The article is devoted to the description of the activities of Russian scientific schools in theoretical and pedagogical understanding of rhetoric as a science of the laws and rules of effective and appropriate speech. The process of restoration of rhetoric in Russia from the 70-80s of the last century is considered - a classical discipline dealing with the problems of speech and the culture of speech communication. It is shown that the result of this process was the creation in various universities of Russia of original scientific and pedagogical concepts, which today cover the whole range of general territorial rules for constructing prosaic speech and particular issues of professional communication in various fields of activity. It is noted that each described scientific school offers independent ways and methods of teaching good and correct, convincing and decorated, perfect speech. Rhetoric is defined as the central philological discipline that deals with the problems of public speech practice and dictates, with its recommendations, a certain style of thought and lifestyle. It is emphasized that this science is correlated with all “speech professions”, since each competent specialist expresses himself in a word and organizes his activity through communication and the creation of effective influencing texts.

The article is devoted to the description of a synonymous series of Russian verbs with a dominant idle against the background of the Vietnamese language for further presentation of Russian units in a Vietnamese audience. The approaches to the study of synonymous units traditionally highlighted in Russian linguistics are considered. The relevance of an integrative approach to the analysis of synonyms for linguodidactic purposes is substantiated. The novelty of the study is that such a comprehensive approach allows us to analyze synonyms at the level of the language system, discourse and language consciousness of native speakers. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the synonymous row under study is included in the lexico-semantic group of behavior verbs, nuclear for the Russian language, as well as the lack of training dictionaries of Russian synonyms for foreign students. The authors determine the structure of the studied synonymic row in the Russian language, analyze the semantics, typical situations of use, the stylistic classification of units according to the components that make up the synonymic series. Particular attention is paid to data from a survey of native Russian speakers. A comparative analysis of Russian synonyms and their translation equivalents in the Vietnamese language is presented. Relevant parameters of the characteristics of the members of the synonymous row are identified to optimize the work with these units in the Vietnamese audience. Linguistic and methodological recommendations on the presentation of Russian synonyms in a Vietnamese audience are offered.

Lexical units, that index the educational status of graduates of Oxbridge and are included in the dictionary of representatives of the upper classes of Great Britain, are considered. The identification of U-words is based on the analysis of “The Fry Chronicles” (2010) by Stephen Fry, a well-known actor, writer and publicist, a graduate of the University of Cambridge. The material and the approach to identification of socially-marked vocabulary determines the novelty of the study. The author proceeds from the fact that the scientific interest in the manifestation of social status in a language still does not lose its relevance. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge stably maintain the status of the most prestigious universities according to QS University Ratings, not only in their own country, but also far beyond its borders. In “The Chronicles”, Stephen Fry provides an opportunity to follow the nuances of the use of certain lexical nominations in the student and teaching environment of the University of Cambridge and partly Oxford. The lexical units, which form the following thematic fields: (1) university, (2) teachers and employees; (3) students and exams are distinguished. It is stated that words of Latin origin mark the speech of the upper classes, creating a certain social distance, and borrowings from the German language replenish student slang.

The semantic and stylistic features of the verbs yavlyat’sya - yavit’sya in modern speech on the material of the National corpus of the Russian language are considered in the article. It is shown that not all the meanings of these verbs recorded in explanatory dictionaries are relevant for modern speech and that yavlyat’sya - yavit’sya do not function in texts of different styles. It is specified that the verb yavlyatsya in a connective meaning is characterized by the breadth of lexical and grammatical connections, which indicates its further semantic devastation and approaching to ideal connectives. Particular attention is paid to the characterization of species relations yavlyat’sya - yavit’sya in the indicated value. The stylistic marking of these verbs in the meaning ‘come’ is grounded. Attention is drawn to the fact that in all meanings, except for the connective, the seme ‘perception’ is preserved, which in some cases makes it difficult to distinguish between the individual meanings of verbs (for example, ‘arise’ or ‘represent’). Lexical markers, allowing to distinguish between similar values are noted. The novelty of the study is a comprehensive review of the functioning of the verbs yavlyat’sya - yavit’sya to identify their semantic volume and stylistic capabilities in the language of the beginning of the XXI century.

The article is devoted to the study of a collective-personal, subject-oriented measurement of Russian-speaking protest communication in the framework of a broad communicative approach. The material was the content of political blogs hosted on the livejournal platform, the platform of the Echo of Moscow information site, and individual domains. The heterogeneity of functions characteristic of political blogs is revealed in the article. The language tools representing these functions are characterized. Particular attention is paid to the discursive hybridity of political blogs, manifested in the inclusion in the Internet discourse of elements of political, business, legal, conversational, artistic discourse. The specifics of constructing a complex addressee (individual, collective, title) and complex addressee (mass, target) are described. Relevant communication strategies and tactics of the mass, individual addressee are disclosed. Discussion topics that initiate a protest reaction of the addressee were identified, among which finance and taxes, government and administration, elections, corruption, officials, healthcare, parties and politicians, and social issues dominate. The stages of discursive construction of the problem in political blogs are shown. The ways of forming and maintaining Internet mobilization in the protest practice under consideration, the features of mediation of politics and personality in the analyzed content are described. The results obtained contribute to further understanding of the forms of modern protest, the interconnection of technology, politics and the media sphere.

The article is devoted to the identification of the asymmetric basis of explication of temporal oppositions in the Russian-language media discourse. The semantic-pragmatic potential of linguistic units representing the antithesis of “past / future” and its textual explicators is established and analyzed. Given the specifics of linguistic and extralinguistic factors, the features of modeling the current political picture of the world are revealed. It is emphasized that the asymmetry of the media discourse, which has become the subject of scientific research only in the last decade, is dictated by the manipulative orientation of media texts. An analysis of practical material allows us to conclude that the media texts of the beginning of the XXI century are a priori asymmetric and are built on both communicative and linguistic asymmetries, which consist primarily in the contraposition of linguistic and contextual antonyms that reflect polar political views and aspirations. The asymmetry of images of the past and future and the ambiguity of connotations inherent in the linguistic representatives of these images allow us to talk about the variability of the value component of the key categories of the political picture of the world and prove its dynamic nature.

The results of a study of German-speaking opposition political blogs by V. Prabel and S. Wagenknecht as examples of relevant protest practices are presented in the article. System-communicative and integrative approaches are used. The characteristics of blogs that make up the subject and collective-personal dimensions of this protest practice in the context of mediation and the postulates of the Harvard School of Conflict Studies are described. The regularities of the discursive construction of the problem, the image of the complex addresser and the addressee of the blog are determined, their argumentative, evaluative, self-presentation and phatic tactics are used. The article shows the specifics of the formation of Internet solidarity, the reflection in the analyzed practice of the phenomenon of mediation at the level of society and the individual, including the manifestation of the attributes of the changing thinking of the subjects of communication, due to the globalization of information processes and the characteristics of modern mediation in the political sphere. The postulates of the concept of “principle negotiations” by R. Fisher and W. Ury, aimed at constructivizing the conflict, and their observance by the addresser and addressee of the blog are examined, which makes it possible to assess the satisfactory communication of the parties. The inherent features of blogs that are relevant to different conflict resolution strategies are described. The results contribute to the study of the contingence of technological and sociocultural changes and can be applied in the field of conflict management.

The problem of distancing the components of attributive phrases as a syntactic and stylistic phenomenon in artistic speech is considered. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the issue of preserving the syntactic form of the phrase while distancing its components has not yet been resolved and the mechanism for creating a stylistic technique based on the distance of the components of attributive phrases has not been clarified. The novelty of the study lies in the approach that takes into account the interaction of syntax and stylistics in the functioning of the same speech means - attributive phrases in conditions of distance. On the material of the corpus of speech examples selected from the novel by M. A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don”, it is shown that when distancing the attributive phrase, ceasing to be integral, does not lose its syntactic form. The syntactic properties that occur in attribute phrases in a distancing form of their existence are generalized. When describing the stylistic method of distancing, it is stated that it is intended not only to concentrate on the attribute information about the subject, but also to testify to the signifying “reload” that the attribute phrase undergoes when moving forward its dependent component in the sentence-utterance.

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the lexical compatibility of verbs with the meaning of the emotional state, recorded in the texts of the writers of the Lower Volga region - B. P. Ekimov and E. A. Kulkin. On the basis of the contextual and structural-semantic analysis of verbal lexemes with the meanings of being in an emotional state, bringing to an emotional state, becoming an emotional state, their functional potential in literary texts is revealed. The role of these language units as means representing the inner world of a person and the connection of characters with the surrounding reality is substantiated. The specific features of the lexical compatibility of the verbs of the emotional state in fiction are characterized: (1) violation of the usual lexical compatibility in cases when writers resort to a metonymic transference; (2) combinations with inanimate nouns denoting the bearer of an emotional state; (3) constructions with abstract nouns with emotive semantics; (4) combinations with adverb distributors that implement semantics uncharacteristic of them. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the combined abilities of individual author's verbal tokens. It is noted that dialectic and occasional verbal emotives in the analyzed works exhibit the valency inherent in normal verbs.

The article is devoted to the study of the features of the social network Instagram as a communication platform for positioning and promoting goods and services, forming a personal brand. The relevance of the study is determined by a number of factors. The decrease in the popularity and effectiveness of traditional advertising tools and public relations, on the one hand, the growing popularity of various social networks as a modern marketing tool, the high level of involvement of the social media audience, the increasing orientation towards visual content while maintaining the importance of SMM text, on the other hand, has turned Instagram into the space of various marketing innovations and an interesting object of study. The author considers the main forms of information transmission offered by Instagram (post-publications, stories, live broadcasts, IGTV format), as well as the main types of positioning content, which ensures high audience engagement and the effectiveness of selling texts. Special attention is paid to the role of visual content. The advantages of non-verbal presentation of information, the specifics of interaction with the verbal component of the SMM text are considered. The material for the study was the polycode texts of a successfully developing, offering a variety of selling content for the Instagram account of the clothing brand 12Storeez (publications from 2019-2020 were considered). As a result of the analysis, the author identifies the main features of the modern SMM text, forms and functions of the most common types of content.

The question of the reflection of Tatar ethnicity in spontaneous texts is considered. Attention is paid to the level structure of ethnicity, which assumes the declared and “real” (categorical) levels. The novelty of the study lies in the combination of socio-psychological methodology and the method of linguistic analysis of spontaneous narrative, which allows us to demonstrate poorly controlled cognitive categories attributed by informants to their ethnic group. It is shown that the declarative component of ethnicity in the texts of the Tatars of the Perm Territory is represented by a structured system of ethnonyms and their contextual analogues. It has been demonstrated that this structure has a field character and includes, in addition to the ethnic component itself, cultural, religious, local and microlocal components. The “real” identity was also analyzed, which was reflected in stably predicted categories. It is proved that this level of ethnicity of the Tatars is homogeneous, since it includes a small set of categories implemented by most informants. This set includes the category of otherisation and antiquity / tradition. It is noted that the method of structuring ethnically specific categories is potentially opposed. It was revealed that Tatar informants demonstrate ethnicity, supported by a system of inclusive components that reflect positive self-identification. As a result, it was proved that linguistic analysis of spontaneous texts can serve as a basis for comparing different types of ethnicity (including Tatars living in different regions of the Russian Federation).

The classification and systematization of some magic tales of the Khoshuts of the Xinjiang-Uigur Autonomous Region of China for the first time is presented on the basis of the Aarne-Thompson-Uther catalog and the “Comparative Index of Plots: East Slavic Tales”. In the “Comparative Index of Plots” the names of thematic sections from the Aarne-Thompson catalog and numbering are stored. For plots that do not have parallels in the Catalog, the authors introduced new numbers. The material for the study was the texts of Khoshut fairy tales published in the Collection of Folklore Works of Khoshut County on the Oirat script “Todo Bichig”. For comparison, the texts of Kalmyk tales published in the collections “Kalmyk Tales”, “Tales of Sanji Butaev” and “Keeper of the Wisdom of People’s Shan Boktaev”, as well as personal field materials of the authors were used. Comparison of fairy tale plots with indicators contributed to the classification and systematization of certain plot types of Xinjiang Khoshut magic tales: “A wonderful spouse (spouse or other relative)” (400-459), “A wonderful task” (460-499), “A wonderful assistant” (500-559), “A wonderful item” (560-649). It is noted that the similarity of plots with Kalmyk tales indicates a single national folklore fund. As a result of the analysis, interpretations and differentiating elements of some plots of Xinjiang Khoshut magic tales related to their local tradition were established.

The origins of a romantic worldview in the work of Russian-born American writer and philosopher Ayn Rand (Alisa Zinovievna Rosenbaum, 1905-1982) is studied in the article. The analysis is based on the Russian and American versions of the romantic trend in literature, which differ in the interpretation of the romantic hero. Ayn Rand formulates his own understanding of romanticism, in which the determining factor for a romantic hero is the presence of will in relation to his own character and being. Comparing the texts of Rand and the representatives of business romance S. Mervin and G.K. Webster, Calumet K (1901), it can be noted that their characters are outwardly similar (they are responsible, principled, they can inspire others), but they differ on a deeper level. It is shown that the fate of humanity lies at the center of the story of Rand’s novels, and not just the comprehension of ways to solve another production problem. It is noted that her characters overcome contradictions, try to understand themselves. It is stated that Ayn Rand makes the task of his work precisely the overcoming of dualism, following the traditions of Russian literature on American ground: taking the efficacious man as a basis, she embodies in her heroes what the Russian romantics aspired to: create the ideal of a whole person who changes himself and the world around him.

The results of a comparative analysis of multilingual texts - the original and the translation - of poetic works by Ossetian authors (M. Tsirikhova, A. Tsarukaev, R. Asaev, G. Dzugaev, H.-M. Dzuzzati, D. Darchieva, T. Tettsoeva) in the light of the translation interpretation by famous Russian poets of the sixties (E. Evtushenko, B. Akhmadulina, R. Kazakova, B. Okudzhava, Yu. Morits) are presented. In the course of comparative analysis, it was found that some translators resorted to adapted rethinking of the lines of a foreign language text (Yu. Morits, B. Akhmadulina). It was shown that for this purpose, in some places, translators violated the formal organization of the verse, expanded the original text by adding stanzas (R. Kazakov) or, conversely, narrowed the verse of the original (B. Okudzhava, B. Akhmadulina), but changes in the structure of the original did not affect the adequate perception of the text to recipients. The features of the implementation of the original pragmatic potential in translation are commented. It is noted that translators not only find lexical means characterized by semantic affinity with the words of the original, but also embody the aesthetic component of the literary text (R. Kazakova, Yu. Moritz) and others. It is stated that some poets deliberately resorted to rethinking the artistic reality captured by the author: in the language of translation, a new work is actually created based on the poem in the original (E. Evtushenko, B. Akhmadulina).

Dynamic poetics is analyzed - from draft to clean manuscript - the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov “They loved each other for so long and dearly ...” (1841), which is a free translation of the poem by H. Heine. Based on a comparison of the transcription of clean manuscript and two draft manuscripts of the poem, as well as the source - the German text - Lermontov’s creative process, his work on choosing the exact word and creating an integral artistic image is reconstructed. The article outlines the causes and mechanisms of Lermontov’s textual corrections that help to understand the movement of author’s thought. The process of Lermontov’s work on the text is associated with the emotional saturation of the “skeletal part” of a German source. Based on the textual analysis of the manuscripts of Lermontov’s poem from the “Notebook presented by V. F. Odoyevsky”, the semantic transformation of the source of the poem is traced, the process of enhancing the tragedy of the text achieved through its openness to eternity is revealed. The relevance of the problem is seen in the need to clarify the originality of the artistic imagery of Lermontov’s poem, to identify the reasons for the strength of its aesthetic impact on the reader, as well as the ontological meaning of the text. The semantic evidence of the text is revealed in the need for direct relations “here and now”, in understanding eternal life as a continuation of the mortal life. The novelty of the study has a factual (for the first time the creative process of composing a poem is presented in as much detail as possible) and interpretative in nature, associated with the refinement of Lermontov's worldview.

The article is devoted to the study of the heroic tales of the Buryat-Uligers, performed by B. Barnakov. Particular attention is paid to the repertory of this storyteller. The question of the preservation of the plot structure of works and storytelling memory in the conditions of the extinction of the epic tradition, when the epic environment and regular performance have already disappeared, is considered. The results of a comparative analysis of the plots of legends and their poetics are presented in the article. The relevance and novelty of the study is due to the fact that B. Barnakov’s legends have not yet entered the research field and have not become the subject of special study. In addition, the inclusion of one of the texts for publication in the series “Monuments of Folklore of the Peoples of Siberia and the Far East” makes a comprehensive study of the creative heritage of the uligersha relevant. The author pays special attention to stereotypes in these legends, highlighting intertextual and situational “common places”. The conclusion is made that the preservation of the narrative memory and the fullness of the repertory of the uligersha in the absence of a natural epic environment indicates the inertial stability of the epic tradition, due to the sacred nature of the heroic epos.

The relevance of the study is due, on the one hand, to the insufficient knowledge of the semiotics of the Yakut epos olonkho, and on the other, the need to implement a new paradigm of modern science, which involves the convergence of scientific knowledge. It is noted that the fundamental categories in the worldview are the modes of space and time, which in total lead to another mode of being - a chronotope. The subject of this article is the codes of cosmological mythology in the texts of the epic olonkho from the perspective of a peculiar spatio-temporal organization of the epic world of olonkho. The purpose of the study is to decode the elements of mythology, as a result of which “compressed” messages about scientific knowledge that indicate the existence of a single source of typology of culture are found. Particular attention is paid to the variety of codes, the rules for their emergence, taking into account the national characteristics of language and thinking. A systematic approach to the subject of study, structural-semiotic analysis, methods of review and description are used in the study. The novelty of the study is in an attempt to partially solve the problem of the disunity of two types of cultures (folklore and fundamental laws of nature) in the context of a general typology of culture. This study indicates the prospects for further consideration and definition of the elements of a peculiar symbolic-semiotic system of space-time organization in the texts of the Yakut epos olonkho.

The question of literary translation of poems that are important in the context of developing a new artistic strategy by the leaders of the poetic movements of the Silver Age is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the multicultural and multilingual dialogue of translators is analyzed both with the texts of the original and with each other. The results of a comparative analysis of poems by Paul Verlaine “Art Poétique” in the translation of Valery Bryusov and Teofil Gautier “L’Art” in the translation of Nikolai Gumilyov are presented. The author notes that Bryusov saw ideas that resonate with his idea of symbolism as a stylistic phenomenon in Verlaine’s work. Particular attention is paid to the fact that Verlaine is polemicizing with the previous tradition - the poetry of the Parnassians, whose principles were embodied in the work of Gautier. The question is raised that Nikolai Gumilev, translating Gautier, engaged in implicit controversy with both Bryusov and Verlaine. The author dwells on the fact that the background of this polemic is the justification of the “neoparnassian” and “neoclassical” foundations in the style and poetics of acmeism. It is proved that the purpose of this polemic is the manifestation of the program mindsets of symbolism (in Bruce's version) and acmeism (in Gumilev version) based on the authority of Verlaine and Gautier.

The previously not considered question of the reception of the novel “Fathers and Sons” by Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev in the Chinese research tradition and in translations is considered. The novelty of the work is seen in the fact that at present in the Russian and Chinese literary environment there is no detailed study devoted to the perception of the novel “Fathers and Sons” in China. The relevance of the article is due to the need to study the significance of I.S. Turgenev for the Chinese cultural process in order to understand the specifics of Russian-Chinese literary relations, which corresponds to the trends of modern comparative literature. The most important issues are those related to the study of Russian literature in the Chinese context. It is noted that, based on the work of Chinese researchers and translators, it is possible to draw conclusions, firstly, about the popularity of the work “Fathers and Sons” in the Chinese readership, and secondly, about the special merits of the translations of Ba Jin, Li Ni, Zheng Bin and other translators to distribute the works of I. S. Turgenev in China. It is shown that not only scientists and translators, but also cinematographers turn to the work of the classic, which also testifies to the great interest of the Chinese audience in the classical heritage of Russian literature.

The article is devoted to the questions of deviating from the norms of the community life behavior of residents of the Tobolsk province in the early twentieth century. The main types of deviations are considered - crimes, alcoholism, suicide. Unregulated behavior in the urban environment has been studied using statistics, archival sources, and regional press materials. The main source was the texts of the Reviews of the Tobolsk province for 1900-1914, compiled and published by the Tobolsk provincial statistical committee. The presented statistical material reflects the dynamics of deviations, allows us to identify their causes and consequences. The article provides an overview of the work of modern researchers dealing with the problem of deviant behavior, and also analyzes a number of types of deviant behavior of the residents of the Tobolsk province. It was revealed that, as a rule, the causes of deviations were the socio-economic and unsuitable living conditions of the population, crop failures and natural disasters, the presence of a large number of marginal elements in the region, the low level of socio-cultural needs of the population and alcohol abuse. The author concludes that the described deviations were often found in the urban environment and were widespread, but despite their rejection and censure by society, the measures taken to eliminate them were clearly not enough to eradicate them.

The article is devoted to the analysis of a historical source of the nineteenth century entitled “One who has reached the highest wisdom”, the authorship of which is attributed to the Mongolian lama, the hierarchy of the Buddhist Sangha, Jambal Dorjo gegen, who had the title “Nomun Khan”. It is emphasized that this source reveals some aspects of bilateral Russian-Mongolian diplomatic relations in the historical period that is very difficult for countries - the beginning of the 20th century, the period of civil wars and the formation of new statehood. The uniqueness of the source is determined by the fact that this manuscript was not the subject of historical analysis, its content reveals the position of theocratic Mongolia in relation to the Russian state. It is noted that the message of Jambal Dorjo gegen to his fellow believers-Buryats, already in the department of the Russian state, is seen as a kind of mandate, a wish for a safe and peaceful coexistence within the country. It is argued that the establishment of the state border between the Russian Empire and Mongolia has not yet passed its final phase, so its appeal to the Buryats, subjects of the White Tsar, fundamentally influenced the process of legitimization of imperial power in the territory of ethnic Buryatia.

The expansion of Great Britain in the 18th century greatly strengthened its influence both on the European continent and throughout the world. The nearby existence of Catholic Ireland, which had developed trade and socio-political ties with European countries, threatened the national security of Great Britain and determined the religious orientation of restrictive politics. In the first half of the 18th century, political, economic and religious struggles both within Ireland and between the British and Irish led to the fact that Ireland actually turned into an English colony. There are still disputes among foreign scholars about the status of Ireland in the 18th century, since the powers of the parliament in Dublin were limited, and most of the country's population did not have civil and political rights. Nevertheless, in the 1760s, the Irish parliament implemented a number of bills in the field of social policy and local self-government, which indicates the significant independence of this legislative body. The legal status of the Irish state in the 18th century, its powers are compared with some widespread definitions of the term state are examined in the article.

The material and technical equipment of machine and tractor stations (MTS), the electrification of MTS and other agricultural facilities of the region are investigated. The main source of research was the materials of the State Archive of the Irkutsk Region. Novelty is presented by the statement and solution of a problem that, taking into account the indicated chronological and territorial frameworks, has not been considered before, in addition, the totality of empirical material first introduced into scientific circulation is analyzed. The relevance is due to the importance of ensuring the food security of the country, which implies the accelerated development of the material and technical component of agricultural production. It is noted that the relevance of the study is growing due to the fact that since the 1990s, MTS have been again created in Russia. As a result of the study, the structure and quantity of agricultural machinery, its capacity, replenishment dynamics by years of the study period were revealed. These indicators are compared with the pre-war 1940 and the year 1945. The specific weight of the required overhaul repairs of the equipment was calculated, and its performance was evaluated. The inverse relationship between the tractor power and its productivity, the level and dynamics of the electrification of the MTS and other agricultural facilities of the region are revealed. A number of indicators of technical equipment of the MTS region are presented in comparison with the data for the whole country.

The analysis of the activities of the Verkhneudinsky branch of the Russian-Asian Bank (until 1910 - Russian-Chinese) on the credit and financial market of Western Transbaikalia in 1911-1914 is presented, its influence on the development of trade and industry of the region is determined. Based on the reporting and office records stored in the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia and the Russian State Historical Archive, the dynamics of the active and passive operations of the banking branch in the context of the all-Russian industrial expansion in 1909-1913 was analyzed. It was established that the Verkhneudinsky branch of the bank espouse cautious financial policy, issuing loans to its customers at inflated interest rates. It is proved that, despite the favorable situation in the country's economy during the indicated period, the credit and financial institution in Verkhneudinsk has largely lost its dominant position in the banking services market of Western Transbaikalia. According to the authors, this circumstance was the result of a sharp increase in competition in connection with the emergence in the fairly small financial and credit market of the region of two new banking institutions - the Verkhneudinsky and Kyakhtinsky mutual credit societies.

The issues of ethnodemographic and ethnolinguistic development of the Mari population in Bashkortostan are considered. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of the ethno-demographic situation in the regions of the country with a significant number of the Mari ethnic group. The results of a comparative analysis of the natural reproduction of the Mari in comparison with other ethnic groups in the republic are presented. The question is raised about the ethnolinguistic identity of the Mari population, which, according to census data, is losing its national language. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that for the first time an analysis of the demographic and linguistic aspects of the development of the Mari population in the regions of the Ural-Volga region was carried out. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the issue of demographic development of the peoples of Russia at the present stage is becoming not only a social, but also a political and strategic problem. The authors elaborate on the results of interethnic interaction of the Maris in the zone of ethnocultural contacts. It is proved that, despite the high birth rate, the demographic development of the Maris has a negative balance. A review of the ethno-linguistic development of the Mari population is carried out taking into account the administrative-territorial division. It is concluded that the emerging trend of urbanization of the Mari negatively affects the preservation of the native Mari language.

Using the example of epistolary sources extracted from the fund No. 5 “Apparatus of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1949-1991)” of the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History, the problem of the history of the personnel policy development in the USSR, that is insufficiently covered in historical science, is examined in the article. The circumstances that had developed by the mid-1970s in the light of the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU of February 12, 1975 “On the state of criticism and self-criticism in the Tambov Regional Party Organization” are described. The question is raised about the transformation of the Party-Soviet nomenclature, its social orientations and moral guidelines. The results of a comparative analysis of letters from various regions of the USSR are presented. On their basis the conclusions about the socialist ideals of Soviet citizens and the psychology of individualism contrary to them, the mentality of accumulation, which are affirmed among the political elite, are drawn. The circumstances of the embourgeoisement of regional leaders, personal corruption, especially abuse in the exercise of property rights, are commented. It is stated that gradually illegal actions, in the absence of strict measures to dismiss executives from their posts, became systemic, taking the form of custom. The author comes to the conclusion that the political space, socio-economic structure and the spiritual and moral sphere of society have evolved towards consumer, private ownership, property interests and needs.

For the first time, an attempt has been made to source-based analysis of materials on musical subjects of the “Slavs” magazine, the press organ of the transnational anti-fascist All-Slavic Committee in the conditions of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. The relevance of Slavic musical problems in the socio-political and research terms is shown. Officially approved personalities of outstanding musicians, including opinion leaders - contemporaries of the war, whose names are found on the pages of the magazine, are revealed. It has been established that the attribution of most information units on musical art issues published in the magazine is difficult. Socially significant musical events in the country and abroad highlighted in the magazine, having local and international resonance: the premiere of the Seventh Symphony of D. D. Shostakovich, performances, concerts, accompaniment of various political and scientific events, etc. are singled out. The diverse use of the Slavic cultural potential in the musical sphere is shown. The main national informational musical and cultural vectors reflected in the publications (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Czech, Polish) are determined. The key contexts of the magazine’s publications are noted - the struggle against the common enemy - fascist Germany, the liberation and restoration of the culture of the Slavic countries.

Based on the materials of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RSAAA), questions of the ethnic composition of the main city of Siberia - Tobolsk in the XVII century are examined. Attention is paid to the characteristics of various groups of the urban Turkic population. A review of census books on Siberia of the 17th century is completed. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the “Census book of Tatar yurts in river Irtysh”, introduced by the authors into scientific circulation. The results of a comparative analysis of data from the census book of 1682 with other sources are presented. The question is raised about the features of the population formation of the Tatar settlement of Tobolsk. It is proved that the formation of the Tatar urban population included various categories of the Turkic population. A classification and characterization of such population groups of the city of Tobolsk as service Tatars, feudally dependent Tatars, and Bokharans are proposed. The novelty of the study is determined primarily by the lack of knowledge of the ethnic composition of Siberian cities, in particular, in the 17th century. The relevance of the study is due to the need to identify ways of forming the population of the Siberian capital.