Literary allusion in historical discourse is considered as a means of enhancing the semantic and aestheticemotional content of the text. The results of studying the semantics of allusive units in the works of W. Churchill, taking into account the historical context of events are presented in the article. The results of a comparative analysis of three unidentified political allusions noted in D. Holly’s book “Churchill’s Literary Allusions” are discussed. The author of the publication emphasizes that when using the allusion as a unit of renomination, the context affects the creation of the allusive meaning. The variants of allusive meanings of the same lines of J. Milton’s poem “Paradise Lost” in three different historical contexts and different literary genres: in historical narration, in a public speech of a British politician and in military memoirs are analyzed in the article. The novelty of the study is seen primarily in the fact that the studied poetic allusions were not previously identified in the texts of W. Churchill. The value of the research results lies in its interdisciplinary nature, carried out at the intersection of linguistics, semantics, history and hermeneutics.

The study is in line with the work on discursive formulas — multiword idiomatic remarks in response to the words of the interlocutor. Discursive formulas based on propositional predicates on the material of several languages, are considered. Discursive formulas of agreement and confirmation, disagreement and denial, surprise are presented as the object of description. The importance and relevance of studying discursive formulas is determined by the fact that they play an important role in the processes of oral communication, and also by the fact that these units are to a large extent linguistically specific. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that in the work on the material of several languages, analogies and differences in the structure of the considered discursive formulas of different languages, linguistically specific formulas are considered. Two types of differences in the structure of discursive formulas in different languages have been revealed: 1. The same meaning in different languages is expressed by expressions that are different in their internal form. 2. Discursives in different languages, similar in their internal form, differ in their meanings. The study of discursive expressions in different languages is essential for semantic typology.

The ethnic component, represented in the linguistic consciousness of the teleuts, a small indigenous people living on the territory of the Kemerovo region — Kuzbass, is considered. The associative field, built on the basis of reactions to the ethnonymstimulus ‘teleuts’, was analyzed using partofspeech and attributive methods and the method of associative ethnic portraits proposed by T. A. Ershova. The data obtained supplement the available information of anthropologists, local historians and cultural scientists about the national selfconsciousness of the teleuts. It is proved that the teleuts have a positive ethnic identity. The dominant number of associates for the wordethnonym ‘teleuts’ have a complex of positive additional emotional, evaluative and expressive meanings. For the participants in the experiment, it turned out to be important commonality based on family kinship, reassessment of their ethnic group, the significance and uniqueness of which are the result of not only the presence of a developed system of original customs and traditions, but also its small number. The teleuts define themselves as a small indigenous people living on the territory of the Kemerovo region, whose representatives are carriers of a wide range of positive qualities and their own unique culture. Modeling of the ethnic selfidentification of the Bachat teleuts on the basis of a comparison of associative fields, actualized by the ethnonym and endoethnonyms, seems promising.

The questions of classification of political metaphors are considered. This classification is necessary for the analysis of the data of sociological survey, which was conducted by the team of Smolensk University in 2022 in regions of Russia. The study of the reputational image of power (respondents' answers to the questions: “How would you draw the reputational image of Russian / regional power?”) problematizes the principles of classification. The relevance of the study in working out the diagnosis of the reputational image of power. The novelty of the study is that the analysis was conducted on the basis of folk metaphorization, rather than professional political discourse, which researchers of political metaphorology and political semantics usually deal with. The empirical material for the problematization of the classification was the results of the sociological survey 2021, which included similar questions. The classification of power metaphors on the basis of major philosophical categories and structural relationships (space/time; living/artificial; human/nature/society) is presented, as such principle allows capturing the real diversity and multidimensionality of figurative likenesses proposed by respondents. The results of the study of folk metaphorization adjust the existing classifications of power metaphors, do not fully coincide with the known classifications of metaphorical models of power, also adjust the ideas about the popularity of typical metaphorical models.

Stereotyped ideas about the natives of Tula are revealed. The literary images of Abram Bulygin (“History of the city of Tula by the tradesman Abram Bulygin, his wonderful adventures in the world, gaiety and his works”), Lefty (“Lefty” by N. S. Leskov) and Tychka (“Legends of Master Tychka” by I. F. Pankina). Based on the analysis of the textual features of the characters, the interpretation of selected fragments of three works of art, variants of the linguacultural type of Tula are reconstructed. It has been established that in the “History of the city of Tula ...” by Abram Bulygin, the features of selfidentification of a native of Tula in the 18th century are represented. It was revealed that one of the main character traits of a native of Tula is sentimentality. Native of Tula has a practical mind, rational and economic. In the tale of N. S. Leskov “Lefty”, such qualities as a practical mind, ingenuity, the ability to conduct business, passion for one’s occupation, religiosity, devotion to business, Motherland, disinterestedness are typified. The most full and complete image of the Tula master was created by I. F. Pankin in “Legends of Master Poke”. Native of Tula is a craftsman, businesslike, silent, hardworking, courageous, willing to share his knowledge, transfer skills to his students, appreciating practical knowledge, having a sense of humor. The study revealed that the Tula culture is of the masculine type. The inhabitant of the city in the cultural consciousness is represented by the image of a skilled craftsman, gunsmith, blacksmith.

The formation of ideas about the phenomenon of morality and moral responsibility in the works of the English thinker John Locke is considered. Two of his works served as the material: “Essay Concerning Human Understanding” and “Two Treatises of Government”. On the basis of philological methods, conceptual and discursive types of analysis, as well as procedures used in corpus studies, it was proved that the vocabulary of describing morality and moral responsibility in English was formed by the end of the 17th century and John Locke played a huge role in this process. Although the linguistic means of describing the categories of morality were based on the discussions of thinkers of previous eras, Locke made an attempt to rethink the existing vocabulary in order to create an integral system of concepts and terminological framework of moral philosophy. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that for the first time a complex methodology for analyzing Locke’s texts was used with quantitative methods and a thorough study of the previous cultural and historical context. The key lexical units in Locke’s texts, as well as in publications of the previous two centuries, have been studied. It is proved that the moral and ethical philosophical discourse of the scientist was formed on the basis of the vocabulary of religious discourse and partially philosophical discourse, as well as neutral words that were not associated with any discourse.

The question of the linguistic personality description of the character of a work of art through the analysis of lexical and syntactic markers is considered. A review of the main trends in the development of the theory of linguistic personality is made, which determine the objectivity of identifying a lexical-syntactic marker as a unit that integrates linguistic units of various levels. The analysis results of the functioning of the word ‘yasno’ [clear], which marks the linguistic personality of the protagonist of the novel “We” by E. Zamyatin, are presented. The functional and pragmatic potential of the marker in the objectification of the intellectual, emotional and moral intentions of the D-503 character in the retrospective of the entire work is determined. The presence of contextual changes in semantics, morphological qualification, syntactic and punctuation well-formedness of the lexico-syntactic marker ‘yasno’ [clear] is proved. There is a relationship between the variation of the lexical environment of this word and the emotional and mental state of the character. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the semantic and grammatical transformation of the lexical-syntactic marker of the character's linguistic personality is revealed, indicating a modification of the personality within the framework of the plot.

A review of Russian studies, which are devoted to the study of the content and structural features of advertising special projects, is made. This phenomenon is at the intersection of multimedia journalism, digital marketing and Public Relations. It has not yet received a clear definition and does not have a strict classification due to the dynamic development within the last decade (since the first examples of special projects appeared in 2012). At the same time, special projects can be called one of the permanent areas of the editorial offices work of modern Russian online media. Creating special projects for brands allows the media to maintain self-sufficiency by providing a creative and most effective advertising service. An overview of the Russian scientists’ opinion on the distinctive characteristics of the special project from other journalistic materials is included in the article. It contains options for interpreting the definition of “advertising special project” and options for the kinds and types of the phenomenon. It is concluded that researchers attribute special projects to non-standard media materials, note their integrative nature, attraction to multimedia and the mandatory presence of marketing goals.

One of the new linguocreative practices of organizing the city space as a cultural text is analyzed. The game discourse of polycode texts is considered, which combine elements of different semiotic systems: signs of traffic rules, supplemented by visualized symbolic allusions and quotations, collectively referring to the motifs of famous works of art. The constructive principles of modeling the associative context of polycode posters placed in the Literary Quarter of Yekaterinburg are characterized. The universality of the generation of game texts of any semiotic nature on the basis of an operational technique that creates the effects of associative deducibility and associative integration is substantiated. The novelty of the study is related to the description of the algorithm for creating and deciphering a game polycode text of this type, identifying the factors and strategies for reading it by the addressee. The dynamic component of the semantic diversity of the analyzed texts is experimentally verified, taking into account the respondents’ recognition of the prototypes of the game transform, reflection on the connection between its visual and verbal components, and the ability to derive allusive implicatures. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of game transform decoding strategies in the light of the mechanisms of linguocreative thinking based on the switching of associative stereotypes in the language game register.

The article deals with the formation and specifics of the development of new media in the Lipetsk region. Attention is focused on the problems of globalization and modification of regional mass media at the present stage. The results of a comparative analysis of traditional and new media in terms of convergence are presented. The question is raised about the multimediaization of journalism, the transition of traditional publications to an online format and the transformation of the types of information consumption by the audience. Particular attention is paid to the changes taking place in the local media of the Lipetsk region as a result of media convergence. The novelty of the study is expressed in a comprehensive analysis of trends and determination of the prospects for the development of regional media. The relevance of the study is due to the active expansion of the processes of media convergence, multimedia journalism, the transition of traditional publications to Internet platforms. It is proved that the development of communication technologies has led to the modification of the media, globalization and convergence factors determine the formation of a modern media system. The information and communication aspect of globalization is most manifested in the processes of interconnection and interdependence of objects and phenomena, the development of ICT, the integration of mass media, the increase in the number of global media and the growing role of the Internet.

The article offers an interpretation of Joseph Brodsky’s poem, rarely used for analysis, “You will return to your homeland. Well...” (1961). If traditionally Brodsky’s elegy in the intertextual aspect is considered as a “dialogue-repulsion” (A. Nesterov) with A. Vertinsky’s romance “Without Women”, then the work reveals other pretexts that at first glance seem alien to Brodsky’s love lyrics — these are texts of patriotic themes by S. Yesenin and M. Tsvetaeva. It is shown that Brodsky’s motive of homecoming is emphatically focused on “The Homecoming” and “The Soviet Russia” by S. Yesenin, in 1924, upon his return from America, formulated a sincere poetic confession in the extreme loneliness he experienced in his homeland (“My poetry is no longer needed here, / And, perhaps, I myself am not needed here either ...”). The prevailing idea of the dissimilarity of the poetry of Brodsky and Yesenin is questioned. The reference text of M. Tsvetaeva is the poem “The Homesickness. A long time ago...” (1934), as shown in the article, which served as an obvious prototype for “You will return to your homeland. Well...” The compositional structure of Tsvetaeva’s pretext with the dominant strategy of “affirmation through negation” determined the poetic organization of Brodsky’s elegy. It is argued that over time, the dialogic interaction of texts was accompanied by emotional and semantic recoding, the non-textual meanings in Brodsky’s poems grew.

In spite of the previous two centuries of recording Kalmyk song folklore there are still unknown and littleknown manuscripts and audio recordings of Kalmyk song art, stored in Russian and foreign archives. The Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House) of the Russian Academy of Sciences has a handwritten collection of Don Kalmyk songs, recorded by musicologist Alexander Mikhailovich Listopadov in 1902 in the village of the Denisov Region of the Don Cossack Army. The first section of the manuscript contains seventeen songs and one excerpt from the heroic epic “Dzhangar”, the second section contains eleven songs of the Soviet period and two dance melodies. The records presented in the manuscript are valuable because they are the earliest examples of phonographic records of Kalmyk folklore. A preliminary review of the texts of Kalmyk songs from the first section of A. M. Listopadov revealed that the real collection seems to be extremely heterogeneous, it includes rare examples of hymn, historical, hunting, wedding and lyrical Kalmyk folk songs. Among the texts of the songs, the authors of the article found an excerpt from the epic “Dzhangar”, which refers to the Maloderbet cycle. Introducing the entire collection of A. M. Listopadov into scientific circulation will deepen understanding the Kalmyk folklore of the 19^th — the first half of the 20th centuries, will serve as an additional source for its new interpretation, will contribute to comparative studies of the folklore of the Mongolianspeaking peoples.

The article is devoted to the work of Mahmud Kashani (d. 735/1334-35), who was a sheikh of the Suhravardiya Sufi order and the author of several significant works. The object of analysis was one of the parts of his most famous work — the prose treatise “The lamp that indicates the true path, and the key to a sufficient amount [of mystical knowledge]”. The article deals with the religious views and scientific heritage of Mahmud Kashani. A commented translation of part of the first section “On Love” from the tenth chapter “Explanation of mystical states” of the specified work is proposed. Since Mahmud Kashani is also credited with the poem “Treasures of Secrets and Symbols of the Righteous”, dedicated to the psychological aspects of mystical love, we have also translated one of its chapters. Comparison of fragments of these works shows significant discrepancies in the explanation of love, which may be due to the fact that the author expounds the concept of love of ascetic Sufism in the first essay, and Sufism “based on love” in the second. The second direction goes back to the composition of the “Revelation of Love” by the Persian mystical philosopher Ahmad Ghazali. It is also possible that ‘Izz ad-Din Mahmud is not the author of the poem “Treasures of Secrets…”.

The results of a historical and cultural commentary on a previously unknown inscription by S. A. Yesenin, made by him in 1921 on a piece of paper, which was subsequently pasted into the book “Triptych” (Berlin: Publishing House “Scythians”, 1920), are presented. The scientific study of writers' dedicatory inscriptions as a separate area in domestic literary criticism is currently at the stage of its formation, which determines the relevance of the proposed study. It is proved that the addressee of Yesenin's dedication inscription is his elder friend and mentor in poetry Nikolai Alekseevich Klyuev (1884—1937) and it was made by the poet in December 1921 simultaneously with a short letter also addressed to Klyuev after a twoyear break in their creative communication. It is pointed out that Klyuev’s nickname “deacon Kolya” in Yesenin's script does not have negative connotations and serves as a playful, gentle definition of Klyuev’s mentoring role in Yesenin's poetic fate. An analysis of the structural and semantic connections of Yesenin's texts of the dedicatory inscription and letter makes it possible to establish that the inscription contains an implicit personal message for the renewal of former friendly relations between poets who have drifted away from each other due to creative differences. On the basis of Klyuev's reply message from Vytegra (January 28, 1922), it was established that Yesenin, at the end of December 1921, along with a letter, gave him his new books (including the “Triptych” containing poems of 1917) through Nikolai Ilyich Arkhipov (1887—1967) (a Vytegorsk acquaintance of Klyuev), who came to Moscow as a delegate to the IX All-Russian Congress of Soviets (December 23—28, 1921). It is put forward and substantiated that Yesenin, not being able to make a dedication to Klyuev on the book, sent an autographed sheet with Arkhipov for its subsequent pasting into the book. The authors of the article do not rule out that the pasting of Yesenin's inscription on the title page of the Berlin edition may have a later character. However, even so, it has an undoubted symbolic meaning, appealing to the Scythian philosophy, which united the poets in 1915—1917, being one of the signs of their spiritual kinship, the feeling of which Yesenin will carry through his entire creative life.

The article is devoted to identifying the features of the formation of Jean-Francois Marmontel as a writer, journalist and encyclopedist who made a significant contribution to the literary education of the French society. The relevance of the research topic is due to the study of the views of the scientist that influenced the reception of established and new literary genres of the 18^th century. The research methodology is based on a narrative approach in the historiographical perspective, as well as a biographical (cultural-anthropocentric) method that reveals the writer's biography as a typical manifestation of the socio-cultural processes of the age of the Enlightenment. The use of these methods determined the novelty of the study, as it contributed to the consideration of the dynamics of the views of the French educator J.-F. Marmontel and the determination of the degree of his literary contribution to the development of new genres of the moralizing novel and the epic novel, as well as the French Encyclopedia (Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des metiers). It is proved that for J. F. Marmontel the task of the writer was to educate the reader through his introduction to “belle literacy” (belles lettres). The material of the study was the literary works of J. F. Marmontel in French and Russian: poetic works, moralizing stories, novels, including his articles on literature, published in the first edition of the Encyclopedia. An analysis of the content of the French writer's works shows that they are educational and critical in nature, since their author skillfully mastered many literary genres in practice.

The features of decoding ethnospecific codes of metaphorization in the literature of the peoples of the North are considered on the material of A. Nerkagy’s story “The White Moss”. This article is intended to reveal certain “algorithms of speech behavior” embedded in the language, the principles of mythologization and metaphorical objectification of the real world, to reveal more deeply the structure of understanding a literary text. The relevance of the study is due to the need to search for new tools to identify ethnospecific cultural models that determine the vision of the world of representatives of a particular national community, structuring the field of expressiveness of a literary text. Attention is paid to the formation mechanisms of figurative meanings, when the dynamics of the narrative, which is not bright at first glance, is compensated by a careful detailing of the description of a northerner life, which is achieved through the actualization of the sacred elements of the symbolic picture of the world. So, for A. Nerkagy’s creativity, mythological codes of imagery become ethnospecific: bird, wolf, stone, fire, time, water, man. The personification of objects of nature and the perception of the world through the prism of one’s own body are traced. Each of the listed semantic elements is an element of metaphor, metonymy. The symbolic image is indivisible; it is based not just on an associative component, but on a ritual, a myth.

The problem of the possibility of a fruitful study of the rural parish history of the Soviet period through microhistorical analysis is raised. For discussion, the experience of researching the fate of a small Old Believer community is proposed. Both archival documents and interview materials are used. The purpose of the publication is to show some factors of the reproduction of traditional religious culture on the Soviet collective farm of the 1940s—1970s and at the same time demonstrate the heuristic potential of combined archival and field work. The author focuses on the figure of a priest who managed to restore and strengthen his parish, despite the previous dispossession and destruction of the prayer house. The cohesion of the community, outstanding personal qualities, as well as the ability of believers to practically harmonize Christian and Soviet values became the conditions for his success is shown in the article. The adoption of Soviet cultural norms, excluding atheism, is considered in the work as the most important factor in the survival of the Old Believer community. The expediency of verifying the data of official Soviet documentation by referring to oral history is demonstrated in the study. It is pointed out that in the materials of the USSR civil servants devoted to confessional phenomena, strict facts could be combined with false interpretations.

Issues related to the material and personnel aspects in the initial period of the formation of secondary specialized educational institutions in Tyumen in the 1920—1930s are considered. Attention is paid to the study of the process of creating a network of educational institutions, areas of student training are identified, and data on the dynamics of the number of students are given. The analysis results of the material base of technical schools formation are presented. The problems that students had to face in the learning process were identified. An assessment of the material and technical conditions of educational activities is made. The authors dwell on the study of the staff of secondary specialized educational institutions of the city. Attention is paid to the analysis of the level of education and qualifications of teachers. The material working conditions of the teaching staff are investigated. The authors note a certain dynamics in solving the material and personnel problems of technical schools in the period under study, despite the fact that the existing opportunities of educational institutions were significantly inferior to the needs of the population in obtaining professional education. The conclusion is made about the degree of provision of educational institutions of the city with teaching and administrative personnel. The impact of this problem on the quality of student training is assessed.

The author considers the complex process of preparing the USSR for war in the context of the implementation of “socialist reconstruction” (a term put forward by I. V. Stalin in November 1929), which meant a radical restructuring of the economic sphere and related institutions. The article poses a complex problem that presents a symbiosis of a number of topics — the NEP, industrialization, the construction of socialism in the Stalinist way, preparations for a big war. Comprehending the key trends in the evolution of the modernization breakthrough of the late 1920s — early 1940s, the author points to two stages. The first (actually continuing the NEP) was dominated by the principles of the planned use of resources, the content of the second was reduced to the next assault on socialism. The researcher comes to the conclusion that the damage caused to the national economy turned out to be significant and became the reason for the disproportionality of its development. The document presents evidence of the fallacy of the territorial organization of heavy industry and, above all, the military-defense complex on the eve of June 22, 1941. The cause of the catastrophe of the first period of the Great Patriotic War is revealed in the loss of the most important enterprises located mainly in areas close to the western border.

The formation of defensive lines in the Tobol-Ishim interfluve, which marked the advance of the Russian population to the south, is considered. It is proved that the historical processes that took place in Tobolo-Ishimye, the construction of defensive lines, along with the inclusion of existing communications, should be considered as the formation of a structure for the settlement of the Russian and Tatar population in the process of colonization with the advance of the border of the Russian state to the south. The initial line of colonization was formed at the end of the 16th century from the first Russian prisons: Turin, Tyumen and Tobolsk, which laid the foundation for the development of the forest-steppe lands of Tobol-Ishim. The intermediate lines were P. I. Godunov’s “notch line”, which stretched from the Tarkhansky prison to the Kataisky prison, and the Ishim defensive line — from the Utyatsky outpost to the Omsk fortress. The last defensive line ran directly from the Zverinogolovsky tract through the fortress of St. Peter to Omsk, included fortresses, redoubts and lighthouses that protected the territories of the Trans-Urals and the south of Western Siberia from the raids of the Jungars and nomads of the Middle Kazakh horde. Defensive lines with dotted centers of territory development, along with roads and waterways, fastened the emerging initial framework of Russian settlement in Tobolo-Ishimye with the center in Tobolsk.

The article is devoted to the development of relations between France and Italy in the context of the status of the Italian population of Tunisia issue. Thanks to the agreements reached by the Italian states and the government of Tunisia, in the first half of the 19th century mass emigration of Italians began to Tunisia, as a result, by the end of the 19th century, a significant Italian diaspora had formed in Tunisia. The establishment of a French protectorate over Tunisia led to the question of the status of the Italian population of Tunisia, which was eventually settled by the Franco-Italian convention of 1896. After the First World War, France refused to comply with the decisions of 1896. The French government set itself the goal of naturalizing Italians in Tunisia. The Italian government strongly opposed such a policy. The negotiations did not lead to a settlement of the conflict. The place of the ‘Tunisian question’ in relations between Italy and France in the 1920s is analyzed, the numerous discussions of the problem of the status of Italians in Tunisia and Italy’s attempts at least to maintain the situation, that existed in accordance with the 1896 convention, are considered in the article. It is proved that Tunisia, with its large Italian diaspora, occupied a significant place in the African policy of Italy during the period of fascism. It is substantiated that the period of the 1920s was essentially the preparatory work for a more serious discussion of the colonial problems that arose between France and Italy, which resulted in the Laval-Mussolini agreement of 1935.

The main directions in the foreign policy agendas of the leading parties in Germany during the period of A. Merkel’s chancellorship are considered. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study the strategic program settings of the German parliamentary parties, which will allow a better understanding of what the country’s future foreign policy may be. It is emphasized that the party system of Germany is quite stable: only three parties have joined the parliamentary parties of the first convocation — the CDU / CSU, the FDP and the SDPG — at the present stage: the “Union 90 / Greens”, “Left” and since 2017 — “Alternative for Germany”. Particular attention is paid to the study of the election and fundamental programs of the parliamentary parties of Germany, as they reflect the party’s “worldview”, views on the place and role of the country in the world, the ultimate or most important goals to which the party should move, as well as the means and methods for achieving the set goals. Based on the analysis of these documents, it is concluded that there is a certain consensus among parliamentary parties on key issues related to the country’s foreign policy. Demands for a revision of the chosen course are heard only from right and left populists, who do not have a significant impact on German foreign policy.

The history of the organization of the verbal school at the Alapaevsky factory, where children from the Sinyachikhinsky and Susansky factories, located 10 and 16 versts from it, were studied. The results of the children census in 1734, who lived in the territory of factory settlements and ascribed settlements, are disclosed. Based on the formation of an information base about students, the social and age composition of the students of the Alapaevskaya school was analyzed, all the main and additional admissions of children to school in 1735—1742 were identified. It has been established that in 1742 138 children were taught to read and write by the exiled Ivan Belyaev. The methods of teaching literacy are described. It is reported about the escapes of students from school, about the attempts of parents of raznochintsy, assigned to factories, to free their children from education in connection with the need to pay a chevage. The fate of students is traced: group transfers to an arithmetic school, where 72 % of children who have mastered literacy continued their education, the distribution of some of the underachieving and “age” students “to work” until the end of their studies. The consequences of chronic overspending of funds entitled for the activities of schools by the factory states in 1735 are revealed. The question was raised about the need to study the events of the last two years of the school’s activity, as well as the life of 50 of its students, who began teaching literacy in 1741—1742.

The activities of the Navy Ministry of Canada during the First World War are analyzed in the article. For the first time in Russian historiography, the main directions of Canada’s maritime policy are formulated within the framework of the government’s military course during the First World War. The sources for the study were the debates of the House of Commons of the Canadian Parliament, publications in the Canadian press, the military series of historical and statistical collections and journalism of those years. The state of Canadian naval bases and ports, as well as the features of the development of the shipbuilding industry of the dominion during the war years is characterized. It is proved that during the war years, Canada’s maritime policy was determined by the British Admiralty and developed in two directions: imperial and national. The development of the imperial direction of maritime policy was carried out in the interests of Great Britain. It provided for the recruitment of Canadian volunteers for service in the Royal Navy and the development of a shipbuilding industry for the needs of the British Navy. The national direction of maritime policy provided for the protection of Canadian coasts and territorial waters, for which the infrastructure of Canadian naval bases and ports was actively used. To perform patrol and escort functions, state and private vessels were involved not only for military, but also for civilian purposes.

The paper studies characteristics of the public sentiment among peasantry of the “revolutionary turning point” generation (born at the turn of XIX—XX centuries). The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the need to carry out a comprehensive study of the state of public opinion of the villagers at the turn of the 1920—1930s through the prism of the “generational” section. Based on a wide range of archival documents and periodicals, most of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the paper focuses on the analysis of the main ways of adapting peasant mentality in the context of agricultural collectivization. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the sources and forms of manifestation of the protest moods among peasants. The conducted research showed the ambiguous attitude of peasantry towards collectivization. The authors come to the conclusion that in most cases the transition to collective farms caused discontent among villagers, and the collective farm system itself was associated with hunger and ruin. It is shown that a significant part of peasantry of the “revolutionary turning point” generation perceived the state policy in the countryside as a return to the prerevolutionary order. It is noted that the excesses during dispossession contributed to the intensification of the confrontation between the various property strata of peasantry.

Based on the analysis of archival data, published scientific literature and author’s field materials, the consequences of the degradation of “permafrost” for the life support system that has developed in the village of Argakhtakh, Srednekolymsky ulus of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are analyzed. To increase the representativeness of the overall picture, the transformations that have taken place are considered on the example of two cases: natural disasters during the period of a relatively stable state of the environment, on the one hand, and serious climate changes that have already occurred in recent decades. The causes, course and consequences of the 1977—1978 flood are considered. It was noted that it caused significant damage to agriculture, but the village itself was practically not affected. The floods that occurred in 1997, 2007—2008 and 2017—2018 had more serious consequences for the life support system of Argakhtakh. A significant role in their genesis played the degradation of permafrost, intensified due to an increase in the average annual air temperature and anthropogenic impact. As a result of floods, not only farmlands were flooded, but a new channel of the Alazeya River arose, a local fur farm was deprived of a stable land connection with the village, damage was caused to Argakhtakh’s housing stock, outbuildings and infrastructure facilities. It has been established that this has led to a radical reduction in the scale of the local population's employment in traditional sectors of economic activity, the elimination of fur farming, the deterioration of the transport accessibility of the village, and the costs of the population for the restoration of households.

The article is devoted to the organization and cherishing of the Nizhny Novgorod city public name of the Blinovs and Bugrovs of the Widow’s House at the end of the 19th — beginning of the 20th century. The relevance of the study is due to the intensification of entrepreneurial activity and private initiative in the field of charity in modern Russia, the emergence of numerous charitable organizations and foundations, and the need to get acquainted with historical experience. The history of the construction and opening of the Widow’s House, active interaction in this process with the Nizhny Novgorod City Duma are traced in the article. Based on the charter and reports of the institution, its goals, objectives, management structure, sources of financial resources, forms of assistance to those in need are considered. The author shows the quantitative, class and age composition of the detainees, their marital status, types of occupations. Expenditure of funds (heating, lighting, repairs, purchase of food and equipment, salaries to employees, school), sources and forms of donations (charitable foundations, contributions from individuals, free meals, events, gifts) are covered in detail. The author comes to the conclusion that the Widow’s House in Nizhny Novgorod is a unique charitable institution of its time, the public need for which only increased. Thus, the second half of the 19th — the beginning of the 20th century was a period of private initiative in the matter of social security with significant support from local governments.