The results of the analysis of stable similes of the Swedish language that characterize interpersonal relationships are presented. The purpose of this article is to reveal the national identity of the ways of expressing ideas about interpersonal relationships in the Swedish linguistic culture. Material for the study consists of expressions extracted from phraseological dictionaries of Swedish language; texts from Swedish literature and journalism, including the analyzed lexical units; the results of a survey of native speakers of the Swedish language, as well as data of the dictionaries of sustainable similes of the Russian language. Analysis of the Swedish phraseology is made against the corresponding fragment of the language picture of the world in Russian linguistic culture. The relevance and novelty of research is caused by absence at the moment of large-scale studies devoted to the analysis of Swedish stable similes in linguistic and cultural aspect, as well as the lack of the dictionary of Swedish stable similes and Russian-Swedish dictionary of stable similes. In the result of the analysis it can be stated that the ideographic field of stable similes of the Swedish language is significantly different in composition from the corresponding field in the Russian language. The linguistic facts of only three ideographic groups in this field have full or partial Russian equivalents. Units of other groups of considered field require detailed linguistic and cultural, and in some cases historical and etymological review when submitting them to the Russian-speaking audience.

The interaction of national languages in the Nordic region and the transnational English language as a tool of linguistic globalization are considered. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the interaction between English and national languages for the first time is interpreted in the context of stereotype attitude to the problem, on the one hand, by linguists and developers of language policy, on another hand, by other citizens. The relevance of the study due is determined by the fact that the model of attitude stereotypes is the key to understanding the national language policy in Denmark, Sweden and Norway and can be extrapolated to other regions. The author analyzes the debate among Scandinavian linguists regarding the displacement of the national languages from certain communicative spheres that formed the basis for the development of official documents regulating the status of the national and English languages. It is proved that most experts and ordinary citizens are supporters of the spread of English as a pragmatic tool of international communication, while a small minority of opponents call to protect the national language from its aggression. The author substantiates the thesis that a symbiosis of two attitude stereotypes developed in the Nordic region - the belief in the importance of preserving the status and functions of the national language and at the same time pragmatic acceptance of the expansion of English as a fact of modern language situation.

The article considers theoretical problems of the language functioning on the example of formation and development of the German newspaper-publicistic style. Thus, the author presents the development of a system for the regulation of style and language capacity of the means of expression, which is based on two types of heterogeneous principles, strictly deterministic, on the one hand, and stochastic, based on probability criteria, on the other hand. The research urgency is caused by the need to establish specific determinates of stylistic system development, giving objective, summarizing basis for a theoretical understanding of disparate empirical facts. It is established that general dialectic determinates of development of stylistic language system are causality and appropriateness. Specific determinates that determine the functional specificity of the studied style - newspaper-publicistic style of the German language at the final stage of its formation in the 19^th century: the stylistic principles of appropriateness, clarity, consistency and ostensiveness. It is proved that the dominant way of thematic deployment of the publicistic text in the German language is the argumentative method based on the method of practical reasoning. Certain language features of common style principles are considered as stochastic (probable, possible).

The article is devoted to comparative research in Russian, English and Italian phraseological units with the component-zoonym. The relevance of the study is determined by the importance of the analysed units to understand the peculiarities of mentality of representatives of different linguistic cultures and improving intercultural communication, since these idioms demonstrate the commonality and difference in values, stereotypes and behaviour patterns in national cultures. This article gives a review of the scientific literature devoted to the study of zoonyms and presents results of own research. Its novelty is seen in the fact that a detailed classification of phraseological units with the component-zoonym is proposed on the basis of the analysis of their structural and semantic peculiarities on the material of three non-closely related languages. According to the structure there are substantive, adjectival, verbal and adverbial idioms. Within the structural groups according to the semantics there are subgroups used to describe a person, his experience, status, positive and negative qualities, typical properties, emotional and physical condition, behaviour, speech, interpersonal relations etc. The attention is paid to evaluative connotations of the considered units. The dominant images in phraseology of Russian, English and Italian languages are identified and their meanings are examined in the comparative aspect.

The article is devoted to the inner form of the word as a living mechanism of ordinary metalinguistic consciousness. Three types of inner forms are distinguished - trivial, lost and darkened, the author focuses on the last one, as it represents the greatest interest within the framework of naive linguistics. To identify the principles of its functioning in consciousness of native speakers the author refers to the experiment and processing of the results obtained by four parameters: (1) correctness, (2) consistency, (3) strategy for establishing the inner form of the word, and (4) the type of error in its interpretation. The survey allowed to draw a number of conclusions. First of all, it is established that darkened inner form is virtually not recognized by native speakers and therefore cannot be considered a living element of the meaning of the word. Secondly, it is revealed that the interpretation of the inner form, even in the case of an erroneous result rarely goes beyond the capabilities of the language system. Thirdly, it is determined that among the strategies for establishing the inner form of the word the analysis of its root while ignoring the other components of morphemic structure assumes the leading position. Fourthly, it is found that the most frequent error in interpretation of the inner form is incorrect commenting the image, that forms the basis of the nomination.

The article is devoted to analysis of the combinatorial characteristics of speech formulas of apology sorry in the Russian language used in informal communication. 150 text fragments extracted from the corpora of the Russian language that include this formula are reviewed. On the basis of this material the analysis of the compatibility of the unit of speech in each of its meanings is made. Test samples of word tokens are divided into two groups according to two main functions that can perform this verbal formula. The first group includes cases in which the expression of apology is the primary function of the form sorry . The second group includes cases in which the expression of apology is its secondary function and analyzed form is firstly used to soften the statement, to establish communicative contact, to the complete communicative situation. The article reveals the ratio of cases using formula of apology sorry in different functions. Novelty of research consists in that still there were no special studies of the combinatorial characteristics of syntactic units. The obtained results reveal the efficiency of the approach to the study of the functioning of language units from the point of view of combinatorial syntax and confirm the feasibility of this task.

The peculiarities of etiquette speech genre of greeting in the Russian spiritual letter are covered. Referring to the epistolary heritage of Russian spiritual mentors-monks, the author shows that the greetings in the spiritual letters are significantly different from the greetings in the other types of private letters. The examples taken from texts that are addressed to the spiritual disciples, relatives, clergy, show that the differences relate mainly to etiquette formulas, and such formulas, as Christ is among us , Christ is risen , Save us, Lord , Save us, God and others became a marker of spiritual writing. Special attention is paid to the consideration of the causes of the distinctive features of the greetings in the letters of Russian monks. Conditionality of the existence of particular etiquette formulas is seen primarily in the Christian worldview of the correspondents, their following the traditions of Hesychasm and epistolary canons established by the Church writers of the past. The author also outlines the issues associated with the principle of theocentrism, which, as the analysis of religious epistolary texts shows, is reflected in their etiquette. The most frequent etiquette formulas used in the greetings are those that contains the words God , Christ , of God , Lord . The Christian idea of salvation determines the use of greeting words Save your soul , Be saved .

The results of a comparative analysis of Russian derivative prepositions pod vidom , pod predlogom and their French prepositional counterparts sous couvert de , souscouleur de , sousl’apparence de , en guisede , au motifde , sousprétexte de are presented. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to supplement and clarify the existing lexicographical descriptions of auxiliary units, especially in comparative perspective. The novelty of the study lies in the choice of units for comparative analysis and the approach to their description. The material is journalistic and literary texts of two languages chosen from the electronic text database (text corpus and newspapers archives). The paper raises the question of the degree of conformity of studied units to each other. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the syntactic possibilities of each of the examined prepositional units and their semantic features. The author concludes that the French prepositional expression sous couvert de corresponds to the Russian preposition pod vidom to the greatest degree out of all analyzed units according to its syntactic and semantic properties, and units au motif de and sous prétexte de are the analogues of the Russian pod predlogom .

The article is devoted to translations of the love poetry of Avetik Isahakyan by M. Dudin. It is noted that Isahakian’s poetry is the pinnacle of Armenian literature, and it is no coincidence that the poet even during his lifetime was named the Master. The themes of motherland, civil worldview, love and nature can be considered major in his poetry. The author believes that the poet’s philosophical reflections reveal his deep inner world. With the end of the first half of the 20^th century the poetry by Avetik Isahakyan was translated by the poets like A. Akhmatova, E. Nikolaevskaya, V. Zvyagintsev, I. Snegova, M. Dudin and others. By comparative analysis the article investigates translations of Isahakyan’s love lyrics by M. Dudin. This work allows to evaluate the quality of poems translated from Armenian into Russian and their compliance with the originals. The study showed that the translations correspond to the original poetic texts in meaning and style, so they felt the spirit of the national culture and the mood of the Armenian poet. It is shown that the translations of M. Dudin proved him a wizard of rhyme, who cleverly weaved in it the figurative and expressive means showing the wealth and sophistication of the poetic language of the Russian poet.

The article is devoted to the bestiary in “The Dark Alleys” by I. A. Bunin. The author draws attention to the fact that Bunin’s “The Dark Alleys” are densely populated by animals, birds, fish, reptiles, insects. A full list of the living things mentioned in the book is presented: horses, oxen, donkeys, goats, sheep, rabbits, dogs, leopard, elks, deer, rats, bat, hedgehog, frogs, eagles, owl etc. It is reported that the book used the 286 words with animalistic semantics. Zoomorphic imagery is considered as an important means of creating in fiction the integral image of the living Universe - an infinite universe in which all things are equal and related to each other. The author shows that the intensity of treatment to bestiary imagery throughout the book is uneven and undergoes big changes. It is noted that, only 4 of the 40 texts have absolutely no animal vocabulary. Attention is paid to the reflection of Bunin’s worldview and creative problems of the writer in the specifics of bestiary movement. For example, one of the artistic aims of the writer is to convey to the reader a sense of the overabundance of living life, which explains the considerable number of the verbal vocabulary in the text that describes the motion and movement of living beings. The analysis of the novel “A Night Stay” is presented.

The article is devoted to the analysis of military economy of the Russian army in the first half of the 19^th century. The features of functioning of the regimental and company trains are covered. The great autonomy of commanders when conducting economic operations is mentioned. Scientific novelty of research consists in the fact that for the first time in Russian historiography the conflict situations that arose during the commanders change are commented in details. The formal and informal mechanisms for the resolution of such conflicts are described. The author concludes that the abuses in the conduct of military economy appeared due to objective reasons, primarily due to the weak development of the Russian economy. Such violations were impossible to be won only by administrative methods. The author indicates that it was necessary to substantially increase financing of the army that the troops did not engage in fraud and self-supply. It is emphasized that the development of Russian industry and transport was also necessary that made possible large centralized procurement by the forces of the military. The study is based on archival materials on the service of the Russian army, which are stored in Russian state military-historical archive, Russian state historical archive and Science archive of the Museum of artillery, engineer and signal corps.

The problem of nation state building is examined, which was actively discussed by the theorists of communism at the dawn of Soviet power. Great attention is paid to the work of The II Congress of the Communist International, meeting in 1920, during the Soviet-Polish war, when the creation of the new Plurinational state arose in the agenda. The novelty of the proposed research is in the fact that this problem has not yet been raised in the scientific studies. The peculiarities of the struggle of opinions in the Communist leadership on the national question and the geopolitical problems, which solving is still relevant today, are characterised. The author comes to the conclusion that the theoretical conclusions of the communists varied depending on the international situation. In 1920, during the “revolutionary offensive” the utopian idea of creating a World Soviet Republic and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat was put forward. Later, with the final formation of the Versailles system, the Comintern advanced more moderate slogans, that in fact coincide with the program of world social democracy, peaceful coming to power through parliamentary elections and creation of a United States of Europe.

The article is devoted to determining the boundaries of the territory which in the first third of the 17^th century belonged to Amirgunah khan Qacar, the ruler of Erevan khanate and Chuhur-Saad beylerbeylik. According to the sources, after the reconquest of Yerevan from the Ottoman Empire, the shahinshah Abbas I Safavid gave Yerevan and the territory of the Chuhur-Saad under the control of Amirgunah khan, but the sources nowhere indicate the boundaries of new possession. On the basis of Arakel, Davrizhetsi, Zakaria, Kanakertsi, Iskander Munshi, Evliya Chelebi, acts material and other sources, the article argues that in the East and South the possession of Amirgunah Khan bordered on beylerbeyliks Ganja and Tabriz, in the North there was a disputed border with Georgian kingdoms and principalities, and in the West, where there were possessions of the Ottoman Empire, there was no stable border in the period of the war. Nevertheless, the study of the sources helped to determine the areas subordinate to Amirgunah khan and his son Tahmasp Kuli khan in 1604-1635, until a new conquest of Erevan khanate by Ottoman Empire.

The article is devoted to the topic insufficiently developed in the national historiography, particularly in regard to its regional aspect. The study was conducted on materials of the State archive of the Sverdlovsk region and the Centre of documentation of public organizations of Sverdlovsk region with the assistance of the scientific and publicistic literature. The topic urgency is determined by its high relevance for the social sciences, especially history, sociology and political science. Scientific novelty of the work is seen in the fact that the new materials discovered by the author in these archives are introduced into scientific usage. The research proves that the labour legislation in the USSR was, in fact, punitive. It is argued that the whole history of the Communist regime in our country is the history of the administrative-forced labour of the Soviet people. It is declared that in the Soviet period of history, until the beginning of “perestroika,” any research of problems of administrative coercion in the USSR was impossible. It is emphasized that almost until the last days of the Soviet Union the evasion of citizens from “socially useful work” in any case was regarded as a serious violation of the law and was strongly pursued, either by measures of societal impact or by the application of criminal law. It is proved that the leadership of the Communist party and the state considered repressive labour as a precondition for normal functioning and strengthening of the regime, as a permanent tool for strengthening their own power and, ultimately, as a natural law of the socialist construction.”

The agricultural activities of provincial merchants in adverse climatic conditions of Western Transbaikalia are considered. The author dwells on the concrete example of the agricultural activities of Verkhneudinsk merchant of the first guild Grigoriy Shevelev. It is shown that Transbaikal merchants were in the larger mass highly educated representatives of their class, communicated with the Decembrists, were a source of formation of local intellectuals, engaged in research in various fields of knowledge, sponsored many scientific expeditions of the region and was involved in them. Particular attention is paid to the fact that the development of agriculture and improvement of technical devices by merchants was carried out in addition to the main business activities and were often entertaining and experimental, because did not make a profit. On the basis of the biographical method involving documents of the State archive of the Republic of Buryatia and the material extracted from the Agricultural journal of 1830-ies, the professional activity of merchant G. Shevelev is shown, who was known for his contacts with the Imperial Moscow Society of Agriculture (IMSA). On the recommendation of A. N. Muravyov for the first time in Eastern Siberia merchant founded an experimental farm for agriculture under Verkhneudinsk, for which he was awarded of the gold medal of IMSA.

The publications of Russian historians on the use of newspaper “Nippon Shimbun” (“Japanese newspaper”) in political work among the Japanese prisoners of war in Soviet Union is considered. It was the only newspaper published in the Soviet Union in Japanese language for Japanese prisoners of war. The article contains a historiographical analysis of works published in Russia in the period from 1994 to 2016. The author reveals the results of the work of researchers studying the use of the newspaper in the ideological “treatment” of prisoners of war. Both the successes and achievements of researchers and insufficiently studied aspects of the topic are determined and recorded. Among under-researched problems of the topic there are members of the newspaper editorial office, frequency of publication, circulation, as well as different periods in the editorial work and functions of the newspaper at different stages of political work among the Japanese prisoners of war. Absent monographs and scientific articles and reports on the newspaper “Nippon Shimbun” in Russian historiography is stated although it was published from 1945 to late 1949 by relatively large quantities. The author indicates clearly the lack of studying the work of I. I. Kovalenko as editor-in-chief. The advisability of preparing and publishing the collection of documents on political work among the Japanese POWs in the Soviet Union, which contained materials on the paper, practice of using it in political work.

The problem of parental control as one of the basic characteristics of parent-child relationships is considered. The authors believe that the singularity of the modern era is determined by the dominance of prefigurative culture society with its characteristic fracture of patterns of behaviour established in previous generations. The results of empirical study of parental control in modern society are presented. The main spheres of its application and methods of implementation are characterized. It is shown that the priority sphere of control of today’s parents is the child’s state of health. The authors note that at the same time many parents underestimated the importance of control in the sphere of children’s interaction with the Internet and other modern means of mass communication. It is emphasized that in the present context “trust” control in these areas is tantamount to acquiescence and failure to take responsibility for the child. It is shown that in the information society one cannot apply to the former, traditional forms of parental control, which characterize the society of postfigurative culture. The obtained data indicate a lack of understanding of the parents the global changes of the whole sphere of social interaction related to the formation of fundamentally new communication culture of the modern society. The question of the elaboration of new methods of parental control that meet the requirements of the modern era is raised.

The article is devoted to the organization of work with postgraduate students of Russian universities. The urgency of the problem of teaching the principles of presentation of results of own research activities in written and oral form in Russian and foreign (English) languages is stated. The authors consider the generalization of learning objectives and equivalence of requirements for the mastery of the mother tongue and a foreign language in a modern high school standards at the stage of bachelor, master and PhD programs one of the important reasons that hinder the solution to the problem. Uneven number of hours distinguished for studying of Russian and foreign languages starting from the senior secondary school is also noted. Based on their long-time experience, the authors set out their vision of ways of solving this problem for the Russian audience. As a compromise in the existing conditions it is proposed to introduce for these categories of students the new integrated, bilingual course. The aim of the course is to help postgraduate students of different specialties in the preparation and publication of scientific works in Russian and English and to enable them part-time and full-time participation in conferences of Russian and international level. The choice of the course name and the components of its content is carried out taking into account the analysis of foreign experience and Russian rhetorical tradition. The authors’ development of the modules of the course “Scientific writing and scientific rhetoric” is presented, a brief description of their contents is given.

The main methodological aspects of the development and creation of electronic course “Electronic literature: language and digital culture education practice” for undergraduates of the second year of study (combined form) of the course 44.04.01 “Pedagogical education” are considered. The novelty of the research is seen in the proposed mechanism for the integration of electronic texts into the practice of foreign language teaching (English) and literature, which is based on the training modules of three types: introductory, thematic and meta-theoretic. Introductory modules are focused on the analysis of the structure and fundamental properties of the electronic literary text. Thematic modules of the course involve the study of electronic narratives from the point of view of their structure, genre and lexical-stylistic features. The task of the thematic modules includes study and analysis of elements of synthetic structure of electronic narrative (audio, video, graphics and animation). Meta-theoretic module is aimed at forming in graduate students the methodological skills to design and develop an online course or separate training modules on electronic literature and modern media culture. The relevance of the study is determined by the expressed interest of contemporary society in the preparation of professionals with skills and experience in the field of interdisciplinary studies.

The development of tolerance among senior schoolchildren in the context of national inclusive education is covered. Special attention is paid to the creation of tolerant relations between classmates. The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by the implementation of the Federal law “On education in Russian Federation,” providing the use of inclusive techniques and technologies in learning and education. The ways of development of tolerance cited in six dissertations on candidacy for a scientific degree of PhD in education are presented and analyzed. The works are devoted to the development of different types of tolerance: general, ethno-cultural, communicational, gender. It is emphasized that none of the thesis examined the relation to youth with disabilities that appears to the authors to be incorrect in the context of national inclusive education. It is also noted that the majority of researchers propose to develop the tolerance of students using problem discussions. The authors are convinced that the foundation of tolerance (its formation ) must not occur in senior and even primary, but in the elementary school. In 10-11^th classes one should continue to develop this quality. The research novelty lies in the criticism of the modern approach, emphasizing primarily the relative dignity of the child - his/her natural inclinations and the results achieved. It is proposed to pay more attention to the absolute dignity of every child - the ability to be, to think and feel.

This article deals with the problem of diagnostics of level of formation of motivational and behavioral components of ecological culture of the future teacher’s personality. The authors believe that the process of development of these components reflects the dynamics of formation of the investigated personality traits. The essence and the notion of ecological culture of personality is determined. Its basic structural and functional components are revealed. Special attention is paid to the development of the motivational component associated with the development in the students of axiological and conceptual structures (motives, needs, etc.), which in general determine the focus on ecology friendly activities. The analysis of the methods devoted to questions of formation of ecological culture and education of students is made. The study showed that most of them do not address the issue of identifying the nature of the personal dispositions of the subjects. To solve the problem of the study, the possibility of applying the value-normative method developed by professor G. E. Zalessky for the diagnosis of the value-motivational units of personality is proved. The authors present their development and results of testing of the diagnostic methods. It is noted that this development allows to assess the level of development of intrinsiv ecological motivation of students and the corresponding type of behaviour. It is proved that, given the nature of the interaction of three critical components of ecological culture of the individual - cognitive, motivational and behavioral - it is possible to obtain a preliminary typology of level of ecological culture of the subjects.