The questions of systematization of the vocabulary, the differences between semantic and thematic classifications of lexical units are covered. Special attention is paid to the study hypero-hyponymic relations between lexemes in the structure of the thematic field. The analysis of theoretical literature on this issue is presented. The question is raised about the role of definitional analysis in the systematization of lexical structure of language. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that lexical units, indicating tools and instruments of labour, in the French language are classified for the first time. The research urgency is caused by the interest of many scientists to the issues of system devices of language, in particular vocabulary. Definitions of the terms “semantic field” and “thematic field” are given. The author dwells on the fact that a particular lexeme is motivated by the concepts of the material world and is merged in the thematic groups, and abstract units are motivated by the world of abstract concepts and, accordingly, belong to semantic associations. It is shown that the lexemes expressing the general concepts of instruments of labour and tools in the French language, are hyperonyms in relation to the words denoting specific instruments and tools. Classification of lexical units is given indicating the names of instruments of labour and tools based on the hierarchical relationships within the field: lexical-thematic field, lexical-thematic group, lexical-thematic series, token.

The article is devoted to description of a number of phraseological units with the causal semantics. Units of the following semantic groups are analyzed: “To Make. To Force,” “To Subdue,” “To Harass. To Exploit.” Causation is understood widely with inclusion in this concept of causal, concessive and target relations. The specified semantics is verbalized through idioms that describe a particular causal situation. This situation implies the presence of causator (active participant), causable person or object (passive participants). Central component of the studied phraseological units is a causative verb in the infinitive form. Linguistic and cultural analysis allows the author to reveal national and cultural peculiarities of the representation of the causal semantics on the level of phraseology. It is shown that influence of causator on face being caused in the Russian mentality is negatively assessed in most cases and correlates with physical impact on him, limiting his actions. The main images of phraseology of specified semantics are described. In a phraseological unit such components as head , mind , intelligence , soul ( heart ), symbolizing the organs that are affected, are frequent. The structure of the semantic groups with semantic isolation of the series is presented. Synonymic and antonymic relations within these associations are described. Polysemy links at phraseology level are characterized.

People’s memoirs as a speech genre of Internet communication are discussed. The definition of people’s memoirs is given as memoirs, the author of which is not a professional writer, but an ordinary native speaker. The purpose of the author is dictated, firstly, by the linguistic interest in the study of memoirs from the perspective of one of the most actively developing directions of modern linguistics - genre studies within the context; secondly, by the need of studying the laws of change of the traditional (which had originally a paper base) genres in the process of developing the new communication space. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that for the first time in this paper, Internet-genre of people’s memoirs acts as a linguistic object of study - along with existing philological tradition of the study of literary genre and traditional speech genre beyond the professional literary creativity. The structural-semantic parameters of Internet-genre of people’s memoirs are analyzed according to genre model developed by L. Yu. Shipitsina. In the framework of the description of these parameters the structural organization of the genre is set and described, as well as the content embodied in its structural elements. It is proved that the structural and substantial features of Internet genre of people’s memoirs are subject to modification compared to the traditional genre of people’s memoirs with a paper substrate.

The interaction between conjunction a and its concretizations po suti , po suchshestvu , v suchshnosti is examined. The research urgency is caused by necessity of comprehensive study of each function unit, expressing certain types of relations, the importance of identifying its constructive and co-occurrence possibilities. Practical implementation of the research of function vocabulary at the modern stage is seen in the possibility of a lexicographic representation of received information in special dictionaries. The paper provides a brief overview of the linguistic literature devoted to the description of lexemes po suti , po suchshestvu , v suchshnosti as lexicalized word forms and discursive words. The article focuses on the types of structures built on the basis of a combination of the conjunction a and mentioned concretizations. The novelty of the study lies in obtained results, not previously observed in works devoted to the studied conjunction and its concretizations. The analysis establishes that the conjunction a and mentioned concretizations have matching semantic elements, and that such a coincidence indicates the semantic coordination between the conjunction and its concretizations. The article shows the specificity of the structures with the conjunction a allowing to explicate adversative semantics of the lexemes po suti , po suchshestvu , v suchshnosti .

The problem of ambisemy in the field of Russian linguistic terminology of 18th - early 20th centuries is considered. It is noted that currently there are many works devoted to research in the field of terminology semantics, where such phenomena as synonymy, antonymy, homonymy, polysemy in terminology are in the focus of researchers’ attention. The relevance of this study stems from the fact that the problem of ambisemy of terms, in particular linguistic, is insufficiently studied. The author argues that this is a very typical phenomenon of terminology that is not only at an early stage of its existence, but in the later stages. It is shown that as long as the varying part of the semantics of the term is not be formed as a categorical value, the term can function with different content volume. The author argues that ambisemy is an essential, natural characteristic of linguistic terminology under its formation. The conclusion is made about the causes of ambisemy: the influence of other linguistic traditions, in particular Greek-Latin and Western European; researchers belonging to different schools, trends and traditions; insufficient knowledge of certain linguistic phenomena; complexity of the facts and phenomena of language, requiring a multilateral and multidimensional study.

The principles and methods of violation of the narrative statements of the text are examined. Typologically similar trends in the use of “narrative transformations” in literature and cinema are shown. The fundamental difference of their implementation in various symbolic systems is commented. The paper shows that the narrative transformations in the film text are: openness of composite construction (violation of the order of the parts, skip parts, open end), fragmentation; plot polysemy (multiplicity); polysubjectness; gaps (space of uncertainty). Special attention is paid to non-narrativity as the main strategy of non-classical artistic paradigm, defined as a lack of event experience of being. This problem is related to the crisis of I-consciousness, for which the destruction of the personal event experience means the loss of self-identity. Narrative transformations are discussed in the following films: “Irreversible” (dir. Gaspar Noé), “Descended from heaven” (dir. V. Kunin), “Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels” (dir. Guy Ritchie), “Rashomon” (dir. A. Kurosawa), “Trans-Europ-Express” (dir. A. Robbe-Grillet), “Reconstruction” (dir. Christoffer Boe), “Groundhog Day” (dir. X. Ramis), “Run, Lola, run” (dir. T. Tykwer), “Empty house” (dir. Kim Ki-Duk), “No trains, no planes” (dir. Jos Stelling), “Amelie” (dir. Jean-Pierre Jeunet), etc.

The article is devoted to Gogol’s therapeutic courses by the North sea in Ostend and in Gräfenberg hydropathic of Dr. Vincent Priessnitz. The research problem is identified as the attempt to assess the effect of the therapy with cold water on mood of the writer on the basis of Gogol’s epistolary heritage and his contemporaries’ memories. Special attention is paid to the historical and cultural context of the journeys of the Russian nobility in the 19th century to Western European resort towns. The memoirs of Gogol’s contemporaries on the thermal therapy are analyzed. A conclusion is made about the impact of thermal treatment on the health and creative spirit of Gogol, how therapy in the Belgian Ostend and Czech Gräfenberg (modern Jeseník ) helped him recover from his prolonged illness. The research urgency is caused by the fact that the theme of Gogol’s stay on “cold” resort in Ostend and at the hydropathic established by Dr. Priessnitz is raised in Gogol studies for the first time and is of interest in the context of the study the biography of the writer and his memorial place names. The results of the study can be applied in the study of the life and works of Gogol, as well as in the teaching on the course of history of Russian literature.

The reflection of the image of the Russian in aboriginal legends and stories on the territory of Yakutia for a long period is considered. Data on the composition of ethnic groups are given in the percentage to the entire population of the Northern regions, where indigenous peoples live (Chukchi, Evenks, Yukagirs), as evidenced by the 2010 census. The research urgency is caused by the fact that the image of the Russian in the oral prose of the indigenous peoples of the North was not considered in the dynamics. Text records made in the region during expeditions are used. Comparison with the texts of the prose works fixed from other folklore tellers - indigenous peoples of border lands. The novelty of the study is to compare records of different years: both early legends and family stories of the Chukchi, Evenks, Evens, Yukagirs and Yakuts, which were recorded in the first years of fixing folklore, and texts recorded relatively recently. The author proves that the image of the Russian in non-fairy-tale prose of the peoples of Yakutia was changing - from the mythological image of the alien to the modern character of the autobiographical stories of the beginning of the 21^st century, intermarried with the Yakuts or being a steward of natural resources.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the activity of the internal Nizhny Novgorod mission of the brotherhood of the Holy Cross from 1906 to 1916. Significance of the “Decree on religious tolerance development” of 1905 is commented. On the one hand, it put the Nizhny Novgorod diocesan leadership in more complex conditions of missionary work, and on the other, contributed to the emergence of new forms of activity: missionary courses of national importance, free distribution of leaflets and pamphlets of religious and moral content, groups of adherents of Orthodoxy. It is noted that due to the pastors’ busyness such groups have not been established in all parishes. It is reported that the local missionary magazine was not organized. It is emphasized that fair conversations due to the rare participation of the old believers-dogmatists were aimed at the protection of the Orthodox state Church from the influence of “the split.” It is shown that anti-old believers mission of the brotherhood of the Holy Cross had a shortage of leadership capacity, having a spiritual and missionary formation. Data on reports of the brotherhood are provided, according to which the number of people attached to the state Church exceeded the number of old believers, and the main threat was the spread of sectarian and atheistic ideas. The author argues that the devaluation of traditional spiritual concepts after the defeat in the first world war led to a cooling of the peasants to religious questions.

The article is devoted to the evolution of the flagship educational programmes of the European Union ERASMUS and its impact on the Europeanization of higher education. The development of academic mobility and exchange programmes, joint educational programmes, as well as transnational University networks are discussed. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the historical context and the reasons for its formation, main stages of development and the impact it has had on European integration in higher education. The basic stages of development of the ERASMUS programme are considered, their contents and features of the transformation of the programme are shown. The authors come to the conclusion that, although the first evaluation of the programme considering its contribution to the development of European identity and career prospects of graduates was a little high, it finally contributed to the cooperation between universities and to strengthening of transnational academic community, which was interested in further expansion of supranational regulation and contributed to the strengthening of the powers of the EU in this field. It is noted that it has become a platform for testing collaborative tools, which were later enshrined in the provisions of the Bologna Declaration. It is underlined that the ERASMUS programme has become one of the sources of funding for the Bologna reforms.

Study of the processes of denationalization and rent in small industry of Siberia during transition from war communism to new economic policy allows to more fully reveal the essence of the NEP and Bolsheviks’ purpose in relation to smallholders, to show the implementation of these NEP areas in Siberia, to highlight its features. The main sources of study were the published papers of the regional Soviet and party institutions, as well as materials from the holdings of Russian state archive of economy and the State archive of the Novosibirsk region, part of which were introduced in the scientific usage for the first time. The article gives a brief description of the state of artisan production in the region in 1921. The conclusion is made about presence of conditions for the restoration of small industry. The process of denationalization, its dates and objects are analyzed. The return of the cooperative industry is discussed. The peculiarities of the lease campaign, its scope, prospects and role in the Siberian economy are revealed. Priority methods of the policy of denationalization and rent are described. Attention to regional approaches in their implementation from 1921 to 1923 is paid. The author comes to the conclusion that, despite some positive aspects in the implementation of the data in the NEP areas, they were limited and in the beginning of the new economic policy often continued to coexist with the military and Communist methods of management in the Siberian small-scale industry.

The article is devoted to the activities of municipal self-government bodies of Eastern Siberia aimed at the decision of the food problem during the First world war. The author points out that this problem, including the extensive territories of counties were solving by city government because it there was no Zemstvo in Siberia. It is shown that under conditions of resource scarcity, not having any plan of action, they began to unite around regional committees of the all-Russian Union of cities. It is reported that at the Congress of cities representatives of Eastern Siberia in Irkutsk, April 15-19, 1916 the issue of supplying the population with food was one of the main. It is noted that even the preparatory work for organizing the conference helped to identify the local causes of the scarcity and high cost of goods, to compare the experience with price regulation and the conduct of procurement operations. It is emphasized that the municipalities used participation in the Congress as a way to reconcile the interests, to formulate and express their wishes about those urgent events, which expected from government. The study of how the city has approached the problems of wartime at the regional congresses allows the author to analyze the immediate causes of the fracture in the relationship between government and the public, as well as to draw conclusions about why the food issue gradually acquired political connotations.

The article is devoted to the subject insufficiently developed in the national historiography, in particular in regard to its regional dimension. The purpose of the article was a study of incomes and expenses of single-parent farmer families of Sverdlovsk region in 1960. The study is conducted on materials of State archive of Sverdlovsk region and archive of the Territorial body of Federal state statistics service for Sverdlovsk region with the assistance of Internet sources as well as scientific and publicistic literature. The relevance of the topic is determined by its importance for the social sciences, especially for history, sociology and economics. Scientific novelty of the work is seen in the fact that the new materials discovered by the author in these archives are introduced into scientific usage. It is noted that every family, including incomplete, is a specific legal institution, having a number of important socio-economic functions. It is argued that, despite the significant social weight of single-parent families, their financial situation during the Soviet period practically were not studied. It is stated that there was a pretty serious differentiation of monetary incomes and expenditures of surveyed single-parent families of farmers. It is stated that the composition of families draws attention to the absence of men, which was quite common in the post-war years. A huge role of private farming in the economy of surveyed households is proved: for a significant part of them the products of farms formed the basis of the daily diet. It is declared that most of the costs of single-parent families of farmers amounted to costs of food and industrial goods. It is concluded that even with significant income from household plots total income of single-parent families was significantly below the income of urban worker families.

For the first time the features of lighting by domestic and foreign researchers the correspondence of Japanese prisoners of war in the camps of the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs-Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (1945-1956) are considered. The article contains a historiographical analysis of the work of historians of Russia, Kazakhstan, Switzerland, Japan, published in the period from 1992 to 2017, which in varying degrees covered the correspondence of Japanese prisoners of war. Data on various aspects of the topic contained in the theses and monographs, scholarly articles by Russian and foreign researchers are identified and analyzed. The author pointed out that to date, despite the large number of scientific papers on Japanese prisoners of war, any work is not published devoted to the correspondence of the Japanese prisoners of war in camps in the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, the question reflects in dissertations, monographs, scientific articles on foreign prisoners of war of World war II in the Soviet Union. However, the analysis of historians’ coverage of Japanese prisoners of war correspondence with family and friends is undertaken in this article for the first time. Both achievements and understudied aspects of the problem are identified. A number of issues and promising directions that require further study are revealed.

The purpose of the article is the generalization and characterization of the main data on sources for the study of residential architecture of fortified settlements Sintashta-Petrovka type. A brief description of these settlements is given. The theoretical aspects of the ability to study architecture by the archaeological sources are presented. Information on the conducted field researches is given: both about archaeological excavations and the study by remote sensing - geophysical methods and decoding aerial photographs. The total number of currently known settlements is 24, 14 of them were excavated, there were 167 excavated dwellings, 71 of them have been excavated completely, for 11 settlements micromagnetic maps of the whole or greater part of the area were obtained, for 21 settlements the decipherment of aerial photographs was held. The comparability and complementarity of the results obtained by different methods are discussed. Questions are raised about the quality of the research, about the completeness of their reflection in field reports and publications. The conclusion is made about sufficiently broad base of sources accumulated to date, the main contribution to its replenishment was made by three research teams. The novelty of the study is to summarize data of long-term field studies providing information about the sources not only in the text, but tabular and graphical format.

The article analyses national standards of legal regulation and quality standards in the field of education. The features of using the category of “risk” in relation to the activities of educational institutions in the Russian Federation are covered. Attention is drawn to the most in-demand ways of using the risk-based approach when carrying out state control in various sectors of the economy. The importance of using such methods in education is stressed. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of lawmaking in the Russian Federation the forecast for the development of Supervisory activities in the field of education is made. It is assumed that in the field of education quality management at the state and institutional levels assessment methods and risk management will be needed. It is concluded that the application of a risk-based approach in modern conditions becomes necessary in the activities of the internal system of assurance of higher education institutions of the Russian Federation quality. Scientific novelty and practical significance of the research is seen in what the authors described the basic requirements for the application of risk management in the educational organization. The need for the speedy formation of scientifically grounded methodological basis of risk assessment and management and regulatory underpinning its key provisions are noted.

The issue of creating the conditions in school for development of creative potential of students is considered. It is noted that the development of creative thinking of senior pupils is the basis for the formation of innovative potential of the future specialist, therefore, currently this is one of the main tasks of school education. The results of search of conditions for development of creative potential of senior pupils are presented, using a modified technique by George Guildford, subtext “Use items,” offering the task on listing the most complete set of options for the use of any object. The author reveals the conditions that promote the creative potential of senior students, among which there are support of visual-figurative thinking in the process of creative activities and use of tasks focused on the development of visual-figurative thinking associated with creative expression, imagination, manifestation of personality, internal motivation, interest, goal, conversion, research, creation of the new. It is indicated that the development of creativity contributes to the rejection of rigid guidelines for the students that allows them to express individuality. It is noted that the development of creative potential of students can be carried out on sectarian activities. It is shown that the result of the experiment will allow to improve the forms of organization of extra-curricular clubs and classes, and creative homework.

The educational practice of Ural schools during the Great Patriotic war is examined. Based on documents from archives and museums of the Perm region school history in the period of 1941-1945 is reconstructed. The materials on the organizational and pedagogical problems and their solutions are presented. The implementation of the compulsory education, introduction of basic military training, forms of training and education in their relation to the realities of a military childhood are examined. Information about students’ participation in the assistance front is provided. The author argues that in the second half of the 1930-ies - early 1940-ies a system of education and social teaching, having a rigid social order, developed. Solutions of actual problems of patriotic and military physical education are shown. The elements of best teaching experience and teachers’ mastery as a phenomenon that expresses the essence of the processes in a specific period and timeless in its significance are described. Significant line of the historic genesis of childhood related to the role of the child as a subject of history is actualised. The publication is a part of research work on the military childhood and is limited by the historical-pedagogical analysis of the pedagogical practice, embodied in schools of Molotov oblast during the war.

The mechanisms of the semantic self-regulation in a situation of a teacher’s crisis of professional identity are discussed. In the theoretical analysis, particular attention is paid to the problems of regulation of behaviour in crisis situations. A review of studies on the role of axiological and conceptual entities of personality in difficult life and professional situations is made. The empirical study confirmed the hypothesis that a situation of experiencing a professional identity triggers the mechanisms of semantic self-regulation. It is shown that components of the regulation of teachers’ experience of professional identity crisis are interrelated with the parameters of the semantic sphere, in particular, with life guiding orientations, forming a complex, integrated mechanism. Central unit of semantic self-regulation is modelling, which is closely associated with life guiding orientations and stability of self-esteem of a teacher. It is suggested that modelling is a universal mechanism to deal with crisis situations, regardless of the peculiarities of professional orientation of a teacher. Mechanisms of semantic self-regulation showed a complex and ambiguous nature of the relationship with the peculiarities of professional experience of crisis, which suggests the presence of different types of semantic self-regulation and different strategies of crisis overcoming by teachers. This in turn suggests the novelty and heuristic value of the research results. The practical significance of the results is determined by the fact that they constitute the information basis for the development of individualized programs of psychological support of teachers in a situation of professional identity crisis.

The research urgency is caused by the essence of an inclusive approach to education, which assumes the achievement of all pupils a positive result at minimal psychological cost. The concepts of “efficiency” and “effectiveness of education” enshrined in domestic economic and pedagogical dictionaries are analyzed. It is established that the concept of “educational efficiency” used in pedagogy is based not on economic, but on general meaning of the word efficiency . It is shown that the educational efficiency is associated with performance, effectiveness, quality of the educational process, not with the ratio of the achieved pedagogical results with those or other cost (financial, human, chronological, etc.). At the same time, it is noted that almost all interpretations of the concept of “educational efficiency” correlate with economic definitions of the term efficiency in their structure. The fundamentals of I. S. Samokhin’s author conception, according to which the efficiency of the school inclusive education is based on a hierarchy of resources. The novelty of the study is to present the position according to which all students’ resources are divided into inviolable (health, emotional well-being, harmony in relationships with people), and those that can be spent in any amount (time, energy, freedom), if it does not affect resources of the first category.

The review of the monograph “Scientific basis for professional career building and development” which became the winner of the International competition “Best Scientific Book - 2017” held by the International Academy of Education (London, UK) is published. It is reported that the book presents a conceptual framework for building and developing professional careers. It is noted that the authors described the main directions of development of personality in conditions of continuous professional education, meaningful for career paths. The author’s technology of the teachers of high school teaching the formation and professional career development is appreciated.

It is reported that in the monograph “Scientific basis for professional career building and development” (2017), prepared by A. S. Sokolova and M. G. Sergeyeva, the problem of developing a system of formation and development of professional career of the worker, successful and demanded on the labour market, is covered. The book contains the author’s definition career forming training. The author’s model of this process is proposed by the example of career of high school teacher.