The article is devoted to the analysis of the “Kriegsgefangenschaft” / “War Captivity” frame, the identification of its slots and their filling based on the headings of German-language memoir and autobiographical texts written by prisoners of war of the First World War. It is noted that these materials did not become the subject of a wide study of Russian-speaking researchers. The author draws attention to the fact that headings, being a strong position of the text, are aimed at attracting the attention of a potential recipient. It has been established that in the course of the author’s semantization, the concept of “captivity” is subject to rethinking: places of stay in captivity (Russia, Siberia) are described as disastrous: the camps become a prison for prisoners of war who, despite the existence of conventions protecting their rights, turn into convicts. It is shown that the slot “time” implies either an exact indication of the historical period (the years of the First World War), or the duration of being in captivity; in isolated cases, we are talking about the age and period of a person’s life. It has been established that the “agent” slot is filled with anthroponyms, indicating nationality, position, rank, profession. The author comes to the conclusion that the identified slots get their further implementation at the text level.

The traditions of medical prescription design, motivated by the universal-semiotic meaning of Latin as a pharmaceutical metalanguage is examined in the article. The author dwells on the interpretation of the methods of prescribing and linguistic representation of different types of drugs: mixtures, powders, ointment-based drugs and drugs in tablet form. The standardization of text-forming parameters of a medical prescription has been established, which are determined both by its compositional-structural organization and linguistic formula. A comparative characteristic of constant linguistic units (lexical, morphological, syntactic), fixed in ancient prescription recipes and fixed in medical prescriptions of modern times, is offered. The lexico-semantic composition of a medical prescription is determined by a set of stable expressions that have received a formulaic representation to express the methods of administration, control the dosage of a medicinal product, and the mandatory nature of a medical prescription. The dominant methods of verbal-predicative and case-fixed word usage, which are basic for the grammar of the Latin language, are described. The clichéd syntactic constructions still preserved in modern medical prescriptions, which have a specific deictic function, addressed by the doctor to both the pharmacist and the patient (imperative, conjunctive), have been identified. In the final postulates, the author’s functionally conditioned typology of means of expressing linguistic formulaality is presented.

The article is devoted to the study of the intentional construction of new words by the addressee in order to manipulate the consciousness of the addressee of mass communication. The material of the research was the discursive implementations of derivatives with the -gate component in the meaning of ‛scandal’ from the Russian print and electronic media for the period from 1977 to 2020, collected by the author, as well as text fragments extracted from the National Corpus of the Russian. It is shown that in the metonymic conceptualization of the denotative situation of a scandal with the help of derivatives from the gate basis, the addressees of mass communication choose 5 areas-sources: “the object of the scandal”; “participant in the scandal”; “geographic localization of the scandal”; “occupation of the participants in the event”; “Participant in the scandal + occupation of the participants in the scandal”. The author makes a conclusion about the participation of derivatives with the -gate component in the organization of annihilating, fingering and modal transformations of statements, as well as in the implementation of the method of redesignating an object and imposing a presupposition. A correlation has been established between the areas-sources of metonymic conceptualization of the denotative situation of the scandal and the functions of derivatives with the -gate component. It was revealed that among the derivatives from the gate base participating in the implementation of the VIR (variable interpretation of reality) techniques, derivatives with the source region “participant in the scandal” prevail.

The article analyzes precedent anthroponyms of the Soviet origin in multimodal texts of American and British advertising. The study aims at analyzing precedent anthroponyms of the Soviet origin in English multimodal texts from the linguoaxiological and linguopragmatic points of view and from the standpoint of textual organization. The following research methods have been used: description and synthesis, linguistic methods of structural-semantic, contextual and cognitive-discourse analysis. The paper examines the precedent names of the Soviet origin (for instance, Lenin, Stalin, Brezhnev, Gorbachev, Yeltsin, and Kalashnikov). It also establishes their uses in commercial texts and highlights the linguistic means of satirical effect creation as the main pragmatic goal of English commercial and social advertising. The name of a political leader acquires different connotations and in most cases it is “demoted” due to the transfer of the name from the political context to the everyday one: gastronomic, material, kitsch-cultural, glamorous-erotic, etc. Names of the Soviet politicians are found in advertisements of cigarettes, pizza, alcoholic and nonalcoholic drinks, bags and other household items, including absorbent wipes. The article concludes that the image of the Soviet past in multimodal advertising texts in English acquires negative connotations. Besides, the analyzed texts emphasize that the communist ideology belongs to the system of anti-values.

The object of the article is a non-descriptive lexeme. Its use is investigated in various semantic-syntactic and communicativepragmatic contexts. The relevance of the work is due to the need for amore holistic description of a number of primitive linguistic units (a, and, either, or, etc.), the categorical properties of which are not fully and systematically identified within the framework of traditional methods of analysis. The novelty of the work lies in the consideration of all uses within the framework of the functioning of the lexeme-particular of the same name. This approach is due to the principles of nonparadigmatic linguistics — a modern trend in the study of primitive lexemes. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the introduction into scientific circulation of the principles of the analysis of a particular li based on its ancient categorical properties associated with the semantics of conjecture. It has been established that in all the considered contexts we are dealing with the same particular lexeme, which retains its original categorical properties in them. They are manifested in the questioningness of li (direct or indirect), as well as in various hypothetical meanings that are realized in sentences-statements at a deep syntactic level. Asimilar description technique is applicable to the analysis of the properties of other particular units of the Russian language.

The article is devoted to the study of the terminological family with the base term “robot”. The issues concerning the structure of the terminological family, its basic lexical units, the most productive models of term formation and most frequent grammatical forms of terms are considered. Particular emphasis is placed on the specifics of the terminological family. The characteristic features of terminological elements used in the formation of new terms are defined. It is emphasised that the emergence of terminological combinations is a common way of forming new special words. In the course of study, it was found that the terminological family with the base term “robot” belongs to the class of highly deployed families. A five-stage model of the terminological family is presented. About 200 derived terms have been analysed at the five stages of term formation relating to the present state of language development. The scientific hypothesis that the emergence of terms-specifiers of the original concept is the way of forming a special professional terminological family has been proved. The material for research includes the “English-Russian Explanatory Dictionary” by E. M. Proydakov and L. A. Teplitskiy (Moscow, 2019), monographs, scientific publications on robotics in peer-reviewed journals in 2010—2021.

The results of the analysis of the collectivepersonal dimension ofthe conflict mobilization realized in the communities of social networks as an actual practice of protest communication are presented. The interactive tools of communities of conflict mobilization as actors of protest communication; correlations between various statistical parameters of communities are characterized. The types of publications that form the content of communities have been determined. The main tools for the formation of Internet solidarity, the patterns of virtual interaction regulated by the “we-they” model are presented. Methods and means of explication ofthe addresser and addressee in different types of publications are described. The conclusion is made about the prevalence of ascertaining and regulated communicative actions in the communicative behavior of the addresser; dominance of psychological argumentation; frequent implementation of a phatic strategy through consolidating calls to community members; about the least representation of the strategy of self-presentation, actualized mainly through its identification with a mass addressee and presentation of the group’s collective position. It is shown that the addressee most often performs dramatic and regulated communicative actions; characterized by active self-presentation through the presentation of a subjective position, solidarizing identification and opposition to a common opponent; preference for ethical and emotional arguments; various phatic tactics.

Issues related to the semantics, structure and functions of new super-word linguistic units that have come into active use during the coronavirus pandemic are considered. Particular attention is paid to the statistics of searching the Internet for a certain phrase for a month and specific digital indicators of its existence as a stable one. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that identifies phraseologisms of the late XX — early XXI centuries, which need a full-fledged phraseographic description (origin, semantics, examples of use). Phrasemes are combined by the authors into thematic groups: 1) remote work and study, 2) administrative measures to combat coronavirus, 3) features of a new disease and its treatment. It is shown that in the texts of mass communication Phrasemes perform nominative, communicative and pragmatic functions. Investigating stable turnovers, the authors dwell upon their structure, which is represented by three models. It is noted that the result of the work will be a dictionary of phraseological neologisms, which, along with others, will include units that appeared during the coronavirus pandemic.

The questions of the content and genre poetics of the works of the Khabarovsk writers V. V. Sukachev (“At the hearth”) and T. I. Gladkikh (“Amur Cossacks Korenevs”) are considered. The relevance ofthe study is due to the value of the literary and regional studies material for the formation of a holistic picture of the national historical and literary process. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the work of the named authors has practically not been studied, and their works, considered in the article, for the first time became the subject of literary study. Attention is paid to the themes and problems of the works that reveal the tragic events of the national history of the twentieth century: the deportation of the Russian (Crimean) Germans in 1941; post-revolutionary fate of the Amur Cossacks. The experience of analyzing the genre specificity of works connecting family chronicle, parable, fictionalized biography, memoirs is presented. Comparative analysis of the works made it possible to reveal the commonality of the organization of plot and compositional elements inherent in the genre of family chronicles. Particular attention was paid to the specificity of the author’s approach in the artistic processing of historical and biographical material (methods of aestheticization and fictionalization of documentary material, the embodiment of the author’s image, describing the fate of generations, creating the image of the “ancestor”, the use of symbolism). In the process of analysis, the idea was substantiated that the works have a pronounced value component, asserting the absolute value of the human person.

The novelty of the work is in the fact that for the first time in I. A. Goncharov’s works study, the peculiarities of the poetics of the title in the works of I. A. Goncharov of small and medium genre epic forms, are examined. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that the study of the title, the identification of its typological models will allow to describe the patterns in the artistic system of I. A. Goncharov. A classification of the titles of the writer’s works written in non-novel genre forms is proposed. The classification is based on the dominant structural and semantic features of the titles of the writer’s non-novel fictional prose. The question of the semantics of titles is raised in the article, the attention is paid to their linguistic features. Some questions of the functional interaction of the title with the main text are considered. It is noted that the analysis of various types of titles in the works of I. A. Goncharov showed the importance of this component in the poetics of the writer. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the analysis of the title allows not only to consider the position of the “total” author, but also to explore many aspects of the writer's poetics: frame text, subject matter, composition, genre, style, narrative system, language.

Merimee’s essay “Nikolai Gogol”, in which the author presented the Russian writer as an imitator of European models, a satirist who focused on portraying the flaws of Russian life, a writer who neglects the plausibility of the overall composition is considered in the article. The author of this article shows that such a superficial and biased approach to Gogol’s texts aroused indignation among Russian journalists in both 19th century capitals and continues to be criticized by Russian and French literary critics. The results of a comparative analysis of the essay “Nikolai Gogol” with reviews of French-speaking journalists who wrote about the author of “The Inspector General” and “Dead Souls” in Parisian magazines of the 1840s are presented in the article. The question is raised that the motives that prompted Merimee to turn to the work of Gogol, and the reasons for the bias in relation to his work are still unrevealed. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the essay by Mérimée is for the first time considered as a commentary on the stable aesthetic position of the French writer, discordant with the poetics of romanticism and realism. The author dwells on the study of a number of artistic devices of the works of Merimee in the 1820—1840s and his genre preferences in the 1850s.

The material of S. Ya. Alymov’s poetry collection “Kiosk of Tenderness” (Harbin, 1920) and various detached poems of the author, preserved only on the pages of the press of the Far East (Vladivostok and Harbin) in the early 1920s is analyzed in the article. It is noted that access to the currently unknown works of S. Alymov is possible only in regional archives. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time the writer’s texts are used, which are stored in the materials of the collections of the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East and the State Archives of the Primorsky Territory. It is shown that S. Alymov is perceived by the author as one of the original representatives of the Silver Age poetry. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the creative strategy of S. Alymov, based on the desire to be a follower of famous contemporary poets, was deliberately based on various kinds of imitations and stylizations. It is argued that this is not about epigone copying — individual assimilation of the new was conditioned by the picture of the world and the culture of the writer, which were formed in the richest traditions of the Silver Age (literary, musical, dance, theatrical, pictorial).

The results of a comparative analysis of the novel “The Enchanted Wanderer” by N. S. Leskov and the novel “Hero of Our Time” by M. Yu. Lermontov are presented. Particular attention is paid to the image ofthe prince, parodic in relation to Pechorin and “superfluous people”, as well as the storyline of Ivan Flyagin, echoing the line of Maxim Maksimych. The novelty of the study is due to both the little study of the connections between Leskov the artist and the work of Lermontov, and the insufficient coverage of the issue of the historical existence of Lermontov’s novel. It is shown that stylistic tendencies that are stable for Russian literature of the 19th century differ among writers. Along with this, the question is raised about Leskov’s critical view of the Pechorin type; in his story in the foreground is the hero named Ap. Grigoriev “meek” as opposed to the demonic, “predatory” type. It is noted that in the plot of the novel “A Hero of Our Time” Maxim Makimych, personifying a folk character, takes a subordinate place, this is explained by Lermontov’s sympathy for a demonic personality. The author points out that in “The Enchanted Wanderer”, on the contrary, there is a change in the function of the hero; the prince turns into a marginal character, and the Russian righteous man takes the place of the plot center.

The specificity of the development of the geographical and cultural space of Egypt in the poetry of the Silver Age at the time when the “Russian” poetic Egypt was born as a system of leitmotifs, imagestopos and a specific lexicon is described. It is noted that in modern literary criticism, in comprehending the geopoetics of a regional text, works devoted to the European continent, in particular, geopoetic regional models of Russian literature, have been most fully investigated. The relevance of the study is seen in the need to comprehend and analyze the geopoetics of Egypt and, more broadly, Africa as a sacred geocultural space. The textual fragments of poetic works by K. Balmont, V. Bryusov, I. Bunin, N. Gumilyov, V. Khlebnikov, representing stable geospatial images and symbols of Egypt, are analyzed. The authors come to the conclusion that the poetry of the Silver Age combines geocultural images and symbols with mythological motives, which gives the topos of Egypt a geosophical meaning. The analyzed material made it possible to show the generalized artistic structure of the geopoetic representation of Egypt in the poetics of the Silver Age and to highlight the spatial geocultural dominants: the  Nile, Africa, the desert, the Sphinx, Egyptian heroes as images-topos, the Arab East.

The article is devoted to comprehending the creative cooperation of the outstanding Victorians Ch. Dickens and W. Collins, who were co-authors for a decade and a half, as well as to the study of the peculiarities of the novel “No Exit”, which was not republished in Russia from the end of the 19th century until 2021 and was virtually unknown to the Russian-speaking reader. The relevance of the article is due to the need to build a coherent and consistent history of the development of English literature of the Victorian epoch in the domestic literary consciousness, an important part of which is the legacy of its masters, as well as the elimination of gaps in the creative biography of the largest figures of Victorianism. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time in Russian English studies a gap in the reception of the creative tandem of Ch. Dickens and W. Collins has been filled: the key studies of their heritage have been comprehended; the history of their creative union has been studied; the novel “No Exit” in the context of the creative biography of Ch. Dickens and W. Collins was analyzed; the features of the generic (interweaving of epic and dramatic elements) and genre synthesis (combination of gothic, detective, adventure beginning) of the novel are revealed. The authors of the article used comparative historical, biographical, sociocultural methods, as well as the method of holistic analysis of a work of art.

The perception of the revolution by the majority of members of the Scythian group (1916—1919) is examined in the article. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that the views of the Scythians of the 1910s on the revolution correlate with their work, which is actively studied by modern researchers. It is shown that the priority for them was the projection of modernity on the mythologized and poeticized by them historical Scythians, the first was the question of the role of personal energy in opposition to social entropy. The article focuses on the actualization by the group members of the Scythian psychotype in the Russian revolution, on the premonition of their own death in its whirlwind, on the legacy of A. Herzen’s ideas by IvanovRazumnik. The attitude of the group members to the religious content of the revolutions of 1917 is analyzed, the skeptical view of Ivanov-Razumnik, E. Zamyatin, S. Yesenin, N. Klyuev on the Church is presented. The point of view of the spiritual Scythians who dreamed of democracy on the role of the people in the revolution and the future of the country is considered. The apprehensions of M. Prishvin, A. Blok, A. Bely for the fate of a culture threatened with destruction are outlined. It is concluded that there is no single revolutionary axiology in the group and only the relative influence of the ideas of Ivanov-Razumnik on its members.

The results of the study of the chronotope in Russian-language compositions based on the novel about Robinson’s adventures are presented. The material for the work was A. E. Razin’s novel “The Real Robinson” (1860) and Lev Tolstoy’s story “Robinson” (1862). The issues of the specifics of the representation of the chronotopic in the works of Russian writers are considered. The relevance of the study is due to the appeal to the universal of the chronotope, which contains an exhaustive toolkit for the artistic embodiment of images of space and time; as well as the search for new methods of literary analysis of the text. It is shown that in the analyzed texts, a kind of fusion of Russianlanguage compositions with a foreigncultural text in the aspect of a chronotope is realized. The similarities and differences in the rethinking of the story of Robinson are shown on the example of the model of textual connexity, the national specifics of the representation of the image of Robinson are indicated. It is noted that the external and internal chronotopes are retransmitted from work to work and create the basis for the emergence of the author’s intentions. It is proved that chronotopic analysis allows one to form an idea of the peculiarities of the Russian-language interpretation of the story of Robinson.

The structure of the state budget expenditure of the USSR in its historical dynamics during the 1950s — 1980s is considered. The sources were statistical collections published by the Ministry of Finance of the USSR in the period under review, on their basis the electronic database “State Budget of the USSR” was created, according to which all the calculations presented in the article were carried out. It is noted that the dynamics of the state budget expenditures of the USSR during the entire period of the 1950s — 80s was positive. It is indicated that there was a constant increase in expenditures, which had an average annual value of about 6.5 %; in total, during the period under study, the expenditure part of the state budget increased by 11.6 times, and in per capita terms only by 7.3 times. It is shown that the structure of expenditures of the state budget of the USSR in the 1950s — 1980s included expenditures on the national economy, social and cultural events, public administration and defense. The author concludes that the construction of a welfare state in the USSR in the 1950s — 1970s, along with the burden of military spending, became a heavy burden on the budget system, limiting the government’s room for maneuver in the context of the budget crisis that broke out in the second half of the 1980s.

The evolution of bilateral relations between the Republic of Korea and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in the context of the formation of the Middle East direction of Seoul’s foreign policy in the 1980s and 2010s is considered. The author identifies and analyzes a set of factors that contributed to building of a constructive dialogue between South Korea and the Arab monarchies of the Persian Gulf and the Arab world as a whole. A periodization of the history of the development of the Korean-Emirati relations is proposed, a description of its main stages, as well as the legal and institutional foundations of bilateral cooperation is presented. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the transformation of conceptual approaches, methods and diplomatic tools for promoting the national interests of the Republic of Korea in the UAE. The author reveals the reasons for Seoul’s withdrawal from focusing solely on economic interaction with the UAE and the inclusion of South Korea in the political agenda of the Middle East, as well as the solution of urgent problems of ensuring regional security. The role of the South Korean presidents in strengthening the country’s geopolitical positions in the Middle East is emphasized. It is argued that the establishment of a strategic partnership with the UAE allowed the Republic of Korea to make a breakthrough in the Middle East and create favorable conditions for the integration of the UAE into world political and economic processes as an equal partner.

The author considers the decisions of the state authorities at the all-Union and republican levels on the settlement of the “Aukhov problem” in Dagestan during the period of perestroika 1985— 1991. The authors identified the conflicts in Chapaevo in 1985 and in Novokuli in 1989 as the key points of the problem. The focus of the study includes all parties to the conflict: representatives of government bodies, public structures (organizations, fronts, movements), the media and ethnic minorities (Chechens-Akkins, Laks, Avars, Kumyks). A retrospective method of historical research is used: the sequence of actions of all parties to the conflict, the cause-and-effect relationships of existing contradictions are studied. The authors concluded that, despite the containment of the conflict within certain limits, it still turned into aggressive physical and political forms of confrontation. It is pointed out that the actions of the authorities were often thoughtful and consistent, but were protracted and slow. Separately, the prolongation of preventive measures and the lack of mechanisms to resist the already erupted conflict are noted. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the problem remains unresolved to the present, therefore it is important to study and analyze the experience and mistakes of the past.

The article is devoted to the study of the role of the World Russian People’s Council and the Interreligious Council of Russia in establishing interfaith dialogue in post-Soviet Russia. The speeches of delegates at council meetings and sessions of the World Russian People’s Council are analyzed. The importance of interfaith dialogue at the site of the World Russian People’s Council was confirmed by the participation of the highest clergy and clergy of different confessions of the Russian Federation and the Commonwealth of Independent States at the cathedral meeting “Russia: the path to salvation” (1998). The importance of the agreement on the establishment of the Interreligious Council of Russia (1998) for the representation in it of the “traditional religions” of the Russian Federation: Orthodoxy, Islam, Buddhism and Judaism is noted. The assessments of publicists and researchers in relation to the Interreligious Council of Russia, including critical ones, are given. It is noted that the interaction of the Russian Orthodox Church with representatives of other confessions continued at the 5th and 6th World Russian People’s Councils in 1999 and 2001. The conclusions indicate that the activities of the World Russian People’s Council and the Interreligious Council of Russia at the turn of the XX—XXI centuries showed the importance of cooperation and respectful relations between representatives of Orthodoxy, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism and other confessions.

A detailed analysis of the process of demarcation of the Altai province from the Omsk province of the RSFSR and the Semipalatinsk province of the Kirghiz (since June 1925 — Kazak) ASSR, which were first involved in scientific circulation is carried out on the basis of the archival documents. It is shown that it consisted in an attempt by the Altai authorities to withdraw the territory of the Narrow Steppe from under their jurisdiction and transfer it to the adjacent provinces in the first half of 1925. The history of this border issue, which arose as a result of the inclusion of the Korostelevskaya steppe in the Kyrgyz ASSR, is investigated. The course of discussion of changes in the border line between the authorities of the three provinces and Moscow is described. Various arguments proposed by the parties, options for resolving the problem that have arisen are considered; and also, it is explained why, in the end, the disputed border territory remained part of Siberia. It is noted that the attempts of the leadership of the Altai province to transfer part of the territory of the Uglovsky district with the “Narrow Steppe” tract under the control of the Omsk and Semipalatinsk provinces are noted. It is concluded that the issue of the status of the Narrow Steppe during the nationalterritorial demarcation between Siberia and Kazakhstan was one of the most difficult and went beyond the traditional ways of solving similar problems.

The debate on Iran’s nuclear program in the Foreign Affairs Committee of the British Parliament, held in February 2013, in anticipation of the resumption of negotiations between Iran and the “six” of international mediators, is considered. Particular attention is paid to the position of experts invited to the meeting: representatives of academia, public organizations, military analysts. The high expert and analytical level of the meeting, which made it possible to develop effective political initiatives is noted. The most pressing issues raised during the parliamentary debates are considered. It was proved that both the deputies and the invited experts considered the further development of Tehran’s nuclear program dangerous. The authors dwell in detail on theways to resolve the Iranian nuclear problem, recommended by experts at a committee meeting: from increasing sanctions pressure to finding ways of a diplomatic settlement. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the Iranian nuclear problem continues to be a toxic factor in the Middle East region. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the attempt is made to reveal the position of the British Parliament members and leading experts on Iranian foreign policy. It is concluded that the political position expressed by the deputies and experts in the parliament testified to the readiness of the parties to negotiate and develop a consensus on the Iranian nuclear program.

The processes of development of mass media in the county city Kurgan, a large agricultural center of the Tobolsk province, in the late 19th — early 20th centuries are analyzed. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that for the first time in Russian historiography the system of mass media of the Kurgan district, which was known all over the world for its butter-making, is described. A brief description of the life of the city is given, typological and substantive features of periodicals are investigated. The main attention in the article is paid to the broadcast of events taking place in the county and the city by journalists. The novelty ofscientific work lies in identifying the directions of the formation of periodicals in the province. It is argued that in the province, the vector of development of newspapers and magazines is directed from specialized publications to mass ones. The history of interaction between publications created by professionals for professionals and mass-oriented newspapers and leaflets is traced. It is concluded that the materials of the regional periodicals allow expanding the source component on the history of the journalistic style in the Russian literary language and on the history of the economic growth of Russian provinces and counties in the pre-revolutionary period.

The process of formation and development of the protection of the state border in the Caucasus at the end of the 19th century (using the example of the Karsk border brigade) is analyzed in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in historical research insufficient attention is paid to the protection of the state border in the Caucasus by border guard units at the end of the 19th century. It is shown that under the conditions of the introduction of protective customs duties, as a result of which smuggling activities began to develop actively, without specialized units, the Russian Empire was unable to protect its economic interests in the border space in the Caucasus. It is noted that the development of the state border guard system was carried out in a tense, unstable military-political situation, accompanied by constant armed clashes with bandit formations. It is indicated that in these conditions, the protection of the state border was carried out by the border guards together with military units, which in turn negatively affected the quality of the protection of the economic interests of the Russian Empire in the region. It is concluded that the development of the system for protecting the state border in the Caucasus was a consequence of the existing threats to national security in the region.

The individual directions of Greenland’s environmental policy, which have the greatest impact on the modern ecological situation in the autonomy, are considered. The authors of the work referred to these areas as energy, water resources, waste disposal and pollution control. A description of the development of the selected ecological directions is given, an analysis of their current state is carried out. Greenland’s environmental cooperation with Denmark and the European Union is also analyzed. The basis of the source study base of the article is the Greenlandic legislation in the field of ecology. The main documents, programs and cases that influenced the development of the selected environmental directions are considered. The relevance of this article lies in a detailed examination of the environmental policy of Greenland and the construction of general conclusions about the environmental situation of the Danish Autonomous Territory based on the results obtained in the analysis of individual environmental areas. The novelty of the study is seen in an integrated approach to the analysis of the ongoing environmental policy of Greenland. The main positive and negative results in the selected environmental areas are noted. An assumption is made about the ambiguity of the environmental policy of Greenland, and possible outcomes in the implementation of this policy are considered.

The issue of the formation and development of the higher education system in the Bashkir ASSR in the 1950s—1980s is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the insufficient study ofthis problem in regional historiography. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the article for the first time introduces into scientific circulation statistical information that was previously unused by researchers, characterizing the main areas of activity of universities in the republic. On the basis of published and archival sources, an increase in the number of students in full-time, part-time and evening departments of universities, admission, and release of qualified personnel by industry groups of educational institutions is shown in comparison with the all-Union indicators. The number of specialists graduated from universities in the period under review has been determined. The growth of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel, the peculiarities of the development of university science during this period are shown. It is concluded that in the 1950— 1980s. in Bashkiria, the formation and rapid development of the university system took place, in which more than half of the scientific potential of the republic was concentrated by the end of the period under study. It is indicated that, at the same time, its use in research work was extremely insufficient.

The state policy of the Soviet government in relation to the system of public education in the initial period of the formation of the Soviet state is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the content and organizational side of the transformations of the Soviet power in the field of public education in the 1920s, which is today of substantive interest for modern education from the applied standpoint of pedagogical practices and innovations in terms of their effectiveness and professional suitability. The authors focus on the general nature of managerial experiments that took place in the school system in the 1920s in the context of the general transformation of the country. A detailed analysis of the organizational foundations of the reform of the education system was carried out, the structure of educational institutions of the period under review was studied, its graphical diagram was built, an overview of the content and overview of school education was made. The novelty of the research lies in the presented subject analysis of the content of curricula and school programs of the 1920s, the construction of a consistent line of reforms in education implemented by the Soviet government in the context of their further effectiveness and historical results. Conclusions are made about the content side of these transformations within the framework of a complex of pedagogical ideas and new practices in education.