This article explores the distinctive features of the term “cultural code” within scientific and journalistic discourses. The materials for analysis are drawn from newspaper articles and partially from the main corpus of the Russian National Corpus, as well as from scholarly works in linguistics, cultural studies, and philosophy. It has been identified that the expression “cultural code” activates specific components of the phrase: the sign-based nature of the code engages lexicon from the technical sphere (such as program, copy, decode, etc.); the value aspect of culture (the cultural component) highlights actions denoted by verbs like preserve, protect, transmit, among others, as well as abstract concepts such as values, knowledge, understanding, and mastery. The study demonstrates that the models used to recreate the image of the cultural code in journalistic texts differ from those in scientific discourse, exhibiting a vivid evaluative quality with both positive and negative semantics. It is noted that the word formation productivity of the term “code” in scientific discourse is linked to scholars’ efforts to reveal an objective structure and emphasize its relation to the original, generative word (with prefixes and prefixoids such as mega-, sub-, meta-, psycho-).

This study presents a comparative analysis of the genre characteristics of medical discharge documents within Russian and British linguistic culture. The relevance of this research stems from the insufficient exploration of written medical discourse genres, as well as the lack of data regarding variations in the representation of documented templates for outpatient and inpatient medical discharge records and their sociocultural specifics. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of medical discharge documents produced in Russian and British linguistic cultures to identify their distinctive features, intragenre variations within a single linguistic culture, and intercultural similarities and differences. Methodological approaches employed include document analysis combined with comparative, stylistic, and interpretative analysis procedures. The study establishes the implications of the key genre-forming parameters for the examined type of documents. The analysis reveals that, within the domestic linguistic culture, intragenre variability is associated with modifications to such parameters as chronotope, producent-recipient orientation, compositional-structural characteristics, and linguistic features. Inter-cultural variability manifests itself in compositional-structural and formal-content-related differences, objective modality, and the intended audience of documents across the compared linguistic cultures. The findings contribute to the theory of intercultural professional communication and the practice of specialized translation.

This article presents a descriptive study based on a series of interviews (11 h 37 min) with translators at seven different enterprises located in the Chelyabinsk region, Russia. It focuses on translation decision-making processes in hybrid environments combining face-to-face and mediated interaction. The objective of this study is to identify the differences and similarities in the communicative situations described by the translators, and to establish categories to describe the ways socio-technical contexts affect the translators’ expert actions. A review of studies that apply actor-network theory (ANT) to study translation workflows across diverse production contexts is presented. Drawing on Skopos theory and ANT, the authors identify two types of scenarios in translators’ interactions with a variety of actors, including technologies that influence translation activity during skopos specification, target-text production, and quality control. The authors argue that the principal aim of the translation departments’ individual information infrastructure is to mitigate uncertainty in the decision-making process. This study demonstrates how translators augment their work environment to optimize expert performance using technological and organizational solutions. Possible ways to enhance the efficiency of translation departments at industrial enterprises are discussed.

This study explores the cultural specificity of linguistic representation of power in Anglo-Saxon heroic epic poetry. Focusing on the poem “Beowulf,” the author examines the epic heritage as a source of insights into the value orientations and preferences of the ruling community, as well as the methods and means by which it constructs its identity. Various types of signs for identifying and legitimizing the social status of rulers and their entourages are highlighted, including personal introductions, vocatives (emblematic names and address), locational signs (centers of power), attributive signs (objects of particular significance and value to power), somatic signs (physical distinctions, demeanor, and speech that constitute aspects of social identity), and actional signs (indications of actions associated with the role of power holders in early medieval society). The study pays particular attention to the modes of introduction and interpretation of power presentems (emblematic, allegorical, symbolic) within Anglo-Saxon early medieval linguistic culture. It also investigates the peculiarities of the realization of these types of signs in sociocultural communicative practices (acts of “conspicuous consumption”) during public ceremonies that brought the entire community together (gifts, mead feasts during banquets, and treasure burials in funerary rites), serving as a means of self-presentation of power to society and creating an image of the ruling elite at both internal and interregional levels.

This study investigates the pragmatic-semantic aspects of the hyperbolized representation (caricaturization) of gluttony within the discursive space of M. Amis’s novel “Money: A Suicide Note.” It analyzes both direct nominations and metaphorically reinterpreted linguistic resources that contribute to the creation of a parodic image of the fat man and glutton at the sentence level and within a broader intratextual context. The underlying mechanisms that construct a typified situation of gluttony and its consequences are unveiled. The use of cognitive dissonance is characterized as a device that aids in shaping the comic figure of the protagonist in the novel. The author emphasizes Amis’s iterative approach to constructing a caricatured archetypal image of the hedonist and glutton through a variety of lexico-semantic, stylistic, and contextually-cognitive tools, noting their high discursive density. Cognitive-linguistic mechanisms for representing the theme of gluttony in a caricatural and hyperbolized manner are identified. The findings open new horizons for exploring pragmatic-semantic resources and the cognitive-discursive potential of verbal manifestations of the contemporary issue of selfish lifestyles. The connotative and emotive multidimensionality of the caricatured verbal image is defined.

This study presents a description of the types of functional interrelationships between verbal messages and punctuation marking within the context of individual authorial punctuation practices among Russian speakers from the late 18th to the early 21st century. The research material comprises punctuation and graphic facts predominantly found in literary (both prose and poetry) and scientific texts. The relevance of this study lies in the necessity to represent various types of functional interrelationships between verbal messages and punctuation marking on a unified conceptual basis — namely, informational. It is demonstrated that three such types have emerged in written discourse: verbal message with punctuation marking, verbal message without punctuation marking, and punctuation marking without a verbal message. The differentiation among these types is shown to be conditioned by the varying distribution of primary information conveyed through verbal means and additional information expressed via punctuation markers within written statements. The conclusion drawn indicates that, when semantically interpreting written statements deliberately devoid of punctuation or composed solely of punctuation marks, the implied verbal messages with punctuation marking frequently serve as the background.

This study investigates the national worldview represented by proper nouns in educational texts for Arabic as a foreign language. The primary objective of this research is to explore the ethnocultural semantics and pragmatics of proper nouns within the context of Arabic language acquisition. A total of 910 proper names extracted from teaching materials are analyzed using descriptive and linear comparative methods, along with contextual, componential, and functional-stylistic analysis techniques. Nine microgroups of proper nouns are identified, reflecting significant realities for Arabs, encompassing both physical entities (people and their locations) and spiritual components (beliefs, food traditions, celebrations, etc.). Statistical data is provided; for instance, the proportion of anthroponyms in educational texts accounts for 60%, which is attributed to the study of speech etiquette norms in Arab culture. The use of toponyms constitutes 18%, aligning with the necessary linguistic and cultural aspects of foreign language education. Additionally, religious onomastic units make up 10% of the corpus, referencing ethical principles within Islamic culture. The authors conclude that proper nouns play a crucial role in reconstructing the image of the target language country, necessitating adherence to several selection principles: frequency, precedence, positive connotation, symbolic significance, and alignment with Islamic cultural principles.

This article explores various methods of verbal representation of cultural-historical memory within graffiti discourse. Street art objects are presented as a sociocultural discursive formation that conveys specific national concepts, spiritual and moral guidelines, and ethical principles. The aim of this study is to examine the types of precedent phenomena utilized by graffiti writers and to propose a classification of the corresponding verbal street art objects based on the findings. The material analyzed comprises over 200 graffiti pieces featuring diverse intertextual inclusions. The minimal structural-semantic unit of a precedent phenomenon is identified as the intertexteme — linguistic means that realize intertextual connections within specific textual contexts. The authors conclude that intertextemes based on historical and cultural material of varying quality serve to reveal the communicative-pragmatic intentions and worldview objectives of graffiti writers. By infusing urban spaces with unique meanings, graphic street art objects not only highlight pressing socio-economic issues but also contain philosophical reflections and include content that facilitates the effective transmission and preservation of the national cultural-historical code.

This article presents a new interpretation of Joseph Brodsky’s “Great Poem” titled “Triton” (1994, originally named “Mollusk”) and its titular imagery. It is noted that previous scholars have exclusively interpreted the titular image metaphorically, relying on the poem’s poetic imagery and allusively linking the mollusk and triton images to the symbolism of the marine element or, more concretely, to the historical and architectural context of the poem. This study adopts a different approach, suggesting a connection between the poem’s creation and real events in Brodsky’s life, particularly a heart attack he experienced shortly before writing. It demonstrates that the image of the mollusk has a specific source of metaphorization in Brodsky’s work — the human heart, which, like a living mollusk, opens and closes its valves, filling its chambers, and is intricately linked to the vital aorta. The article traces how seemingly incidental “medical” details accumulate additional connotations, providing semantic and meaningful support for the entire poetic structure. Various reasons and origins for the change in the poem’s title and the transformation of its titular imagery are proposed. It is shown that the “mystery” of the titular image in Brodsky’s poem possesses both existential and quotidian dimensions. The authors note that the context of Soviet literature in which the poet was formed did not hinder him from creating a profound philosophical work.

This paper continues the exploration of early song records from Mongolian-speaking peoples (Khalka Mongols, Oirat, Kalmyks, Buryats). Introducing song-shas into scholarly discourse is of significant interest for studying the broader issue of the development of genre systems within Mongolian song folklore. The examination of these song-shas is also crucial for reconstructing the historical evolution of Buddhism among the Mongols. For the first time, this article analyzes the representations of the higher hierarchs of Tibetan Buddhism (Tsongkhapa, Dalai Lama, Panchen Lama) based on early records of song folklore preserved in archives in Saint Petersburg, a substantial portion of which has been published by the author in the collection “Kalmyk Folk Songs and Melodies of the 19th Century” (2015) and in the monograph “Kalmyk Folk Songs and Melodies from the 19th to Early 20th Century: Research and Materials” (2023). Additional materials for studying the hierarchs of Tibet and their depictions include folklore (legends, tales, epics), lexicographic, historical, and ethnographic sources, as well as translations of Buddhist hymns (rapsals). Through an analysis of the song texts, the author concludes that the examined early song-shas provide evidence that complements and expands knowledge about the higher hierarchs of Tibetan Buddhism, who have had a significant impact on Buddhism among the Mongols.

This article addresses the issue of literary reflection on the artistic legacy of contemporary Russian writer Oleg Pavlov. The study is based on critical and journalistic articles, literary analyses of the author’s works, and selected literary pieces. It presents an attempt at a systematic description, generalization, and analysis of Oleg Pavlov’s poetics. For the first time, the article proposes a periodization of the writer’s oeuvre. The author identifies and interprets the classical stages of Pavlov’s creative biography — early (“biographical”), mature (“critical-journalistic”), and late (“reflective”). It is established that literary criticism has offered a mixed assessment of the writer’s artistic mastery, presenting contradictory judgments ranging from condescending and tolerant to sharp and accusatory. On one hand, his prose is associated with the classical literary tradition; on the other hand, a cliché of the “gloomy” writer has emerged. The article highlights a sustained interest in Oleg Pavlov’s works within academic literary studies, identifying mythopoetic, philosophical, historical-cultural, and linguistic research directions. The author concludes that current philological reflection opens up research perspectives in the study of Pavlov’s poetics as a representative of “new realism” in contemporary Russian literature.

The article is devoted to the comprehension of the “novel of the figure” as a special subtype of the Bildungsroman. The hypothesis of the study is to expand and deepen the ideas of M. Bakhtin and M. Berg about a special variety of the Bildungsroman in socialist realist literature, as well as H. Meixner and W. Berg. Meixner and V. Pashigorev on the genre specificity of the “novel of the figure”: we believe that in socialist realist literature the tradition of the Bildungsroman was transformed into the “novel of the figure”. The scientific novelty of the article consists in the fact that for the first time it is proved that the “novel of the figure” on the Russian soil genetically goes back to “What is to be done?” by N.G. Chernyshevsky. The aim of the article is to identify the genetic origins of the novel of the figure in Russian literature. As a result, it was found that, first, Chernyshevsky's novel retains the genre dominance of the Bildungsroman; moreover, in the presence of a monohero as a bearer of exclusively typical features, the idea centered in his image undergoes formation in the novel. Second, Chernyshevsky’s novel, as well as the socialist realist “novel of the figure,” is centered on the process of ideologization, and the most important stages of the heroine's ideological formation in the novel are marked by the inclusion of oneiric episodes in the chronotope of the narrative, which contribute to the creation of a special narrative model. Thirdly, the heroine's development is initially set and directed into the future in such a way that as a result she turns from a carrier of an idea into its translator and becomes identical with it in the eyes of the other characters: in the novel’s finale, the protagonist’s role changes from student to mentor.

This study investigates the translational strategies employed by A.M. Fedorov in his poetic rendition of Edwin Arnold’s Buddhist poem “The Light of Asia,” created in 1895. It explores how Arnold’s text is modified in translation and how these modifications contribute to the contextualization of the poem within the Russian poetic landscape. The analysis draws on the original text of “The Light of Asia” by Edwin Arnold, along with translations by A.N. Annenskaya, I.M. Sabashnikov, and A.M. Fedorov, as well as literary-critical publications from the turn of the 19th to the 20th century. Employing historical-literary and comparative approaches, the study aims to analytically explore the transformations of Arnold’s text within Russian culture. It is reported that A.M. Fedorov creates his poetic adaptation of Arnold’s work based on Annenskaya’s earlier prose translation (1890). The findings reveal that he modifies the meter of the original and significantly varies it, replacing the unrhymed pentameter with a diverse range of rhymed forms, typically aligned with the tradition of Russian Oriental poetry. Furthermore, it is shown that Fedorov Russifies the translation in terms of vocabulary and stylistically aligns it with Romantic traditions, allowing for considerable deviations from the original, including omissions and additions. Notably, the ease of the verse and the familiarity of the poetic form contribute to the popularity of this translation in Russia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries; it has been reedited and republished in the early 21st century.

This article explores the remnants of the ancient sun worship cult that have persisted within the myths, fairy tales, and ritual practices of the Kalmyk people. The aim of the study is to identify traces of this ancient cult in folklore and ritual traditions, and to determine their symbolic significance in fairy tale narratives and ceremonial actions. The research material includes samples of myths, magical and heroic tales, as well as life-cycle rituals. It is demonstrated that the concept of solar divinity and its influence on earthly existence has formed the foundation for numerous religious and mythological beliefs, traces of which can be found in various aspects of the spiritual and religious life of the Kalmyk people. The article notes that the ancient pre-Buddhist calendar festival of Zul is celebrated during the winter solstice. An analysis of myths, magical tales, and heroic epics reveals significant motifs: (1) with the rising sun, the hero acquires magical objects, wishes are fulfilled, and traces of malevolent forces are revealed; (2) when embarking on a journey, fairy tale characters invariably begin their movement “following the sun,” that is, in the direction of the sun’s path, which is associated with a steadfast belief in the successful completion of their endeavors. It is shown that the ancient concept of celestial divinity manifests in endowing the fairy tale hero with solar attributes.

This article examines the distinctive features of urban narrative construction in the works of Chelyabinsk writer Dmitry Bavilsky. The primary objective of this study is to identify specific interpretative variations of urban text within the framework of the cycle “Noun.” The methodological foundation of the research is grounded in the principles of narratology, approaches from geopoetics, and the concepts of mental cartography, which allow for the delineation of a unique vision of the cityscape. It is demonstrated that the urban narrative in D. Bavilsky’s cycle “Noun” emphasizes a particular chronotope of the city, described through the lens of its periphery: Cherdachinsk (a name resonant with Chelyabinsk) exists at the boundary of a specific geographical locus while simultaneously straddling different worlds. The authors highlight that the city in Bavilsky’s works is intricately linked to the image of a protagonist striving to comprehend their own “self” through spatial perception, articulating a state of “non-belonging,” and filling it with subjective value characteristics. It is noted that a leading technique in Bavilsky’s text construction is antithesis. The analysis of the material allows for an enrichment of the traditions surrounding the study of Chelyabinsk text and Bavilsky’s oeuvre, characterizing a high level of reflection on the image of the city in the writer’s work.

This study examines the evolution of the state science and technology policy in the USSR at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s, utilizing declassified archival documents to assess its effectiveness across several key areas. The findings demonstrate that the analyzed documents provide substantial evidence that central party-state organs — thanks to the efforts of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, and the State Committee for Science and Technology under the Council of Ministers — obtained concrete information regarding both the overall scientific and technological potential of the country and specific sectors. It is reported that comparative metrics with the United States and other leading capitalist nations were traditionally included in such reports, serving as arguments that drew leadership attention to various issues while corroborating the authors’ conclusions. The study identifies several critical blocking factors, including insufficient funding, low investment efficiency, prolonged construction projects, subpar quality of domestic equipment, and a lack of competence among certain high-ranking government officials, as well as the neglect of recommendations from leading scientists; a departmental approach, inadequate collaboration between civilian and defense sectors of science, and a shortage of specialists in key areas. Furthermore, it is noted that trends in the development of the scientific and technological sphere in leading countries indicated the emergence of national innovation systems that have proven effective.

This article examines the implementation of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in the Tatar Republic, Ulyanovsk, Samara, and Saratov provinces. The institutional principles governing the organization of the internal market, developed within the framework of Lenin’s project, are identified as the foundation of economic activity. The results of a comparative analysis of the regional network are presented. It is established that the rapid growth of trade was driven by the dynamics of absolute indicators in the private sector and the strengthening positions of state and cooperative sectors. It is emphasized that while there was a shift towards state entities in provincial trade turn-over, a balanced ratio of trading competitors with an advantage for private capital was observed in the Tatar Republic. The study argues that the revival of market conditions, influenced by prior experience, initiated an evolutionary direction for the policies being implemented. It is shown that regulation reflected a measured approach by authorities towards private competition and their desire to critically assess their actions regarding cooperation. However, instances of incompetence and simplified solutions to pressing issues suggest that the legitimization of arbitrary state power to interfere in the recovery process is merely a matter of time. The author concludes that the counterbalance to the destructive force of class hatred can only be found in the constructive potential of social partnership, which builds an economy based on compromise.

This article analyzes the transformations in Russian-Georgian relations following the Rose Revolution. The study aims to evaluate the key phases and significant aspects of the bilateral relationship that have notably influenced regional political dynamics. Utilizing a comprehensive approach, the research draws on official documents, media publications, and analytical reports. It employs methods of political analysis, historical review, and comparative analysis, facilitating a thorough understanding of the issues at hand. The findings demonstrate that the revolution resulted in a deterioration of relations, particularly following the imposition of visa and trade restrictions. In subsequent years, the relationship exhibited fluctuations with periods of escalation. Notably, recent years have seen a reduction in tensions and a resumption of dialogue. The study identifies critical factors affecting the dynamics of relations, including Georgia's foreign policy orientations and regional conflicts. It emphasizes that political will and international mediation play a crucial role in the process of rebuilding trust between the two nations, presenting new challenges and opportunities for resolving their differences.

This article aims to analyze the key directions in the construction of identity for the Tyumen Cossack Union. The research is grounded in materials sourced from the collections of the State Archive of Tyumen Region. The author asserts that from its inception, the Tyumen Cossack Union has emphasized not only its Cossack identity but also its Orthodox and Russian affiliations. The study demonstrates that it was crucial for the organization to assert its claims to the authenticity of Cossack heritage in the Tyumen region. The documents intentionally highlight historical continuity with Cossack formations from Tsarist and Imperial Russia. Furthermore, it is reported that in pursuit of these objectives, particular attention is given to the over four-hundred-year history of the Siberian Cossack Host, the role of Cossacks in the founding of Siberian cities (including Tyumen), and the historical significance of Yermak’s conquests in Siberia. The documents also reveal instances of collaboration between the Cossacks and a center for Eastern martial arts, underscoring the complexities involved in constructing the identity of any society.

This article examines the shifts in the policy of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the United States in relation to the onset of the Cold War. It highlights that President Truman, unlike his predecessor Franklin Roosevelt, had a markedly different perspective on the Bureau's operations, emphasizing the necessity of compelling this agency to adhere strictly to laws and other legal norms. The analysis reveals that in the context of confrontation with the White House, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover sought collaboration with ultra-conservative factions from both political parties. It is shown that Hoover initiated a campaign against communist influence in the United States, with the underlying aim of circumventing national leadership to further the objectives of the FBI. Notably, in 1950, a leader emerged among Hoover's supporters—Senator Joseph McCarthy. The rapidly coalescing "McCarthyite" movement gained influence and, in alliance with the Bureau, fostered an atmosphere of suspicion in America to hold accountable those individuals and organizations deemed by federal agents to be linked to Soviet intelligence or "disloyal." This article analyzes the complexities in the relationship between the FBI and the White House, characterizes the beginning of the Bureau's collaboration with radical conservatives in Congress, and traces the origins of McCarthyism. It also explores the evolution of public campaigns against communism, examines the associated repressions, and assesses the impact of the "loss" of China on this campaign and the president's stance.

This article addresses the utilization of heroic imagery from the past within the memory politics of the early 20th century Russian Empire. The author provides a detailed analysis of the commemoration of A.V. Suvorov’s feats during the reign of Nicholas II. It is demonstrated that the centenary of Suvorov’s death catalyzed a resurgence of interest in this heroic figure. Based on archival documents and periodical press, the study shows that efforts to immortalize the general continued after the centennial anniversary. The research establishes that Victorian themes occupied a central position in the symbolic politics of autocratic power throughout this period. The author concludes that the state actively employed the heroic image of A.V. Suvorov to legitimize the existing order and unify the empire’s populace. It is emphasized that, in the early 20th century, key instruments for shaping the memory landscape included the construction of a pantheon of national heroes, the establishment of museums, the organization of celebratory ceremonies, and the execution of educational initiatives, alongside monumental commemoration. The author asserts that narratives from military history were instrumental in creating cultural infrastructure both within and beyond the state’s borders. This article is of particular interest to researchers exploring issues related to historical memory and memory politics in the early 20th century.

This article examines the formation and functioning of local air defense (LAD) in the Rostov region during the years 1941 to 1943. The research draws on both published and unpublished archival documents, as well as materials from periodicals. It highlights the pivotal role played by Soviet and party authorities in the establishment of local air defense structures at the regional level. The findings demonstrate that efforts aimed at enhancing the readiness and effectiveness of LAD in the region did not always yield the anticipated outcomes. The article reveals that the formation of local air defense in the Rostov region was fraught with difficulties stemming from military operations and partial occupation of the territory. Additionally, it was established that in the first half of 1943, further complications arose due to shortcomings of Soviet and party organizations in the cities and districts of the Rostov region, which failed to timely oversee the preparation of the entire LAD system. The conclusion is drawn that full restoration of local air defense functionality was not achieved until the complete liberation of the Rostov region, as pressing issues within the LAD system were deprioritized amidst ongoing military engagements.

This study examines the circulation of copper coins in Russia during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, focusing on the Vyatka Governorate. It specifically addresses the storage and transportation of copper currency both within and beyond the region. The research is based on materials from the Central State Archive of Kirov Oblast, including records from the sessions of the Vyatka Treasury Chamber, documents related to the construction and repair of storage facilities for currency in district towns, reports from the Treasury Chamber, contracts with merchants and peasants for the delivery of copper coins, and accounts of vessels transporting copper currency to the capital. The study investigates plans for constructing specialized storage facilities in district towns for copper currency. It has been established that throughout the examined period, despite attempts by the Vyatka Treasury Chamber to find solutions, existing issues concerning the storage of significant quantities of copper coins remained unresolved. The research indicates that transporting copper currency (amounting to several dozen, and at times hundreds, of tons) beyond the Vyatka Province involved addressing a complex set of challenges by the Vyatka Treasury Chamber, including contract negotiations, vessel construction, crew assembly, and security provisions. The findings conclude that the Vyatka Treasury Chamber demonstrated adaptability in responding to emerging difficulties, which effectively minimized disruptions in government contracts for delivering currency to designated locations.

This study examines the women’s movement in Britain during the late 1880s and 1890s. The sources include periodicals, publicist writings, memoirs, contemporary recollections, and transcripts of British parliamentary sessions. The paper challenges extreme historiographical perspectives that view the 1890s as either a period of decline for the women’s movement or, conversely, a time of breakthrough. The author concludes that this period was characterized by gradual development, marked by both successes and setbacks. On one hand, the social composition and organizational structure of the movement expanded, the number of parliamentary supporters increased, and women’s roles in electoral campaigns and local governance grew. By the late 1880s, women began to be recognized as a significant political force. On the other hand, the primary goal of achieving voting rights remained unfulfilled; the number of women working within electoral structures and campaigns was relatively small compared to the overall population, and repeated schisms within the movement indicated a certain weakness during the first half of the examined period. The analysis delves into the reasons motivating women's participation in activism, raises questions about strategies for securing suffrage, and discusses the challenges faced by suffragists. It is emphasized that during this time, disillusioned with constitutional methods of campaigning for enfranchisement, suffragists gradually leaned toward more militant approaches.

This article reconstructs the political thought of the Russian anti-Bolshevik emigration in Poland during the Polish-Soviet War and the subsequent peace negotiations. The primary sources include materials from the Warsaw newspaper “Svoboda,” published by the Russian Political Committee (RPK) led by B.V. Savinkov. It emphasizes that, operating on foreign soil, émigrés laid the ideological groundwork for Russian-Polish cooperation. The article notes that Polish authorities harbored distrust towards the White movement, perceiving it as a potentially hostile force against Poland. It demonstrates that the RPK sought to dispel these suspicions by openly declaring a pro-Polish stance, which, in turn, provoked irritation among the right wing of Russian society (monarchists and supporters of “United and Indivisible Russia”). The author concludes that B.V. Savinkov, during the Civil War years, adopted a nationalist discourse, reflecting the influence of Józef Piłsudski — a socialist, revolutionary, and nationalist. The question of an independent Poland as a source of inspiration for democratic émigrés, who hoped for a similar awakening of Russian national consciousness, is also raised. The relevance of this study lies in the necessity to explore the Civil War within the context of intellectual history.

This article explores the involvement of Colonel General Mikhail Petrovich Stepanov, an officer of the General Staff, in the formation of the Orthodox Palestine Society under Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. Stepanov emerged as a pivotal leader during the first 35 years of the organization’s existence. Drawing on both published sources and archival documents from the Russian Empire’s Foreign Policy Archive (Moscow), the Russian State Military Historical Archive (Moscow), and the Manuscript Department of the Russian National Library (St. Petersburg), this study highlights Stepanov’s role in the establishment and initial activities of the Palestine Society. The article examines the circumstances surrounding Stepanov’s appointment to serve under the Grand Duke and the specifics of his official duties. Particular attention is given to Stepanov’s participation in the Grand Duke’s pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1881, his interactions with Archimandrite Antonin (Kapustin), head of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem, and the preparatory processes leading to the founding of the Palestine Society in 1882. Additionally, the article discusses the reasons and circumstances behind Stepanov’s appointment as secretary of the Society within the context of organizational staffing policies that sought to balance various forces, factions, and influences.

This article presents a historical analysis of the Russian government’s policies regarding Islamic holidays over the past century, focusing on the case of Kabardino-Balkaria. Drawing on archival and published data, the author highlights the influence of historical legacies established during the Soviet era. It is noted that in the 1920s, Islamic holidays in Kabardino-Balkaria were officially recognized as non-working days for the first time. The study pays particular attention to the activities of the Council for Religious Affairs and the Council for Religious Cults during the 1940s to 1980s. Utilizing reporting documents, it introduces data on governmental tactics, as well as information regarding the number of participants, venues, and the gender composition of Muslims who observed fasting and engaged in communal celebrations. The article argues that for Muslims in Soviet Kabardino-Balkaria, the holidays of Uraza-Bayram and Kurban-Bayram became institutions for preserving religious practices amidst stringent secularism. Additionally, it examines the period of Islamic revival in the post-Soviet era, during which these holidays regained their status as regional non-working days. The findings demonstrate that government authorities and local self-governance bodies, along with political actors, actively participate in organizing these celebrations within the framework of identity politics and the regulation of public events.