LINGUISTICS
The question of the possibility of analyzing texts to identify their axiological content based on keywords is considered. It is argued that linguistic units characterized by high frequency denote axiologically important concepts and form cultural attitudes in the reader. The characteristic features of the common cultural code for the nation and its unique features in a particular era are determined. The poetic texts of anthologies on literature of the 19th — early 20th centuries that have survived many editions, as well as textbooks of the 1930 — 1940s and 1970-1980s for primary school are analyzed. The research showed that the keywords of the lexical-semantic groups “Nature” (forest, land, field, sea) became common for the poetic texts studied in the elementary grades; “Light” (light, sun, day), “People” (person, child, people, country); that is, these are the words that are leading in the formation of the cultural code of the Russian people of the XIX—XX centuries. The “key words of the era” for the Russian Empire are the words soul, tsar, god; for the 1920s — labor; 1930s — song, Stalin; 1970s — mother, spring. The relevance of the study lies in its focus on identifying the basic concepts, meanings and values that form the cultural code of the nation, as well as on describing the dynamics of the cultural code in different historical eras.
The features of verbalization of Bacchic actions in the works of Fyodor Abramov (tetralogy “Brothers and Sisters”, novels “Pelageya”, “Alka”, “Mamonikha”, “Wooden Horses” and stories) are considered. The linguistic means of the individual author’s interpretation of the “Wine Drinking” sphere as a fragment of the semantic field of a literary text are analyzed. Bacchic action from the point of view of manifestation of one or another cultural semantics in it (according to M. L. Kovshova): utilitarian, functional, aesthetic, social hierarchical, ideological and spiritual is studied. It is noted that in the artistic world of Abramov, the utilitarian and functional aspects generally correspond to the general cultural ones, reflected in the paremias. It was revealed that the social-hierarchical cultural layer has its own specificity, which manifests itself in two oppositions: “village — city”, “collective farmer-peasant — rural intellectuals”. The author notes that the ideological and spiritual component in understanding the situation of wine drinking is associated with the expression of the author’s attitude, his worldview through the prism of the character’s opinion. It is concluded that the verbalization of Bacchic action is distinguished by figurative interpretation, the attraction of components from various spheres: the use of expressions containing somatisms, animalisms, perceptual vocabulary, verbs of physical impact, etc. When analyzing the social component of some Bacchic expressions, it is noted that the objects of wine drinking (vessels) are interpreted as subjects of interpersonal relationships.
Composite occasionalism is understood as a new formation, which is based on a syntactic complex acting as a multicomponent unity and characterized by a hyphenated connection of elements (for example, how-to-win-that-job articles, last-Friday-before-a-vacation feeling). The ways of translating complex occasionalisms in modern English-language novels into Russian are discussed in the article. The results of a comparative analysis on the material of five novels and their Russian translations are presented: “White Teeth” by Z. Smith (2000) — “Belye zuby” (translated by O. L. Kachanova, M. A. Melnichenko, 2005), “About beauty” by Z. Smith (2005) — “O krasote” (translated by O. L. Kachanova, A. N. Vlasova, 2010), “Do you know how to keep secrets?” by S. Kinsella (2003) — “A ty umeesh khranit’ sekrety?” (translated by T. A. Pertseva, 2019), “Love, Rosie” by S. Ahern (2005) — “Ne veryu. Ne nadeyus’. Lyublyu” [“I don’t believe. I hope not. I love”] (translated by V. I. Lavronenko, 2009) and “Juliet, Naked” by N. Hornby (2009) — “Golaya Dzhulyetta” (translated by Yu. A. Balayan, 2010). The following translation techniques were reviewed: descriptive translation with the loss of lexical “condensation”, calquing, replacement of a complex occasional unit in one word, graphic-punctuation transfer, omission of the occasional unit in the translation text or its incomplete transfer.
The article is devoted to the study of sense components that are often represented in the content of static polycode texts, in particular, demotivators and memes devoted to the phenomenon of mass lockdown. The aim of the study is to establish the elements of knowledge, which are basic concepts and are used in the construction of messages, understanding the specifics of this mode, broadcasting opinions. The means of their expression in the verbal and non-verbal parts of polycode texts are analyzed. A different degree of their representativeness is established, depending on the frequency of the used linguistic means and non-verbal elements. The statistical data were processed using the AntConc 3.5.8 text corpus analyzer program, using the stop-list of words. Attention is paid to the differences in the actualization of the identified mental constructs in the verbal and non-verbal parts of memes and demotivators. They were systematized in accordance with this criterion. The frequency of the use of verbal and non-verbal means to convey the same semantic component is assessed in a comparative manner. The diversity of linguistic means used by the authors of memes and demotivators of the studied group is characterized.
The principles of text construction and infl on the youth audience of modern mass media are considered on the example of the radio station “New Radio”. The question is raised about the relevance of the use in the modern virtual space of the classical technology of text generation, based on Greco-Roman rhetoric. The results of a comparative analysis of the technology of generating a text in the periods of antiquity and the revival of this technology in the “new rhetoric” of the second half of the twentieth century is presented in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the observed diversifi of the media, which is becoming more prominent in youth media: the distribution of content on social networks allows each media to become more specialized and coordinate content with the needs of the target audience. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the author considers the content of modern media as a corpus of entimematic argumentation, which allows one to deduce the large premises of the syllogism eliminated into implication. The novelty of the research is in the fact that the author considers the content of modern media as a corpus of entimematic argumentation, which allows one to deduce the large premises of the syllogism eliminated into implication. Particular attention is paid to the axiology of a set of enthymemes that the target audience can potentially restore.
The article is devoted to the analysis of polycode advertising texts placed on food packaging. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that at present, when the decision to purchase is often made directly at the point of sale, the role of information on the packaging has increased many times over. This fact makes it necessary to analyze modern technologies of influence and manipulation that are relevant for this type of discourse. The author considers the text on the packaging as a communicative and structural holistic message, consisting of semiotically heterogeneous elements, characterized by high pragmatic and expressive saturation, aimed at encouraging consumers to make a purchase of a particular product. A typology of functions performed by the information on the packaging is proposed. The main polycode tools that ensure the effective implementation of these functions are considered. As the most frequent polycode techniques used in the text on food packaging, the author identifies the following: an emphasis is made on a unique component in the composition, categorization of the target audience according to certain criteria, the use of means of expression, including provocative metaphorization, appeal to authoritative opinion, the use of stylistic visualization, technologies of narrative and storytelling, etc.
LITERARY STUDIES. JOURNALISM. FOLKLORE
The image of the tsar is considered as a through cycle-forming one in the Fandorin corpus of Boris Akunin. The results of a comparative analysis of the images of three emperors, with the reign of which Fandorin’s activity chronologically coincides, is presented in the article. The author dwells on the comparison of the images of emperors with the images of tsars in the “Children’s Book for Boys” and the images of revolutionaries, future leaders of Soviet Russia, in the story “Where Should We Go?”. Particular attention is paid to the emphasized inconsistency: the rulers deduced in the texts are by no means regal, their appearance and manners are described in a repulsive manner, and humiliating comparisons are used. The question is raised about the opposition of such an interpretation of the image of the king to an alternative version: a significant absence of the king as a character or a description of a person who is only destined to become a king in the future. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the author singles out cyclo-forming motives and their disclosure in texts about Erast Fandorin, attracting not only samples of the detective genre, but also companion texts. The relevance of the study is due to a comprehensive analysis of the vast body of texts and the selection of cross-cutting archetypal images.
The question of polyvariant existence of meanings, interpretations of the poem “Hrazdan” (and its translations) by G. Alishan is considered. The novelty of the research is seen in the multidimensionality of synoptic research with an appeal to the concepts of polyvariance as a research tool, “hot” chronological periods (attention to linguistic culture) and points (anniversaries). The phenomenon of the text-heritage is studied in its historical perspective. A brief overview of the Russian-Armenian literary relationship is carried out. The Russian-Armenian literary relationship is characterized as a factor contributing to the formation of the text-heritage. The importance of the creative work researching of the outstanding Armenian figure G. Alishan is noted. The authors dwell on the history of the texts of the invariant and variants of translations into Russian, English and French (four translations). The author’s development of a synoptic model of the philological analysis of a poetic text and its translations is presented. The questions of representation of ethnocultural signs (onyms) in translation variants are touched upon. The consequences of their elimination or equivalence are commented on (the onomastic layer of the text is examined). Various translation strategies are evaluated. The features of the representation of emotions by interjections in the original and in the translation variants are compared. The technique of recursion in the refrain is revealed, its specificity in translations is discussed.
The article is devoted to the problem of interpretation of the well-known Yesenin lines about N. A. Klyuev in the poem “In the Caucasus”. In literary criticism, the point of view has been established, according to which the eleventh verse of the poem by S. A. Yesenin contains a well-known “epigrammatic definition” expressing the extremely sharp “negative attitude” of the poet towards his former mentor. The systemic analysis of Yesenin’s poetic definitions of Klyuev, “gentle apostle” (“O muse, my flexible friend...”, 1917) and “Ladoga deacon” (“In the Caucasus”, 1924) in the historical and literary context, made it possible to find their close semantic correlation and identify the lines about Klyuev in the poem “In the Caucasus” as the author’s self-irony, expressed in the form of a comic demotion of his former teacher. It is proved that in the poem “In the Caucasus”, ironically putting himself in the place of a “dead canary”, a poet who categorically does not accept imitation in poetry, not only declares that singing “from the voice of someone else” is destructive for any talent, but also clearly makes it known that he is “not a canary,” imitating Klyuev, that their paths diverged long ago, that the canary in him “died” in his youth; and the self-ironic, harmless lines about his mentor in the poem “In the Caucasus” testify to Yesenin’s creative maturity as a great national poet who has comprehended his significance and place in Russian Parnassus.
The results of the analysis of suicidal issues in the stories of V. Nabokov “Blow of a Wing”, “Fairy Tale”, “Accident”, “Lycus”, “Notification”, “Letter to Russia”, “Vasily Shishkov” are presented in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that it makes it possible to clarify the writer’s ideas about being and the otherworldly, as well as to contribute to the development of such an interdisciplinary branch of scientific knowledge as thanatology. It is argued that the suicidal situations in the stories are similar: the characters take this step in a state of acute crisis as a result of long-term indulgence of weaknesses and passions (including addictions). The problem of the environment is also noted — despite the fact that the heroes are surrounded by people, they are in an atmosphere of misunderstanding and loneliness. Attention is also paid to the relationship of a number of characters with God and infernal forces (in particular, an intertextual parallel with the novel “Demons” is drawn). It is proved that suicide in the overwhelming majority of texts is a consequence of the metaphysical disintegration of heroes prone to irresponsibility, consumerism, escapism, and in some cases to the fight against God. It is concluded that the phenomenon of suicide in Russian-language Nabokov’s stories is devoid of a romantic and / or heroic halo — the writer comprehends it within the framework of European-Christian culture.
The results of a comparative analysis of the story “Notes from the Underground” by F. M. Dostoevsky and the works of S. Beckett are presented in the article. It is shown how Beckett critically interprets the main novels of the Russian writer. The novelty of the work is seen in the fact that the problem of Beckett as the “heir” of Dostoevsky and his “Notes from the Underground” is considered in Russian literary criticism for almost the fi time. Based on the plays “Waiting for Godot”, “All that Fall”, the novel “Molloy” and the story “First Love”, the author demonstrates how Dostoevsky’s themes, motives and images are refracted in Beckett’s work. Particular attention is paid to the motive of “underground” love. A similarity was found between Dostoevsky’s story and Beckett’s works in spatial and temporal characteristics (uncertainty of the scene, nonlinearity of time, repetition of situations). It has been proven that these characteristics serve to designate a world without God, in which landmarks and goals are lost, positive and rational foundations are broken. It has been established that for Dostoevsky the Underground remains a “dark corner” behind which there is a “big world”, while for Beckett it fi the whole world.
The article examines the trilogy by Dina Rubina “People of the Air” (2008—2010) and “Russian Canary” (2014). The relevance of the study is due, firstly, to the low degree of study of the trilogy “Russian Canary” (the onomastic space of the work is analyzed and the features of the book are determined in the context of a family novel of the 20th century); secondly, the need to differentiate the author’s artistic methodology, which is different in the studied macro-texts. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the authors, comparing the two trilogies by Dina Rubina, come to the conclusion that the author uses various semiotic strategies for constructing texts, thus revealing the homology of storylines, methods of constructing character series and general principles of world modeling of trilogies. The results of a comparative analysis are presented, which allow us to see the patterns of the artistic search of a modern author and his stylistic innovations. It is proved that with the parallelism of character series of two epic cycles, the author in the first case resorts to the artistic method of magical realism (“People of the Air”), and in the second case uses realistic principles of writing (“Russian Canary”).
The philosophical views of German romantics, as well as images, motives, chronotopes characteristic of German romanticism, embodied in the domestic urban fantasy are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the techniques of the comparative method. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the almost complete absence of works devoted to the study of urban fantasy. It is noted that this fantasy subgenre has not been considered in detail in the context of the continuation of the traditions of romantic German literature. The theoretical basis of the research is presented by the works of M. M. Bakhtin, N. Ya. Berkovsky, V. M. Zhirmunsky, Yu. M. Lotman, S. S. Levochsky, etc. It was revealed that urban fantasy inherits the main images, themes, motives, symbols that dominated in German romanticism: the motive of a double, the image of a doll, an artist, etc. It was established that the authors of urban fantasy not only reproduce the image of a romantic artist-creator, but depict a character-demiurge. It has been proven that urban fantasy deepens and transforms the romantic “night beginning”: the images of the dead and vampires become plot-forming characters in independent series of works. It is concluded that the authors of urban fantasy, like German romantics, activate the readers’ attention to mythology and folklore, creating new fantastic worlds with their help.
HISTORY
The issue of the implementation of certain aspects of the concept of sustainable development as a new civilizational paradigm in the conditions of the Baikal region is considered. The authors consider the experience of implementing the principles of sustainable development in the Baikal region, taking into account the socio-ecological, cultural and educational factors. The relevance of the study lies in the need to develop a new technology that can reduce the anthropogenic impact on the ecosystem of the lake itself and the coastal area. According to the authors, the most effective technology is the implementation of the principles of “education for sustainable development” (ESD). The solution to its problems is revealed through the educational efforts of teachers to preserve the ethnic culture of indigenous peoples, through the development of civic consciousness and patriotism of students, through the development of the intercultural competence of the individual. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the team of authors was one of the founders of education for sustainable development in the Republic of Buryatia, the creation of an international network of eco-oriented schools, the implementation of ESD courses at the university, practical environmental protection in the form of various grants and international collaboration for more than 25 years within the framework of a public organization. For the first time the historical periodization of the implementation of the principles of sustainable development in the Baikal region is presented in the article.
The main directions of activity of the Ufa local branch of the Russian Red Cross Society during the First World War are considered. It is described that during wartime an important event was the organization by the Ufa local branch of an extensive collection of donations in order to create infirmaries for the wounded. In addition, feasible material assistance was provided in the form of one-time benefits to the wounded and injured soldiers. The study of materials from the reviews of the Ufa province showed that the Ufa local branch organized and sent stage infirmaries to the army. It is noted that special courses to work in them, which successfully trained the staff of sisters of mercy, were created. It is reported that many of them were presented with awards for their selfless and valiant work. The study of all-Russian and regional statistical materials made it possible to conclude that at the initial stage of the war, the fund of the Ufa local branch of the Russian Red Cross Society received significant financial allocations on the basis of public charity, which were used to solve the necessary wartime tasks. It is emphasized that by 1917, amid the growing crisis, the amount of donations significantly decreased, which significantly complicated the further activities of the Society both on a national scale and at the regional level.
The article is devoted to the ceremonial ritual diplomatic practices adopted at the Persian Safavid court during the reign of Shah Sultan Hussein (1694-1722), described by the Scottish physician John Bell, who was a member of the Russian embassy of Artemy Volynsky in Isfahan (1717). It is noted that John Bell, with varying degrees of detail, captured the order of entry of foreign diplomatic missions to Isfahan, the movement along the streets of the capital and the consistent structure of the entry of the Russian embassy. The fact that there was an elaborate ceremony and etiquette for receiving foreign embassies in Safavid Persia is shown in the article. The author believes that the capital of Isfahan itself, its suburbs, the main Shah’s residence Talar-i Tawila, and the Shah’s country residences acted as the ceremonial space. It has been proven that the Safavid ceremony involved a magnificent meeting of the embassy at the entrance to the capital, her escort to the place of accommodation, a solemn entry into the capital, a reception with the Shah with the presentation of credentials and a meal. A comparative analysis of the receptions of the shah and high-ranking officials, differing in their degree of representativeness, led to the conclusion that the shah’s receptions were exclusively ceremonial, while important political issues could be discussed at receptions of high-ranking officials. It is noted that the receptions of senior officials could surpass the receptions of the shah with pomp.
The article is devoted to the reaction of the American press to such an important historical event as the founding of the People’s Republic of China. The emergence of a new communist state in the East was a great shock and blow to the foreign policy ambitions of the United States, which developed in the logic of a global confrontation with the Soviet Union. China, rich in resources since the end of the 19th century, has been the scene of a constant clash of interests of various states, as a result, on the eve and, especially, after World War II, the two main political forces operating in this territory — the Communist Party of China (CCP) and the nationalist party Kuomintang — found themselves powerful patrons in the form of the USSR and the USA. The topic of the reaction of the American press to the actual failure or, as he later said, was dubbed by numerous experts and publicists who wrote about China — the “loss of China” is an interesting marker of how socio-political thought developed in the American media. American journalists are trying to predict the political consequences of the “loss”, to level the image damage caused to the population by Washington’s foreign policy, to convey the facts and at the same time assess the situation in the region. The study of US press articles will make it possible to better understand the development of American ideas about China and its place in the new paradigm of international relations, to better explore the level of media awareness of this region and the impact that ideas and assessments broadcast by journalists had on society, as well as generally to better understand the initial reaction of American society to the founding of the PRC. Many of the ideas formed at that time remain today an important component of the discursive practices of US public and political life, especially taking into account the complex relations between modern China and the United States.
The evolution of the “academic sector” of Soviet historical science is analyzed, the process of its formation and subsequent development is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the methodological searches of modern historiography, focused on the study of the internal mechanisms of the development of the research tradition. The author identifies the main stages of building the organizational structure of the Soviet academic historical science, relying on a wide range of published and previously not introduced into circulation of archival documents, as well as taking into account the latest developments of modern historiographers. The author believes that the model of organizing historical research within the framework of the USSR Academy of Sciences was formed under the influence of the pre-revolutionary tradition and institutional “experiments” of the first years of Soviet power. In the course of the study, the author came to the conclusion that the first stage of the formation of the “academic sector” of Soviet historiography fell on the 1930s and was associated with the formation of the “academic center” — the Moscow institutes of the Department of History and Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the second stage of this process ended in 1950s and assumed the formation of “academic periphery” — institutions of the historical profile of branches, bases and departments of the USSR Academy of Sciences and republican academies of sciences. The author believes that the formation of the “academic sector” took place under the influence of external (political-ideological) and internal (scientific) factors.
The formation of the Minister Presidents of the German states conferences institution after the end of World War II until the end of 1947 is traced. For the fi time in Russian and post-Soviet historiography, the importance of interzonal meetings of heads of regional governments for the political development of Germany in the fi post-war years is shown. The results of the conferences in Stuttgart (February 6, April 3, 1946), Bremen (February 28 — March 1, 1946), Munich (June 6—7, 1947) and Wiesbaden (February 17, June 15—16, October 22, 1947 of the year) are considered. It is concluded that the experience of these meetings and, at the same time, the weak effectiveness of the inter-party dialogue persuaded the Western allies in December 1947 to choose the conference of Minister Presidents as the main negotiating platform with German politicians on the future constitution of West Germany. On the basis of published and archival documentary sources, the transformation of the conferences of Minister Presidents from consultative appendages of military administrations into an infl political structure claiming national representation is shown. At the same time, this infl according to the author of the article, was subject to serious restrictions from not only military administrations, but also party leaders.
The 1941—1945 correspondence between servicemen and fellow countrymen, kept in the State Archives of the Tyumen Region is examined in the article. Letters are considered as documents with high information potential, giving new knowledge about the war, obtained on the basis of studying the communications of ordinary participants in the events. The purpose of the publication is to show letters from the front as a source on the history of everyday life, filled with communication of close people on issues important to them, allowing them to reconstruct their life activities, analyze the experience of the past, and use the results of research in modern reality. Correspondence allows us to consider military everyday life as part of big politics and as a personal experience, to expand the source component of the discourse on the history of the Great Patriotic War, contributing to a scientific assessment of the experience and understanding of its historical significance. It is proved that collective and personal letters, appeals “to power” testify that the war, having become a time of difficult trials, stimulated the formation of an identity characterized by the unity of the state and society with the prevalence of socially significant values over individual ones.
The article is devoted to the little-studied issue of the development and adjustment of the reform provisions of the zemstvo representation of P.A. Stolypin in 1906—1907. The main programmatic requirements of liberal circles to change the procedure for elections to zemstvo assemblies, developed by zemstvo assemblies, zemstvo congresses, as well as local committees of the Special Meeting on the needs of the agricultural industry. For the first time, on the materials of the Russian State Historical Archive, the evolution of the provisions of the draft and their criticism in the Council of Ministers, as well as at the Congress of the United Nobility in 1907, is shown. It is emphasized that the development of the reform was a consequence of the Manifesto adopted in 1903 and 1904 and the decree on the need to transform local government and self-government. The author states that initially P. A. Stolypin sought to increase the share of representatives from cities and commercial and industrialists in zemstvo assemblies, however, at the insistence of the Council of Ministers, he was forced to retain the majority for landowners. The criticism of the united nobility in relation to the reform in connection with the expansion of the circle of voters and the organization of elections at the beginning of the non-class is highlighted in the article. It is concluded that the transformation of elections into zemstvo assemblies, planned by P. A. Stolypin was aimed at involving broad strata of the population in the representative institutions of local self-government at the expense of an unclassified beginning and the organization of elections based on a tax qualification.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the conditions of labor activity, as well as the peculiarities of family life and everyday life of women employed at the enterprises of the factory industry of St. Petersburg in the late 19th — early 20th centuries. At the present stage of development of Russia, there is still a high proportion of female labor in industry, which determines the relevance of the problem under study in order to take into account the historical experience in regulating the complex sphere of labor relations. The question of the main factors in the formation of the female labor force in St. Petersburg during the post-reform period is raised in the article. The industries in which female labor was most widely represented are identified. Issues related to the peculiarities of the professional activity of female workers (working conditions, level of wages, problems of social protection, etc.) are discussed in detail. The circumstances of private, personal life are analyzed, the influence of material factors in the life of workers on the family life is revealed. It is concluded that the contradictions between the new status of a woman, who is able to independently determine her own fate, and the preservation of her unequal position in society, led to the wide participation of women workers in the political life of St. Petersburg during the First World War and the 1917 revolution.
The question of the management system of servicemen Tatars in Western Siberia during the XVII-XIX centuries is considered. Particular attention is paid to the role of Tatar heads in it as a special institution that existed from the late 16th to the early 19th centuries. The functions and duties of the Tatar heads in different historical periods are considered. Historical figures who held this position during the period under consideration is identified. The activity of Kulmametevs Murzas as heads of servicemen and yasak Tatars is shown. It was revealed that the Tatar heads in the 18th century were an organic element of the traditional management of the aboriginal population, the need for which by the end of the century loses its former importance. It is shown that, in contrast to the European part of Russia, where the position of Tatar heads disappeared already in the 17th century, this institution existed in Siberia until the beginning of the 19th century. The role of the Siberian reform of 1822 as a normative basis for the elimination of the position of Tatar heads is revealed. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the formation, development and completion of the functioning of the institution of Tatar heads is traced in the historical retrospective. The relevance of the study is due to the poor study of the topic.
The problem of the periodization of the reign of Emperor Alexander I in the works of Soviet historians is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that even now the question of the periodization of this period causes controversy among scientists. Understanding that any periodization is conditional, which has emerged among modern historians, requires a revision of various approaches to the periodization of history. As part of the study, a review of a wide range of historiographic sources was carried out, which included special studies devoted to the reign of Alexander I, as well as generalizing works and textbooks that characterize this period of Russian history. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that for the first time in Russian historiography, it is analyzed how researchers solved the issue of the periodization of the Alexander I reign throughout the Soviet period. Various approaches to the periodization of Russian history in the first quarter of the 19th century are revealed. Their development has been traced throughout the entire existence of the Soviet state. Particular attention is paid to the contradictions that take place in the approaches to the periodization of the reign of Alexander I, proposed by Soviet historians.
ISSN 2227-1295 (Online)