On the basis of the ‘Strategy of State National Policy of the Russian Federation for the period until 2025’, this study examines the semantic and pragmatic features of representing the subject defined by the formula ‘multinational people of the Russian Federation (Russian nation)’, which serves as an actual instrument for expressing state ideology. The relevant attributes of the subject are reconstructed. It is established that the formula realizes the semantics of unity (integrity) at the legal, socio-cultural, and subjective levels. Unity is represented as the assumed state of the subject, acquired through the transformation of its normative, epistemic, and ethical orientations. Regular collocations representing situations causing the relevant attributes of the subject are identified and analyzed, with their implementation being the subject’s normative obligation. The axiological status of the formula is determined as a ‘normative judgment’, expressed through contrast with aberrations identified by lexemes that actualize the semantics of violating unity in political-legal texts. The ideological nature of the formula is demonstrated as a norm of ethical and epistemic nature, implying the subject’s internal non-utilitarian motivation based on its evaluation of unity (integrity) as an ideal and unconditionally true state.

The article discusses the phenomenon of categorical perception, the success of which the author suggests can be expressed by the formula “this is exactly X from the category ‘X’.” The lexemes ‘neopredeljonnyj’ [indefinite] vs. ‘neulovimyj’ [elusive] are considered as units that verbalize the subject’s categorization difficulties in perception. Based on a comparison of the use of the adjectives ‘neopredeljonnyj’ [indefinite] vs. ‘neulovimyj’ [elusive] with nominations of different types of perceptual perception, it is established in which cases the object of perception, causing categorization difficulties, is designated as ‘neopredeljonnyj’ [indefinite] X and in which cases it is designated as ‘neulovimyj’ [elusive] X. The study is carried out using methods of definitional, componential, distributive, and contextual analysis based on explanatory dictionaries and data from the Russian National Corpus. As a result of the analysis of linguistic material, it was revealed that the combination ‘neopredeljonnyj’ [indefinite] X denotes that a certain X is well perceived by the sense organs, but the subject is unaware (it is absent from their lexicon) of the designation for this X. The combination ‘neulovimyj’ [elusive] X denotes that the sense organs only register the presence of a certain X, while X manifests itself too quickly/weakly or is heterogeneous, making it unrecognizable.

The subject of analysis is the punctuation marks of appendices and introductory words in the Ossetian — one of the problematic phenomena in contemporary Ossetian studies. The relevance of the study is determined, firstly, by the absence of works in Ossetian linguistics dedicated to the investigation of punctuation theory issues, and secondly, by the necessity of codifying punctuation norms in the Ossetian. The novelty of the research lies in the attempt to conduct a contrastive analysis of the reasons and circumstances of separating appendices and introductory words in Ossetian and Russian, as well as identifying gaps in Ossetian punctuation. It is demonstrated that actual punctuation practice does not deviate from the established norm in cases where the reasons for separating appendices and introductory words coincide in Ossetian and Russian. Special attention is given to the issues of distinguishing appendices and introductory words in positions that have no analogues in the Russian. The significance of word order and the presence of clitics in a sentence for the correct placement of punctuation marks in complex sentences is demonstrated. The punctuation formatting of appendices that have two qualifying words or a common postposition with a qualifying word is justified. The separation of introductory words that are part of an accentual complex is also commented on.

Structural analysis of aphorisms in philosophical discourse is conducted using a semantic-cognitive approach. The study focuses on aphorisms from Francis Bacon’s treatise “Novum Organum”. The objects, purposes, and bases of metaphorization are identified and classified, revealing phenomena that are objectified through metaphors and denote key areas of conceptualization in Bacon’s linguistic worldview. It is determined that the objects, sources, and bases of metaphorization are highly differentiated, highlighting personifications of the human image in Bacon’s linguistic worldview: the thinking, spiritual, social, and emotional aspects of humans. The majority of objects are anthropomorphic phenomena, including categories of moral order, age characteristics, intellectual abilities, and attributes of social interaction. The sources of metaphors touch upon the social role of humans, their physio-logical sensations from interacting with the environment, and demonstrate the empirical nature of the author’s linguistic personality. Among the sources of metaphors, the most representative group consists of naturalistic images. Francis Bacon refers to natural phenomena and objects as tools for creating complex philosophical concepts.

This article examines one component of language planning — educational planning. The main elements and indicators of this type of planning were identified. The authors discuss issues related to educational planning in three republics of the Russian Federation. The study was conducted based on the materials of the Kalmyk, Karelian, and Yakut languages. The aim of the research was to analyze educational planning as a set of existing opportunities for language learning. One of the objectives was to determine the scope and directions of activity in educational language planning. The second objective was to provide an overview of educational planning based on the materials of the Karelian, Kalmyk, and Yakut languages in synchrony and diachrony. The third objective was to analyze educational language planning according to our identified criteria and clarify the prestige of languages in the perception of speakers as a motivational factor for their study. To achieve this, the results of field research conducted in the three republics in 2021-2022 were analyzed. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the ethnic self-awareness of respondents is at a high level, and the symbolic significance of national languages is significant. However, there is a tendency towards a decrease in the number of individuals interested in studying their native (national) language in school education.

The main goal of the study is to describe verb roots in dialectal names of dishes in the Yakut language in order to identify motivational features semantically related to the category of ‘action’. The article employs a descriptive method using morphological and semantic analysis of words. The material for the study consists of lexical units extracted from dialectological and explanatory dictionaries, as well as field materials collected by the author. It has been established that the motivational feature of a derived word is determined by the meaning of the base word. The relationship between the meaning of the derived word and the verb root of the base word is clarified through the use of word-forming affixes that denote properties and functions of dishes: size and volume; cooking process (dishes). The main motivational feature in the examined names is ‘action’, including fermentation, collection, movement, flipping, scooping, etc. The base words include verbs such as ‘bas-’ (to scoop (water)), ‘khalbıy-’ (to remove (e.g., cream)), ‘homuy-’ (to gather), ‘köyör-’ (to wander (about kumis)), ‘khotor-’ (to extract (meat)), ‘tas-’ (to move (kumis)), 'daibaa-’ (to swing, in the sense of ‘scooping with a ladle’), ‘tier-’ (to flip). The author concludes that the realization of this motivational feature can be referred to as ‘verb-type motivation’.

The focus of this research is on the concepts of “communicative strategy” and “discursive practice,” which are frequently used today without being tied to a specific linguistic paradigm. The objective was to clarify whether these concepts can be classified as cross-paradigmatic, meaning they are not limited to a specific linguistic paradigm. The study revealed that despite their apparent similarities, these concepts differ in several key characteristics and are aimed at solving different tasks. Additionally, it was found that the main differentiation between these phenomena occurs at the level of their association with different linguistic domains: discursive practice is an element of discourse (and therefore belongs to the discursive paradigm), while communicative strategy is an element of communication (and is thus considered within the framework of the communicative-pragmatic / linguo-communicative paradigm and speech act theory). Analysis of contemporary research focused on studying communicative strategies and discursive practices showed a prevalence of a more “narrow” interpretation of the concept of “discourse,” which allows for the identification of specific forms of communicative practices within discourse. Furthermore, there is a simplification in the understanding of the implementation of discursive practices.

This study examines Russian and Chinese proverbs with the component ‘dream’ that have not been previously described in a comparative aspect. Linguocultural characteristics of proverbs in both languages are identified, which indicate common or different cultural-national attitudes. The relevance of the research is determined by the development of intercultural relations between Russian and Chinese societies, their interest in studying foreign languages. It is established that the proverbs with the component ‘dream’ recorded in Russian and Chinese lexicographic sources differ in quantitative and substantive terms. It is revealed that authoritative Chinese dictionaries present 10 proverbs with the component ‘dream’, while Russian dictionaries present 43. A common semantic is found among 3 Russian and 3 Chinese proverbs, which interpret dreams as reflections of people’s thoughts and desires. It is shown that the rest of the proverbs verbalize different cultural attitudes. Russian proverbs are characterized by an attitude towards sleep as a physical state that is necessary, beneficial, and pleasant. In addition, dreams are contrasted with reality, in which their fulfillment may or may not be possible. In Chinese proverbs, individuals are recommended to seize the moment and act in a timely manner to achieve their goals, as well as to be cautious with their words.

The article explores the reading practices of contemporary students in the context of the development of digital technologies. The authors interpret the results of sociological research conducted, which reveal students’ attitudes towards various reading practices in the midst of media transformations (surveys, focus groups, analysis of drabbles). The study investigates students’ attitudes towards reading (the value of reading and frequency of engagement), differentiating interests and factors influencing reading activity. The effectiveness of promoting and supporting reading in libraries, universities, the film industry, and opinion leaders is evaluated. The conclusion is drawn that there is no basis for a fundamental distinction between supporters of traditional (book enthusiasts) and digital (digital adepts) reading. Both are fully integrated into the traditional paper and digital book environment. Modern digital and visual communication technologies were found to be the most significant means of encouraging reading for both categories of respondents. The lines of digital inequality are primarily determined by the level of engagement in media communication and the ability to generate creative content. A predominantly passive position of respondents towards reading content online is observed. The conclusion is made about the gap between the declared, recognized, and implemented value of reading.

This article explores the linguistic and discursive mechanisms of value embodiment in internet media discourse, as well as the scientific tools for identifying and qualifying them in a corpus of textual data. The study investigates the peculiarities of metalanguage usage of the lexeme ‘po-khoroshemu’ [‘in a good sense of the word’] as a representative context for detecting values of a particular type, referred to as “pseudovalues,” which express relative evaluation: ‘something is good in some respect, but bad in another respect.’ Corpus analysis methodology was employed, using materials extracted from newspaper corpora within the Russian National Corpus. The study demonstrates that the metalanguage expression ‘po-khoroshemu’ serves as a kind of “test” for identifying potential negative evaluativity in nominations that, according to contemporary societal trends, could be perceived as “good” or neutral / non-evaluative. On the other hand, it is established that this representative context indicates an increase in the value register for nominations that are default negatively evaluative. The conclusion is drawn that through the use of the lexeme ‘po-khoroshemu,’ certain evaluations can be imposed on the readership of media texts, which may not have been initially shared by the addressees, thus making the metalanguage expression ‘po-khoroshemu’ an effective means of linguistic manipulation.

Analysis of Euphemized Headlines on Economic Issues from the German Electronic Publication ‘Die Tageszeitung’. The study examines articles from the period 2022 to 2023, as this timeframe coincided with heightened attention from German media towards events related to the energy crisis and economic problems. The relevance of this research lies in the fact that economic issues often give rise to the emergence of new euphemisms and euphemistic expressions. Based on criteria such as denotation of undesired referents and improvement of referent characterization, euphemized article headlines were identified. A total of 44 euphemistic expressions were selected using a comprehensive sampling method. The authors provide detailed commentary on each expression from the perspective of hedging techniques. A classification of euphemistic expressions in German-language journalistic discourse is proposed, encompassing five thematic groups: povertywealth, strikes, work, price increases, and inflation. It is noted that the group of headlines addressing inflation and price increases (particularly in relation to gas and electricity) is most susceptible to euphemization. The authors conclude that German journalists employ various euphemistic techniques in their headlines, including loanwords, compound words, wordplay, and others.

The article examines the literary movement of romanticism as a creative method employed by Su Manshu and Yu Dafu, two Chinese writers of the first half of the 20th century. The novelty of the research lies in the comparative analysis of the works of these two popular literati, whose prose had a significant influence on the formation of modern Chinese literature. It is reported that the interest of Chinese writers in romantic sentiments was fueled by their exposure to European literature through translations into Japanese and Chinese. Both writers referred to themselves as romantics, but their reasons for being drawn to this artistic method were different. Su Manshu was captivated by the new genre features, such as biographies written from the author’s perspective rather than focusing solely on historical figures, which was sanctioned by traditional literature. Yu Dafu was attracted to the romantic artistic style for its ability to employ unconventional expressive means in Chinese literature. At the same time, the romantic compositions of both writers carry markers of national identity. For Su Manshu, this is evident in the portrayal of female characters, while for Yu Dafu, it is manifested in the use of nature imagery to convey the mood of the characters. The article highlights that the development of romanticism in Chinese literature has been insufficiently studied by Russian sinologists and holds prospects for further research.

The article is devoted to the interpretation of D. H. Lawrence’s novel ‘Lady Chatterley’s Lover’. The basis for reading the novel in a carnival key is provided by both the facts of Lawrence’s biography and the presence of carnival interpretations in his other works in recent decades. The study of the harlequinade imagery in the novel makes it possible to characterize the ‘Lawrentinian’ harlequinade grotesque and its role in reflecting the writer’s worldview. Through the analysis of the characters, the author establishes similarities between Mellors, Connie, and Clifford with Harlequin, Columbine, and Pierrot. Allusions to popular pantomimes and farces of the 18th and 19th centuries, such as ‘Merry Sherwood, or Harlequin-Forrester’ (1795) by O’Keeffe and ‘Pierrot Fumiste’ (1882) by Laforgue, are identified. In addition, a hypothesis is put forward regarding the reasons for the writer’s choice of specific names for his characters. In particular, a version is proposed according to which the character Clifford Chatterley owes his name to Clifford Essex — the most popular performer of the Pierrot role in England at the beginning of the 20th century. The author argues that in the novel, Lawrence reproduces the plot and composition of English pantomime in order to contrast buffoonish laughter with the grim aspects of England’s reality in the 1920s.

The article examines the composition and functioning of epithets in Russian spiritual verses. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of research on spiritual verses from a linguistic perspective, as well as the opportunity to explore the interaction between oral and written traditions, secular and Christian culture, which are closely intertwined in this folklore genre. A brief overview of the theory of epithet study in Russian linguistic tradition is provided, taking into account the latest research, with particular emphasis on the use of constant epithets in folklore texts of various genres. The texts of three collections of Russian spiritual verses are considered: “Collection of Russian Spiritual Verses” compiled by V. Varentsov; “The Dove Book: Russian Folk Spiritual Verses of the 11th-19th Centuries”; “Spiritual Verses of the Russian North”. Two corpora of epithets are distinguished: general folklore constant epithets and genre-specific epithets of Russian spiritual verses. Observations are made about their quantitative and qualitative composition, describing the peculiarities of their usage in relation to the genre’s specificity and explaining their correlation. A grammatical characterization of epithets is provided from the perspective of morphological expression and position within an attributive syntagm.

This article describes the transformation of the image of the child in literature during the 10-30s of the 20th century. The stories of three contemporary authors are used as material, which are connected by motifs of enlightenment and repentance: “The Day of the Boy” by F. Verfel, “The Paper Kite” by Lu Xin, and “On Tenderness” by Nadezhda Teffi. The basis for comparative analysis is the biographical similarities, close circle of philosophical and aesthetic interests of Austrian, Chinese, and Russian authors, as well as the genre and thematic proximity of the texts. The researcher assumes that increased attention to the image of the child arises in the early 19th century in Romantic literature, which interprets it either as a victim or as an angel. However, in the second half of the 19th century, images of “evil children” begin to appear. The analysis shows that under the influence of Freud, the motive of children’s games as a way to familiarize oneself with evil, temptation, and inevitable experiences during development consistently emerges in literature of the early 20th century. The common form of reminiscence present in all three texts allows the authors to interpret childhood events causally and derive later moral experiences from children’s games. The article concludes that Verfel’s, Lu Xin’s, and Teffi’s stories are influenced by Freud’s idea of the interconnection between childhood impressions and the fate of adults, who must comprehend past shame, guilt, and repentance.

This article aims to clarify the characteristics of the ballad genre among other works in Northeast Siberia (in Yakutia and a separate settlement in the Magadan region). It examines the local features of ballad song variants recorded from long-time residents of Northeast Yakutia. The source materials used are texts published in the collections “Folklore of Russian Ustye” (1986) and “Russian Epic Poetry of Siberia and the Far East” (1991). The article presents ballad songs of Russian settlers from the lower reaches of the Indigirka River and the Kolyma River basin. Recordings by D. I. Melikov and V. G. Bogoraz are also utilized. The study is conducted using descriptive and comparative methods, as well as some techniques of lexical-semantic analysis. The work continues the research related to specifying the repertoire, genre, and stylistic features that constitute the uniqueness of epic poetry in Northeast Yakutia recorded in the 19th-20th centuries. The specifics of their dissemination are characterized. The first recordings made in the 19th century are compared with ballad texts documented in the 20th century. Special attention is given to the ballad song “The Mother-in-Law Held Captive by Her Son-in-Law.” It is noted that this folklore specimen reflects certain historical realities related to the area where the song was circulated. It is reported that ballad texts were lost by the 1970s.

This study analyzes the establishment and development of higher education in the first autonomous region within the People’s Republic of China (PRC). After the establishment of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR) in 1947, the regional leadership made efforts to develop the education sector. Improving literacy rates was a strategic goal for the development of the region and the entire country. The preparation of highly qualified personnel was also crucial for the accelerated development of the state. The novelty of this study lies in the utilization of original sources on the history of education in the PRC during its initial stages of construction. The author concludes that the establishment of the first higher education institution, the Pedagogical Institute of IMAR, met the needs of the region and stimulated the development of the entire educational system. In the early years of educational development in IMAR, special attention was given to the study of the Mongolian language and script, as well as the bilingual implementation of educational programs. This was necessary for the development of intercultural interaction and ideological consolidation among the population of IMAR.

The article examines the problem of organizing centralized and additional food supply for the population during the Great Patriotic War, using the example of the rear city of Tyumen. The functioning of retail trade and the ration card system are studied. Examples of mutually beneficial cooperation between the city and the village in the context of the topic under consideration are provided. The authors characterize the public catering system, both for children and adults, as well as the organization of subsidiary farms and individual gardens. Attention is paid to food procurement and targeted assistance to those in need, as well as the participation of various categories of the population in this work, such as labor collectives, schoolchildren, etc. Conclusions are drawn about the main trends in the organization of food supply to the city’s residents. These include the efforts of central and local authorities to provide the population with the necessary minimum of food, proactive actions by city residents and entire enterprises to solve the food problem, and efforts to combat abuse. The relevance of the study is determined by the enduring importance of food security as an element of national security. The main sources of the work are materials from the newspaper “Krasnoe Znamya,” as well as documents from the archives of the region and the Tyumen Museum-Education Organization, some of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

The article explores the experience of establishing state bodies in the Soviet Union that were involved in building relationships with religious organizations. It examines the relationship between the leaders of the Council for Russian Orthodox Church Affairs (CROCA = rus. SDRPC, established in the fall of 1943) and the Council for Religious Cults Affairs (CRCA = rus. SDRK, established in the spring of 1944). The main sources of research are materials from the central archives of Russia. It is reported that Colonel G. G. Karpov was the chairman of SDRPC, while Colonel I. V. Polyansky was the chairman of SDRK. Both chairmen simultaneously served in state security agencies: G. G. Karpov remained the chief for I. V. Polyansky in the Committee for State Security (KGB) for many years, which led to mutual resentment and personal animosity. Archive documents contain information that G. G. Karpov initiated the merger of SDRPC and SDRK. He proposed creating a new organization based on them, which would perform an important task for the Soviet state in building a secular society, and hoped to lead it. The main directions of the struggle to preserve the Council for Religious Cults Affairs are highlighted. Archive data is provided on the measures taken by G. G. Karpov, although he did not succeed in implementing his idea. As time has shown, G. G. Karpov’s proposal for the merger of SDRK and SDRPC was implemented, but much later, in 1965.

The aim of this research is to analyze the activities of the State Duma in Russia from 1906 to 1917, focused on reforming the higher education system. The research materials include stenographic reports of the State Duma during the specified period, normative documents, and memoir literature. The study reveals that the Duma of the early 20th century placed significant emphasis on issues related to the preparation of scientific and pedagogical personnel in higher education, increasing the number of universities, centralizing the management of universities, improving the financial situation of the faculty, and student rights. It is demonstrated that as a result of the active initiatives by the Duma, the budget of the Ministry of Public Enlightenment increased several times, and deputies supported legislative projects related to the opening of new universities, increasing state expenditures on higher education, and the development of culture and science. The legislative projects proposed by different Duma factions aimed at establishing a continuous connection between educational institutions at different levels. Representatives of the people advocated for the democratization of higher education. The amounts allocated for the training of professorial scholarship recipients, salary increases, pensions, and scholarships for teachers, professors, and students increased. The State Duma consistently and actively advocated for gender equality in obtaining higher education.

This article provides a brief overview of the development of knowledge about the Ural region in the 16th-18th centuries. The activities of V. N. Tatishchev in the Middle Ural region are examined from the perspective of studying the area, and an evaluation of his work is given. Special attention is given to his scientific works as the director of Ural factories, his views on the Ural region, and its development prospects. It is noted that his works were the first in Russian literature to provide an assessment of the Ural as a boundary between two “worlds”. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that the Ural is often seen as a border between the European part of Russia and Siberia. Additionally, the active exploration of this region in the early 18th century remains poorly studied by researchers. The novelty of this work lies in considering V. N. Tatishchev’s activities not only as a government official but also as a scholar and researcher of new lands. The authors conclude that the head of the Ural state factories made significant efforts to study the entrusted lands. As an officer and official, he contributed to the accumulation of necessary knowledge about “Siberia” and cared for the enlightenment of the population. In order to create a complete picture of how the Ural appeared to V. N. Tatishchev, not only his works but also his correspondence with central authorities were utilized as sources.

The article examines the issue of establishing the borders of the Omsk province with neighboring territories. The main directions of the delimitation processes with Siberian provinces and the Kirghiz (Kazakh) Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic are analyzed: the allocation of certain districts of the Tyumen province under the control of Omsk; the transfer of parts of the Altai and Tomsk provinces to the Omsk province; the transfer of several districts that were part of the Akmolinsk region to the Kirghiz (Kazakh) ASSR; and the dispute over the territorial affiliation of the Ishim and Pavlodar districts by Omsk. The complexity and ambiguity of territorial demarcation resulting from spontaneous changes in Russia’s administrative-territorial system during the revolutionary events of 1917, the Civil War, and the initial transformations of the Bolsheviks are demonstrated. It is revealed that the main issue was the formation of the southern border of the Omsk province with the Kirghiz (Kazakh) ASSR, which later became the state border between Russia and Kazakhstan. It is noted that the authorities of the Omsk province systematically defended territorial interests not only of their own province but also of Siberia as a whole, being key players in the region. The conclusion is drawn that thanks to the territorial shifts in southern Western Siberia, a foundation was laid for the formation of stable borders between Siberia and the Kirghiz (Kazakh) ASSR.

The activities of the institutions of the Russian Red Cross Society in Tobolsk Province during the Russo-Japanese War are presented. The source of the study is a regional periodical publication — the newspaper ‘Sibirskiy Listok’. Publications such as appeals, appeals, notifications, reports, telegrams, and others for the period 1904-1905 (a total of 202 newspaper issues) are examined. It is revealed that the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War contributed to the establishment of the Tobolsk Red Cross Administration and the development of the Tobolsk community of mercy sisters. The extensive materials studied allow us to conclude that the local branch of the Red Cross fully developed during the years of the war. The Ladies’ Committees served as management and organizational structures. The main activity, providing medical assistance, was carried out by the community of mercy sisters. The key directions of the activities of the Tobolsk branch of the Russian Red Cross Society during the Russo-Japanese War were the establishment and maintenance of the community of mercy sisters, the creation of a stage hospital, and the provision of all necessary support to the wounded. For this purpose, donations were collected from the population. Analysis of publications in ‘Sibirskiy Listok’ showed a high degree of activity of the province’s population in the activities of the Tobolsk branch of the Russian Red Cross Society.

The Livonian War led to an increase in the number of anti-Moscow works in Europe. Western authors closely followed Russia’s successes and failures in the struggle for the redistribution of the Baltic states. The main target of criticism in propaganda texts was Ivan the Terrible, who was portrayed as an enemy of Europe, equal in power to the Turkish sultan. This article analyzes the features of the anti-Russian information campaign based on various genres of texts published in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The study of the statistical aspect of the circulation of pamphlets showed that during the later stages of the war, Polish-Lithuanian typographers significantly influenced the formation of the news field in Europe. The examined works of minor literary forms demonstrated that the description of the confrontation between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia was presented in the context of a defensive war. Due to the noticeable increase in the number of propaganda texts during the reign of Stefan Batory, it was concluded that the Polish king played a primary role in the information campaign to discredit Russia. Batory understood the power of printed propaganda and invested numerous resources in tarnishing the image of the Russian ruler. As a result, by the end of the war, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth managed to have a significant influence on the emerging negative image of Russia and its ruler in Europe.

This article examines, for the first time, the activities of Fedor Sannikov as the superintendent of Yekaterinburg schools, based on archival documents. It is noted that he had to fulfill his duties in a difficult environment, as tensions arose between him and the administration. As a result, his proposals were likely intentionally delayed or rejected. Despite the unfavorable attitude and even resistance from his superiors, Sannikov made every effort to modernize the schools. In particular, he insisted on reintroducing parallel vocational training for students, as introduced by V. N. Tatishchev according to a document from 1736. Sannikov repeatedly made proposals to increase the number of teachers in the arithmetic school, where he taught over 100 students. It has been established that under the supervision of the superintendent, there were more than 270-280 students in Yekaterinburg schools by the mid-18th century, and Sannikov was aware of the financial situation, abilities, and academic achievements of each of them. In the conditions of rising costs in the late 1740s, he proposed training students in crafts and allowing them to work in workshops in the second half of the day, as the students’ government stipend was not enough for clothing, shoes, food, and many had to rely on charity. Sannikov also paid attention to the education of noble children whose parents were not inclined to send them to schools.

The article focuses on the manuscript monuments of Turkic-speaking peoples — Muslim metric books. The compilers of books in Old Tatar language are representatives of the Muslim clergy. The study is based on archival documents from the Bukhara Volost of Tobolsk Uyezd, Tobolsk Governorate from the 19th to the early 20th centuries. The aim of the research is to study the composition of the Islamic clergy through the introduction of understudied sources and the historical and sociocultural facts contained in them. As a result of the analysis of metric records, data on 35 individuals were established, including the name of the spiritual rank, personal name and patronymic (by the end of the 19th — early 20th century — surname) of the clergyman, the time and place of his service, and the name of the madrasah where he studied literacy (in the early 20th century). It is noted that the chronological principle in compiling the books allowed tracing continuity in religious cult service, for example, through blood relations. The authors conclude that Muslim metric records are valuable historical and linguistic sources for studying the sociocultural and linguistic situation of the 19th — early 20th century.

The focus of this publication is on the history of the German village of the North-West of the RSFSR in the first post-revolutionary years (1918—1922). The economic and political life of the German rural population is characterized, including the resolution of land issues, economic activities, requisition policies of the Bolshevik leadership towards them, as well as the formation and functioning of Soviet and party bodies in areas with high concentrations of Germans. The condition and functioning of German farms largely depended on the extraordinary revolutionary economic measures carried out by the Bolsheviks within the framework of equalizing land use and “war communism”, where the German village was considered as an easily accessible and high-performance source of agricultural resources for the Red Army and the urban population, which resulted in an excessively high economic burden on the colonies and a selective approach to accounting for national the specifics of the economic life of the Germans and their current economic opportunities. German peasants mostly negatively perceived post-revolutionary innovations, and service in Soviet and party bodies was used as a tool to protect and promote their personal economic interests and to protect them from possible repressive measures.