The relevance of the article is determined by the insufficient study of stable verbal complexes in the language of the XVI—XVII centuries — the initial stage of the formation of the Russian national language. The novelty of the study can be seen in the systematization of a separate category of data stable units — formulas that function in texts of this period that differ in genre. The term stereotypic formulas is introduced, and its definition is offered. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive description of the material for further presentation in the historical differentiated phraseological dictionary. The classification of the analyzed stereotypical formulas is given according to various criteria: the degree of prevalence in business and everyday language texts of the period under study, in accordance with the form of the document, from the point of view of structure. Particular attention is paid to the linguistic and sociocultural aspect of the analyzed units consideration: the identification of their linguistic and cultural potential, historical and social conditioning in the considered period, the ability to act as a symbol, the need for decoding for modern speakers of the language. It is concluded that stereotyped formulas represent a systematic dictionary association of units of different degrees of stability and different structure. Problems that require solutions in the lexicographic description of stereotyped formulas are defined.

The issue of controversial assessment of the use of medical terminology in professional communication is considered. It is noted that the use of medical terms in communication between a doctor and an adult patient can trigger emotional tension and mistrust of the doctor’s recommendations. At the same time, it was established that patients who are familiar with medical terminology consider the use of terms by doctors to be a significant factor indicating the quality of the services provided. The question arises about the transformation of terms when changing the communicative situation “doctor — doctor” to “doctor — child — parent”. To identify and analyze transformations of medical terms, lexical-semantic and morphosyntactic analysis was used. As a result of the method of expert evaluations application, interpretations of medical terminology by doctors were obtained. It is asserted that in the communicative situation “doctor — patient and / or his representative” to remove difficulties caused by the use of highly specialized medical terms, the doctor resorts to a complex transformation of the term — explication. It is shown that explication is provided by a number of lexicalgrammatical (generalization, concretization, synonymous replacement) and syntactic techniques (adding a single prepositive definition, extended postpositive definition, adjunctive determiner, adjunctive goal), as well as stylistic means (emotionally colored vocabulary, intensifiers, conversational style).

The description of Russian phraseological units by means of the Chinese language in lexicographic practice is considered. Dictionary articles, their structure and content from six main phraseological dictionaries published in China from the second half of the last century to the present day are analyzed. The results of the research showed that the explanation of Russian phraseology in these lexicographic sources is carried out in two ways: through interpretation and selection of a similar expression. It is shown that the second method is implemented in two variants: as interpretation-translation and literal translation. It has been established that interpretation-translation differs from actual interpretation and literal translation by the presence of two equivalent functions: explanation and interpretation. The compound description model «analogous expression + additional interpretation», which is most often used in dictionary articles where there is no proper interpretation and etymological information is also revealed. On the contrary, when they are present in the dictionary article, a Chinese analogous expression is usually used as a variant of the explanation of the Russian phraseological unit. The authors come to the conclusion that the volume of dictionary articles and models of description of Russian phraseology depend on the goals of dictionary compilers: a brief reference presentation of phraseology, a detailed explanation through an extensive etymological commentary, representation of materials for learning by demonstrating examples, etc.

The value components of the concept PATRIOTISM are studied. The immediate focus of the proposed research is the connotativeevaluative transformations of the adjective ‘patriotic’ in representative contexts. The technique of discursive corpus analysis was used. The material for the study is the lexicographic interpretations of the word ‘patriotic’, presented in a number of Russian explanatory dictionaries, as well as the language data of the Russian National Corpus. It is shown that the implicit positive appraisal for the word ‘patriotic’ is naturally generated by its general language semantics ʽimbued with patriotism, filled with patriotismʼ, ʽexpressing a feeling of patriotismʼ, etc., as a result of which positive-evaluative connotations ʽhaving value significance for the speakerʼ are implied; ʽcorresponding to national ideals and valuesʼ; ʽtrue, correct, the one that should beʼ. The analyzed material confirmed the relevance for the speech implementation of the word ‘patriotic’ models of negative evaluation in the usage of overly affected patriotism; external, ostentatious patriotism; false, imaginary, false patriotism; insufficient patriotism. The conclusion is made about the complexity of the ethnos “language of values” structure, about the ambiguity of certain phenomena linguistic evaluation of reality mechanisms in the speech practices of native speakers.

The article is devoted to the study of the sports slang features of figure skating fans in the modern Russian. The relevance of the study is due to the increased interest of domestic fans in figure skating, which was expressed in numerous author’s materials and comments on the Internet. The research was conducted on the material of the texts published on the Internet platform “Zen” for 2021—2022. The material includes 115 slang units. The main functions of modern sports slangisms in the sphere of “Figure skating” (nominative, expressiveevaluative, identifying, function of language economy) were studied. The main thematic groups of studied slangisms, represented by the names of sports competitions, programs and elements, figure skaters, athletes, coaches, ratings, fans / supporters, sports organizations are established. The main productive wordformation models of lexical elements of modern sports slang in the sphere of “Figure skating"” in Russian-language Internet communication are revealed. Conclusions are made that the most productive way of word formation of slangisms in the field of “Figure skating” are abbreviations of various types.

The axiogenic situation of the pandemic is considered based on the material of social advertising of two countries — Russia and China. The thesis is advanced that the coronavirus pandemic can be considered as a referent that allows a value-marked interpretation. The purpose of the work is to identify a set of universal values objectified in social advertising; characterize verbal and visual codes as means of expressing valuable meanings; determine national specifics of advertising.

400 Russian and Chinese advertising texts served as the material for the observations. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the axiological space of advertising of both countries is constructed by a set of valuable meanings, united by the absolute value of being — the concept of LIFE. It is noted that the structure of advertising discourse is based on the dichotomy of biological and social. The key value, along with life and its protection, was the strength of unity and cohesion of the nation in the face of a mortal threat. The value of the heroic is objectified in the image of medical workers. It was revealed that Chinese advertising is characterized by a language game associated with homonymy and the transformation of phraseological units, and the absence of weakly creolized texts with a strong cultural and historical component of the visual series. It is concluded that Russian advertising revives the style of the Soviet poster when promoting sanitary and hygienic rules.

The focus of the authors of the article attention is the analysis of the practical experience of mastering digital media technologies aimed at the formation and strengthening of constructive interaction with the readership. The subject of analysis was the sites and social networks of traditional mass media of the closed administrative-territorial formation (ZATO) of Sarov (Nizhegorod region). These sources were studied in terms of the specifics of digital content distribution, the formation of new technological approaches to interaction with the audience, and the search for creative ways of establishing constructive interaction with the reader. It has been established that the use of digital technologies in the local information market has not yet become a universal trend. At the same time, it is noted that the analysis of the activity of regional mass media in social networks, video hosting, messengers revealed positive practices of interaction with audience groups, in particular, a clearly noticeable tendency to establish interactive communication with the target audience. However, conclusions are drawn about the insufficient use of available communication resources in building a mutually interested dialogue, which in the future may negatively affect the prospective development of the local press, lead to stagnation due to inattention to the requests and expectations of the audience.

The publication reflects on the role of the concept of publication in the conditions of the modern media market. In the conditions of the region, the project should be based on the needs and values of the target audience. The Omsk media resource Tramplin, which was born during the pandemic, is an example of a new conceptual solution. Omsk is known as a city with an “unstable” background mood, with a high migration outflow and a lack of a positive attitude towards the area of residence. In this situation, several enterprising creators decided to offer the market an alternative point of view on the space in which they live. Springboard Media is a resource about the love of the city, encouraging the reader to share this feeling. The concept of the publication resulted in a content strategy, which can be traced at the level of selection of facts, graphic and structural design of the resource. The developed content distribution system found support and response from readers. This is evidenced by the marketing audit of the resource, undertaken during the study, its results are presented in the publication. The emergence of such projects indicates a new stage in the development of regional journalism, which needs to correlate the values broadcast by the media.

The phenomenon of fake news is considered as a multifaceted scientific problem that cannot be solved without using an interdisciplinary approach. The relevance of the study is due to the high degree of influence of falsifications on the information perception of a person, and consequently, on the cognitive safety of society. A fake is analyzed as a complex construct that does not have clear signs, but has an intentional effect on a person. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of the interaction of cognitive mechanisms and language forms in the practice of interaction with fakes. The concept of “post-truth” is considered as an instrument of influence of multiple subjects on the audience by proclaiming the multiplicity of truths. The practices of combating illegal information content, based on the experience of various states are described. It is noted that in Russia, history is considered a key factor in the state policy of cognitive security. The article substantiates the need to find complementary resources in linguistic and historical sciences for effective countermeasures against information manipulation and presentation of unreliable information. The authors concluded that the priority task of interdisciplinary research at the present stage is the creation of a complementary empirical scientific base taking into account the methods of cognitive linguistics and the testing of theoretical models on recipients.

The theme of ‘new sincerity’ in literature is considered on the material of the novel “The Language of Flowers” by the American writer Vanessa Dieffenbach, published in 2011. The relevance of the study lies in the keen interest of literary scholars in the 21st century to the issues of ‘new sincerity’ and florpoetics. It is shown that in Dieffenbach modern novel, these themes are revealed through the reconstruction of the ancient secular tradition and the literary genre “language of flowers”. The author of the article traces the history of the formation of ‘new sincerity’ literature at the end of the XX — early XXI centuries. On the example of V. Dieffenbach’s novel, signs of ‘new sincerity’ literature are revealed in fragments of the novel related to the “language of flowers” (as floral communication between heroes), the botanical theme and the recreation of the novel heroines of the forgotten literary genre history of the 19th century with the corresponding name. It has been established that in the past the “language of flowers” was necessary to veil one’s feelings, and in the present, when people lack live communication, it helps to open up. In the conclusion, the author of the article points out the features that characterize V. Dieffenbach’s novel as the literature of ‘new sincerity’. Among them are the emotionality of the text, the search for new means of communication between people, the appeal to Christian values and the tradition of the “language of flowers”, which helps people communicate with each other.

The principles of structuring and methods of objectification of the spatial continuum in B. Pylnyak’s novel “The Volga flows into the Caspian Sea” are investigated. Particular attention is focused on the lexical representation of space as a basic category of the author’s language picture of the world. The novelty of the research consists in the identification, systematization and description of linguistic material, which allows to determine individual author’s features in the creation of the spatial continuum of B. Pylniak’s novel. The relevance of the article is due to addressing the problem of linguistic expression of world-modeling universals in a literary text. The article uses methods of semantic and linguistic stylistic analysis, comparison and description of language units. It helps us to identify and consider the means of lexical representation of the spatial model created in the novel “Volga Falls into Caspian Sea”, which is characterized by kaleidoscopicity, dynamism and the combination of different spatial planes. During the research, the author comes to conclusions containing the characteristics of the main types of space in B. Pylniak’s novel, taking into account the individual features of the author’s world modeling, as well as the substantiation of the revealed linguistic parameters of the writer’s idiostyle.

The article is devoted to the study of the speech culture of the European North of Russia. Records of the tale of Verlioka, made in Belozerye, from the words of one informant twenty years apart, are being investigated. The conditions of existence of fairy tales, genre affiliation, plot organization, compositional structure, language specifics are considered. The conditions of fairy tales existence, genre affiliation, plot organization, compositional structure, language specifics are considered. It is shown that this character, who is marginal and has very blurred characteristics in the East Slavic territory (O. A. Cherepanova), is the antagonist of the main character, differs in the abnormality / monostructure of the body structure (the presence of only one eye) and cannibalism. It is noted that with all the textual discrepancies, the plot is built around the destruction and its elimination with the help of the main character’s magic helpers (rope / belt, acorn, wand), which in a collision with the antagonist show their miraculous properties. The author concludes that the linguistic features of the fairy tale records are determined by the territorial specificity of the storyteller’s speech and his desire to entertain the interlocutors (in the first version of the record) or to reflect the memories of his family and his native village as fully as possible (in the second version).

The novelty of the study is seen in the unexplored question about Prishvin’s attitude to Stalin’s cult of personality. The evolution of the writer’s views on the role of Stalin in the establishment and development of the Soviet state is considered based on the material first introduced into scientific circulation, summarized from the 18-volume Pryshvin’s “Diary”, which became available to the reader only recently. The aim of the study is to show that as a man with a historiosophical mindset, Pryshvin is far from thinking that the cause of the cult of personality is solely Stalin’s fault because of his treachery and despotism. It is noted that the significance of Prishvin’s conclusions about the origins and causes of the Stalinist cult also lies in the fact that the writer’s conclusions largely anticipate the conclusions of many later researchers of the Soviet era. It has been established that Prishvin’s analysis of the objective and subjective factors of the emergence of Stalin’s personality cult shows the reader that before him is not only a talented artist of words, but also an extraordinary thinker with his own philosophical view on the most pressing ideological-political, economic and socio-cultural problems of his time.

The significance of the study is due to the need to update the memory of the personality and work of the East German writer Franz Fuhmann, undeservedly forgotten in the era of united Germany. The novelty of the proposed study is due to the fact that the materials that testify to the long and painstaking preparatory work to create a play about Alces and this work itself have not only not been translated, but have not been studied in Russian German studies either. It is noted that the problem of “inclusion” of artistic consciousness in new media makes it necessary to approach the reception of the classical heritage from a new point of view. It is indicated that Franz Fuman is one of the brightest experimenters in this field. It is shown that psychological rethinking of traditional mythological situations and the creation of their new versions prevail in his dramatic experiments, which allows us to see the timeless grain of the myth. It is argued that in the named work the writer does not deviate from the formulation of the burning topics of our time, but elevates their understanding to a higher level of the eternal questions of mankind. It is emphasized that in this context it is not surprising that the writer turned to the traditions of antiquity, primarily mythology. The author of the article believes that the study of the dramatic experiments of Franz Fumann helps to supplement the picture of the genre and style diversity of his work with new facts.

The authors consider the processes of social and cultural adaptation of migrant children and their integration into the host society in the context of Norway’s immigration policy in the article. Particular attention is paid to the specifics of the country’s immigration policy, strategies for working with immigrant children in the host society, as well as the social consequences of these strategies for Norwegian society. It is emphasized that immigrants and the native population of the country exert mutual influence on each other. Establishment of effective social interactions between them, assimilation of elements of new culture by immigrants has a favorable effect on the internal political stability of the state. It is noted that this is especially important for Norway, which adheres to the policy of multiculturalism. It is concluded that the integration of immigrants into the host community does not happen automatically. The authors also highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the Norwegian immigration policy in relation to children, which to a certain extent calls into question its effectiveness in the long term.

The process of formation and organization of the activities of fire brigades in the cities of the Yenisei province in the second half of the 19^th — early 20^th centuries is studied. The time frame for their creation, funding, as well as the level of training of firefighters, living conditions and service have been specified. It is shown that Krasnoyarsk organized fire fighting, focusing on Moscow and St. Petersburg, and county towns, in turn, followed the example and under the supervision of the provincial city. It is shown that due to the fact that cities arose here as administrative centers, and not as commercial and industrial centers, they were distinguished by such features as low population, the peasant way of life of the bulk of the townspeople, budget deficits, and underdevelopment of the urban economy. It is noted that city governments managed to create permanent fire brigades only by the end of the 19^th century. It is alleged that the lack of funding determined their poor technical equipment, low pay and unfavorable working conditions for firefighters. It is emphasized that there was no professional training system in the region, specialists from European Russia traveled to Siberia extremely reluctantly. It is concluded that the First World War significantly exacerbated all existing problems.

The history of the formation and development of the Siberian criminal exile, the main link in the all-Russian system of execution of punishment in the Russian Empire during the 18th— 19th centuries is discussed in the article. It is shown that the exile to Siberia appeared already at the end of the 16th century, however, during this period, called “Moscow”, it did not yet have a proper organization. The study provides examples that convincingly prove that it was only under Peter I and thanks to his efforts that the Siberian exile began to acquire a legal and organized character, began to play an important role in the protective and punitive system of the state. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time an attempt was made to comprehensively study the transformations of Peter the Great in the field of legal regulation of the system of hard labor and exile, which is shown on the example of Siberia in the 17th—18th centuries. It is shown that it was under Peter that criminal exile and hard labor became not only forms of punishment for criminals, but also the main way to use free labor in the construction of strategically important facilities for the country located on the borders of the Russian Empire.

The causes and consequences of the famine in the Tambov province in 1924—1925 are examined in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the need for a comprehensive study of the Russian peasantry of the “revolutionary breakthrough generation” (born at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries). The main attention is paid to the impact of famine on the social and political moods of the peasantry. In order to determine the factors that influenced the self-awareness of the villagers, the documents of the funds of the Russian Archive of Social and Political History and the State Archive of Social and Political History of the Tambov Region were studied. A wide range of documents of central and local party organizations and state security bodies are used in the article. The social practices resorted to by rural society for survival in extreme crop failure conditions are considered. Relations between the main social groups of the village are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of state aid to the starving. As a result of the conducted research, an increase in oppositional attitudes among the peasantry has been proven. An increase in religiosity and egalitarian tendencies in rural areas is considered characteristic. It was established that significant state aid contributed to the spread of peasant loyalty to the government.

The activities of the British Parliament to regulate the foreign policy of the United Kingdom towards Syria during the reign of Prime Minister D. Cameron are analyzed. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the strengthening of the role of Parliament, which occurred during the acute phase of the Syrian crisis, significantly affects current trends in British foreign policy. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the Syrian crisis is considered as a factor that contributed to the consistent strengthening of the role of parliament as a center for making foreign policy decisions. Attention is paid to the role of parliamentary committees in determining the UK’s policy on the Syrian track. The documents of the British Parliament are being studied in order to identify the position of parliamentarians in relation to the government course. The evolution of the British Middle East policy during the active phase of the Syrian crisis is analyzed. It is proved that Parliament had a corrective influence on the foreign policy of Great Britain, which is confirmed by the appearance during this period of significant functions, both in the House of Commons and in parliamentary committees. It is noted that the government sought to enlist the support of the parliament to ensure the legitimacy of the supply of weapons to the Syrian opposition and the conduct of a military operation in Syria.

The problems of providing collective farm families of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with food and non-food industrial goods in the first post-war five-year period are studied. The relevance of the study is due to the unresolved problem of scientifically based and balanced consumption of these goods by the population to date. The source base for writing the article was the materials of budget surveys of the population, which have a long history in our country. Materials from the funds of two archives, some of which have never been published and have signs of scientific novelty were used. It was alleged that the main foodstuffs in the Bashkir village in the first post-war years were potatoes, milk and bread with some addition of vegetables and meat products. It is stated that most of the money allocated for the purchase of manufactured goods was spent on the purchase of ready-made clothes, shoes, fabrics and piece goods from them, as well as soap and matches. Attention is focused on the fact that the monetary reform of 1947 sharply reduced the income of collective farmers in the Urals. It is proved that in the period under study the level of provision of collective farm families of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with food and nonfood industrial goods was significantly lower than the scientifically based norms for their consumption.

The issue of the development of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire in the Baltic region after the death of Peter I is considered as a continuation of the foreign policy of Ivan the Terrible. The aim of the work is to study the continuity of foreign policy in the Baltic on an all-Russian scale. The study is based on clerical sources: correspondence of the French representative in Russia, Jacques de Campredon, notes and business correspondence of the Vice-Chancellor of the Russian Empire, Baron A. I. Osterman. Record keeping materials of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, taken from the archives of the Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, were used. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of the influence and significance of the Baltic issue in the context of the development of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire in the first years after the death of Peter I. The influence of the Baltic question on the foreign policy of Russia in the 18th century in the context of the formation of military-political blocs in Europe after the War of the Spanish Succession is demonstrated. The author comes to the conclusion that the continuity of the Baltic issue can be traced from the time of Ivan the Terrible to Peter I and his heirs. It is argued that subjective factors had a strong influence on the foreign policy of Russia in the first post-Petrine years, but were successfully leveled by the foreign policy department under the leadership of A. I. Osterman.

The article deals with the staffing of the prosecutor’s office in the Simbirsk (Ulyanovsk) province in 1922—1928. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that, from an objective point of view, for the first time on the basis of the introduction into scientific circulation of previously inaccessible due to their secrecy archival materials, seized from the depositories of the State Archive of the Ulyanovsk Region and the State Archive of Recent History of the Ulyanovsk Region, the prosecutor’s office personnel work of the authorities was comprehensively analyzed in the regional context in the Simbirsk (Ulyanovsk) province during the period of the new economic policy. The authors studied the specifics of the selection and placement of personnel specialists in accordance with the approved criteria in the prosecutor’s office, traced changes in the regular staff, determined the level of material support for prosecutors, and also noted positive and negative factors in the implemented personnel policy. In the course of the work, it was found that the ongoing personnel policy made it possible to form such a model of the prosecutor’s office, during the functioning of which the Bolsheviks could control the activities of government bodies, law enforcement agencies, economic institutions, public and private organizations, feel safe, and also regularly influence society.

The experience of attracting convicts to work in West Siberian prisons, including those located on the territory of the Arctic zone of Yugra in the late 18th — early 21st centuries, is considered. It is noted that this experience was introduced as part of the humanization of the penitentiary system according to the European model. The authors introduce the concept of “three-phase model” of humanization of the prison. The thesis is substantiated that in the history of Russia this model was implemented three times and necessarily included new principles for organizing the work of prisoners. The results of the last reform, which took place in 2010—2020 are compared with previous reforms and general patterns characteristic of Russia are identified. The purpose of the article is to determine the relationship between the model of work in places of detention and the stages of weakening / strengthening of political power. The study is carried out through the analysis of the organization of work of prisoners, since this factor is an indicator of the state of the law enforcement system, and it reflects the degree of stability of state power as a whole. The study concluded that in the conditions of Russia, the principles of organizing the work of prisoners should correspond to the ideas of justice that are characteristic of the Russian people. The authors argue that the “three-phase model” implemented several times for the humanization of the prison according to the European model always entails negative consequences for the Russian statehood.

The question of the scientific life of the Crimean University (Pedagogical Institute) named after M. V. Frunze in the 20s — early 30s of the XX century through the correspondence of Professor P. A. Dvoychenko and Academician V. I. Vernadsky. It is shown that after leaving Simferopol in February 1921, Academician V. I. Vernadsky, who was involved in the birth of natural science research at the Tauride University, was keenly interested not only in the progress of these studies, but also in the fate of the scientists who made up his entourage in Simferopol. It is argued that Vernadsky’s epistolary communication with Professor Petr Abramovich Dvoichenko makes it possible to identify scientific developments initiated in the Crimea by Vernadsky, on which Crimean scientists continued to work. It is noted that the study of correspondence made it possible to reveal previously unknown pages of the biography of P. A. Dvoychenko. The novelty of the research is seen in the involvement of the epistolary heritage for the reconstruction of the historical everyday life of the scientists Vernadsky, Dvoichenko and their entourage. It is emphasized that the correspondence of scientists allows us to study the tension among the researchers of the Crimea, to see the features of scientific contacts along the line “province — center”. The author dwells on individual plots of interpersonal interaction in the teaching environment of the university.

Based on documentary materials, the article examines the settlement of the Cossack villages of the Psekup Cossack regiment and the description of the resettlement movement in the North-Western Caucasus. The author focuses, first of all, on the civil-settlement aspect, since historical settlements arose from a complex interweaving of politics and geography, power and settlement way of life, reflecting not only the way of life familiar to the Cossacks, but also the Cossack identity. The Psekup Cossack Cavalry Regiment, which was both a military unit of the Kuban Cossack army and an administrative unit within the Kuban region is considered. It is emphasized that, in fact, a military-civilian administration was formed with the maximum sphere of competence in this territory. The problematic aspects of surveying and land use in the Cossack villages of the regiment are revealed. The purpose of the study is to analyze the processes of development of the Trans-Kuban spaces in the form of fortified stanitsa settlements, as well as the penetration of Russian influence in a new area of the historical region of Kuban. The author comes to the conclusion that the villages of the Psekup cavalry regiment were interconnected with the regimental military organization, acting as a stronghold for securing Russian positions in the TransKuban region.

The features of the formation and development of the rural bureaucracy as a specific socio-professional group in the Yenisei province at the turn of the 19th — early 20th centuries are considered. On the basis of an extensive set of office documents (official lists of peasant chiefs, personal files of volost and village elders, clerks, journals of meetings of county congresses of peasant chiefs), the dynamics of the number, social composition, educational level, job responsibilities, social and legal status of the main groups of rural bureaucracy are analyzed: peasant chiefs, volost and village elders, clerks. Dualism is revealed in the relations between the rural authorities and the peasantry. It is noted that, on the one hand, the bureaucratization of the organs of peasant self-government led to the centralization of power in the village in the hands of the rural administration and the alienation of peasants from participating in self-government. It was established at the same time that, on the other hand, bureaucratization led to the growth of anarchist sentiments in the countryside. It is argued that the main result of the bureaucratization of the organs of peasant self-government was their decomposition and merging on a criminal basis of the rural administration with the village trade and usury elite and district police officials.

The image of Ivan the Terrible in the propagandic European poetry of the Livonian War is considered. On the example of two poetic works “An elegiac poem about the campaign of His Majesty Stephen the First, the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania against Ivan Vasilyevich, the Grand Duke of Moscow” by the German author Samuil Wolf (1582) and “The Song of the Capture of Polotsk” by the Polish poet Jan Kokhanovsky (1580) the conclusion is made about the great interest of the European reader in the personality of the Moscow tsar. The analysis of these texts shows the grotesque image of Ivan the Terrible, formed under the influence of the “political order” coming from the Polish King Stefan Batory. It is also concluded that European propaganda played a negative role, contributed to the loss of the Muscovite state in the Livonian War. The indifference of the tsar himself to what was published about him in the West is also noted, this was the reason that Ivan the Terrible did not want to carry out reciprocal propaganda campaigns and limited himself in this regard to exculpatory and accusatory letters to S. Batory, A. M. Kurbsky and some European monarchs. “The Song of the Capture of Polotsk” was first translated into Russian by the author of the article and is published here in full.