous ethnic groups in their correlation with the problems of ethnic identity is presented. It appears that additional relevance for the article is the selected period. 1950-80-ies were the time of vigorous and intentional efforts for transport and industrial development of the Arctic territories of the Soviet Union, which naturally had a significant impact on the traditional foundations of life of indigenous peoples. The work contains an analysis of the initiatives organized by the leading actors of the study of indigenous peoples of the North of reporting period: scientific centres of Moscow, Leningrad, Yakutsk. Among these initiatives there were the studies conducted by talented domestic North researchers - I. S. Gurvich, Z. V. Gogolev, V. A. Tugolukov, G. N. Gracheva, N. B. Vakhtin and others. As a result of investigations, in particular, conclusions were drawn about the most active assimilation processes in Northern Yakutia, which are much intensified in the years of Soviet modernization, and also about certain stability of ethnic identity in representatives of the studied ethnic indigenous communities.

Certain aspects of the economic policy of the participants of the West-Siberian peasant revolt of 1921 are covered, the largest in the history of Soviet Russia Soviet anti-bolshevik armed uprising. Organizations involved in the management of industrial enterprises controlled by the rebels territory are characterized. Special attention is paid to the activities of the Tobolsk Military-Industrial Committee. The main directions of its work include: registration and distribution at the disposal of the insurgents of resources, mobilization of skilled manpower in the enterprises engaged in providing “partisans,” the introduction of measures to stimulate productivity, restore the industry to increase supply in the people’s army. Statistics of the production of clothing and shoes for the military is given. It is noted that as a result the Tobolsk Military-Industrial Committee was able to produce uniforms and shoes in sizes corresponding to the objective possibilities of the local handicraft industry. It is concluded that the democratic economic policy officially proclaimed by rebels because of the intensification of the onslaught from the advancing Red Army had folded, there was a transition to a system of more stringent measures, in some degree resembling war communism rejected by rebels.

The current state of the oil trade between Russia and China is analysed. The state of the Russian oil industry is characterized. Peculiarities of trade with oil and oil products between Russia and China are shown from the point of view of Chinese economic and political science. Separately the possibilities of development of international cooperation between the oil industry of Russia and the People’s Republic of China are characterized, especially in the context of the concept of “Economic zone of the New Silk Road”. It is suggested that the concept of “One zone, one road” (New Silk Road) will actively promote the development of trade relations and economic ties between Russia, China and CIS countries. It is noted that greater investment in the oil and gas sector of the Russian economy is promising for China. The author believes that the participation of the Chinese party in the production and processing of Russian oil will significantly increase economic relations between Russia and China in the oil industry. Modern Chinese researchers emphasize that China is interested not only to buy ready-made products in the Russian oil industry, but also to participate in the production and processing of Russian oil, and it reinforces the mutual interest of Russia and China in the development of this sector of the economy.

The article reveals changes of the essential characteristics of professionally oriented teaching students of non-linguistic universities of foreign language, that are related to the adoption of the Federal state educational standards of higher education. The author offers a brief excursion into the history of the issue in our country and abroad. A review of domestic studies on professionally oriented teaching of foreign language in accordance with the standards of the previous generation. As a result of generalization the features of professionally-oriented foreign language teaching are revealed in the state educational standards of higher professional education: narrow professional focus, interdisciplinary connections, special methodological support. Special attention is paid to the influence of new educational standards on the content of professionally-oriented training. The article shows that the determining factor is the status of foreign language competence for non-linguistic specialties, namely it belonging to the group of common cultural competences. The novelty of the study is in determining the characteristics of professionally oriented teaching non-linguistic students of foreign language in accordance with Federal state educational standards of higher education: general professional / general scientific orientation, the formation of general learning abilities in the context of person-centered learning. The author puts in perspective the task of developing the means and methods of teaching non-linguistic students of foreign language in accordance with the modern understanding of professionally-oriented training.

The formation and development of skills of tolerance of school teachers and students of pedagogical specialties are considered. The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by the implementation of the Federal law “On education in Russian Federation,” providing the use of inclusive methods and technologies in learning and education. Methods of correction of intolerance, described in the seven dissertations on competition of a scientific degree of PhD in Education, are presented and analyzed. It is noted that to make an adult truly tolerant is almost impossible, as it is a quality needed to be formed and developed at an earlier age. However, according to the authors, students and teachers may instill the external tolerance - the ability to meet certain behavioral standards. Also it is suggested that in some cases the problem may be not in general, but in “age” intolerance: rejection of individual traits of children and adolescents. The novelty of the research lies in considering the uniqueness of each child as a moral-philosophical basis of teaching tolerance. This approach is presented as a kind of “golden mean” between the apology of absolute value (each person is invaluable birthright) and relative value (the value of man is determined by his abilities and achievements).

The results of the interuniversity scientific-practical conference in Povolzhsky Orthodox Institute (Tolyatti) are presented. It is reported that the forum discussed questions related to the comprehension of the historical experience of revolutions and the fall of the monarchy in the Russian society. Also the subject of discussion at the conference was the influence of Christianity and antiquity on the formation of religious-philosophical, moral, aesthetic and artistic principles of Russian and European cultures.

The overview of the results of the International conference “Ethno-pedagogy as a factor of preservation of the Russian identity,” dedicated to the 90^th anniversary of the birth of academician of Russian Academy of Education G. N. Volkov, held 22-24 June in Cheboksary (Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after I. Ya. Yakovlev). It is reported about composition of participants, directions of the conference, thematic areas, student competition.