The features of word-formation objectification of the concept FRIENDSHIP in the Russian linguistic picture of the world are considered. The research focuses on the structure and semantics of words that form a word-formation nest with apex “friend” in Russian. It was found that the word-formative nest with the top “friend” in Russian includes 53 words. The question is raised about the verification and clarification of the cognitive features of the “Friendship” concept identified at the previous stages of the analysis. It is shown that substantive derivatives embody in conceptual block I “friendship as a feeling and attitude” such new cognitive features as “uniting someone based on friendship, unity of views, interests; cooperationʼ and friendly, benevolent attitude towards someoneʼ, and in conceptual block II the subject of friendshipʼ — such new cognitive features as ʽthe subject of marital relations (only for females)ʼ, ʽthe object that is paired with another object, forming together whole. The analysis of verb derivatives revealed a new cognitive feature for conceptual block III “friendship as a process” is a cognitive feature “to render a friendly service, to serve”. The analysis of adjective and adverbi-al derivatives helped to substantiate the need to introduce into consideration a new conceptual block IV — “quality, property, feature, characteristic of attitude / feeling of friend-ship”, in which 9 new cognitive features were found.

The article deals with the verbs of moving an object by the subject, developing the semantics of low and high speed of action. The research is mainly based on the vocabulary of Russian folk dialects, but the facts of the literary language are also involved. Several lexical groups are distinguished, within which “speed” meanings can develop, depending on the way of movement indicated by the verbs: without lifting off the ground; by the strength of your movement; by air; appropriation; giving away; putting into something. Within each group, the main models of the development of lexemes with the semantics of speed, determined by the features of the called action, the meaning of affixes and possible associative series are described. It is found that, although the movement of an object by a subject is a fairly extensive lexical group, a limited set of models are presented directly in the designation of speed, which are implemented using synonymous verbs (tyanut’ [pull], tashchit’ [drag] and volochit’ [crawl along]; brosat’ [throw], kidat’ [cast] etc; khvatat’ [grab] etc.). The correlations of the semantics of speed with other semantic fields that arise within the framework of this thematic group are described.

The research presented in the article was carried out within the framework of the conceptual and metaphorical theory of J. Lakoff and M. Johnson. One of the conceptual metaphors related to the conceptual metaphors of European culture is the metaphor TIME IS A LIMITED RE-SOURCE, TIME IS A VALUE. The meaning ‘to waste time’ is noted in the Russian verb to lose, French perdre, gaspiller, Spanish perder, Italian perdere, English lose, waste, misspend, squander, German verlieren, etc. Using the example of the Russian verb to lose, the classes of use of these predicates in the indicated meaning are presented in the article, as well as some features of the French and English units reflecting the specific features of the worldview of these languages are not-ed. The research is based on a large corpus of explanatory and bilingual dictionaries, data from linguistic corpuses. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that, as it has been noted by the authors of the conceptual theory of metaphor, the basic values of culture are consistent with the metaphorical structures of its basic concepts. The relevance of the study is also determined by the fact that the study of metaphorical concepts is one of the ways to reconstruct the linguistic picture of the world.

The article is devoted to the epistolary heritage of the legendary philologist of the XX century — Professor Boris Viktorovich Tomashevsky (1890—1957) and his relations with the leading scientists in the context of historical, literary, linguistic and ideological polemics mainly of the 1930s and 1950s. The paper emphasizes the contribution of the scientist to the development of world science in the era of cultural upheavals. Special attention is paid to the publications of unknown epistles to B.V. Tomashevsky by domestic and foreign philologists: I.L. Andronikov, G.O. Vinokur, D.S. Likhachev, A. A. Reformatsky, B. Unbegaun, M. Vasmer, R. O. Jakobson. The published letters describe the situation in science of that period: they show the difficulties in working on the publication of Pushkin’s “Complete Works”, reveal the polemics around controversial issues of the theory and practice of the text, express the attitude of cor-respondents to the facts of ideological pressing on science, describe the difficulties of wartime, etc. B. V. Tomashevsky’s epistolary is also considered in the context of the role of Soviet linguistic personality in creating scientific tradition. The relevance of the study is due to the use of archival mate-rials in the paradigm of the humanities to clarify poorly studied facts of the 1930s and 1950s.

The results of studying the subject system-communicative dimension of conflict mobilization practices in social networks in Germany in the context of mediatization of politics and postulates of successful conflict communication of the Harvard School of Conflictology are presented in the article. The spheres of social life, characterized from the perspective of observers — members of mobilization communities — as a concentration of problem situations and phenomena are determined. The fact of achieving the planned impact when problematizing fragments of social reality is confirmed by the predominance of solidarity reactions of the addressees. The conclusion is made about the predominant presentation of fragments of social reality as a threat through a direct assessment, an indication of the need for confrontation as the main task of the community, broad calls for struggle and criticism of the opponent; about the dominant reinforced presentation of the assessment to the addressee. The consequences of modern mediation in the political sphere, which are reflected in the practices of conflict mobilization, including the changing characteristics and attitudes of communicants, are described. Mobilization practices are characterized as the practice of institutionalizing protest and conflict resolution. It is shown that the studied discursive practices combine the features of different conflict resolution strategies, re-veal partial deviations from the postulates of successful conflict communication, formulated by representatives of the Harvard School of Conflictology in the concept of “Principled Negotiations”.

The paper is devoted to explaining the key cognitive distinctions characteristic to translation process and its teaching. Among them are linguistic interpretation of the input text’s contents, its conceptual adaptation to the accepting culture, etc. To demonstrate them, multiple examples are given to show that translators, particularly not trained enough, often choose for basic translation dominants in the accepting culture those equivalents that are primarily purely linguistic, ignoring conceptual and cultural background of the original and the accepting culture’s notions and forms. Meanwhile, the latter help avoid such translation failures as literal / word by word translation, etc. Special attention in the paper is paid to the translation into the foreign, English, language, its contrastive culture-specific and communicative features as compared to those in the Russian language: to their cognitive dominants in communication and their cross-linguistic asymmetry and in-congruency which generate quite «natural» cross-linguistic interference in Russian-English translation. It is particularly obvious when there are extensive textual nominal ex-pressions, especially terminological, which demonstrate at present an active, extensive and productive usage in English, but present a serious problem in teaching English as a foreign language and translation into it. It is also shown that in Russian their cross-linguistic idiomatic analogues are language specific and show different patterns, but still can be adequately matched with their foreign counter-parts.

The quantitative parameters characterizing direct and indirect connections of words in the composition of the associative field “polite” are studied on the basis of the “Project of a multilingual associative thesaurus of politeness”. The aim of the study is to substantiate the potential of using formalized parameters when analyzing the stimulus-response ratio as a speech action. To achieve this goal, a free associative experiment, general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization were used. The functions of the index of direct and inverse associative strength, the number of mediations, the index of the associative power of mediation, the number of intersecting associates and the associative power of overlap are considered. The index of direct associative strength is used to calculate the probability of activation of a combination of stimulus — response, and the index of inverse associative strength reveals the degree of operationality of the corresponding combinations of response — stimulus. Analysis of the mediation parameter makes it possible to determine the number of potential signs, on the basis of which predication from stimulus to reaction is carried out. The index of the associative power of mediation characterizes the operationality of the ratio of stimulus - reaction, etc. The effectiveness of the use of formalized quantitative parameters in the modeling of speech action is proved.

The article examines the well-known poem by I. Brodsky “Pilgrims” (1958), and offers a new, in-depth interpretation of it. The authors of the work focus on the “second” version of Brodsky’s text, supplemented in 1959 with an epigraph from a sonnet by W. Shakespeare. Starting from the epigraphic lines, the authors of the article instead of the generally accepted interpretation of the poem (through the traditional motif of the pilgrim’s wanderings as the endless movement of a person through life) bring to the fore the image (post)Shakespeare’s pilgrims-thoughts, pilgrims-feelings. Changing the perspective of perception allows them to see deeper layers of Brodsky’s poem and re-interpret already familiar images and motifs. Thus, the title lexeme of the text — “pilgrims” — is explained; the “strange” image of the “blue sun”, interpreted by critics as an element “from science fiction”, is reinterpret-ed; the semantics of the motif of the modern “bar”, read by researchers “as a symbol of mysterious foreign luxury”, is explained; the “unexpected” quotation in the text of a poem by N. Nekrasov, unloved by Brodsky, analyzed and explained; etc. Identification of broad intertextual layers of “Pilgrims” — poems by K. Balmont, V. Bryusov, F. Sologub, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam, M. Lokhvitskaya, etc. — allows the authors of the work to demonstrate the multiplied potential of the poem, to in-crease the intensity of the tragic understanding of the world by the lyrical hero of Brodsky.

The article is devoted to the multimodal analysis of the representation of the national-cultural phenomenon “Confucianism” in the field of advertising in modern China on the examples of nationally-oriented advertising texts of different thematic varieties. The relevance of the work is due to the importance of preserving and continuing the heritage of Confucianism in modern Chinese society, especially in the media space. Particular attention is paid to the multimodal analysis of verbal and non-verbal means of expressing the key concept of Confucianism “five constancies of a righteous person” in Chinese nationally oriented advertising texts. It is shown that the concept of “five permanencies” as one of the important components of Confucianism gets its continuation in the field of advertising in modern China, develops in accordance with the social life of the Chinese people in the modern era. It has been established that the use of the Confucian idea of the five permanencies of a righteous person can be considered as one of the most important and effective ways to create advertising with the aim of influencing the target audience of the Chinese domestic market. The conclusions and results of the study allow us to get a general idea of the concept of the five constancies of Confucianism, as well as the practice of its application as methods of manipulating public consciousness in modern Chinese advertising, which is of great importance for sinological research in various scientific fields.

The problem of the presentation of the Middle Eastern everyday life in the early prose of S.S. Kondurushkin (1874—1919), an active participant in the literary and social life of Russia at the turn of the XIX—XX centuries is examined in the article. On the basis of the essay cycle “From Wanderings in Syria” and other works of the early 1900s, an analysis of the methods of recreating the Middle Eastern everyday life is presented. The narrative strategies that underlie the Middle Eastern narrative of the Russian traveler are studied. This makes it possible to clarify the characteristics of the genre of the travel sketch in the general context of Russian literature at the turn of the century, which determines the scientific novelty and relevance of the article. The authors examine in detail the essays “Greeks in Palestine and Syria”, “Terra incognita”, “La Bayadere”, “Akulina in Tripoli”. The consistent change of the exposing discourse of political journal-ism to various forms of “ethnographic” narrative are substantiated in the article. The tasks set required the use of traditional methods of academic literary criticism, as well as techniques of cultural linguistics, imagology, imperial and colonial studies. A number of archival materials are introduced into scientific circulation, in particular, letters from N.K. Mikhailovsky addressed to S.S.Kondurushkin.

The article is devoted to the problems of historical and cultural commentary, as well as the interpretation of the ideological-figurative content and genre attribution of N. A. Klyuev’s poem “Hung upside down...”, created by the poet during the Vytegorsk period of his life (1918—1922). The analysis showed that the facts of Klyuev’s Vytegorsk life at the time of his creation “Hung upside down...” and the poet's deeply felt fear of being subjected to a cruel execution prompted him to literally perpetuate the memory of the victims of the White Terror who were martyred by hanging during the Civil War. The authors of the study come to the conclusion that references to the Bible and L. I. Palmin’s poem “Requiem” make it possible to attribute this work of Klyuev to one of the most ardent works of the poet of that time, calling on the living to selflessly serve the ideals of the proletarian revolution, and to identify its genre as a literary epitaph to the victims of the White Terror, which stands out for its monumentality and the timelessness of its valuable message to descendants. The authors of the article are convinced that the failed attempt by Klyuev to republish the poem “Hung upside down...” in 1927 betrays the poet, who is experiencing criticism of the counter-revolutionary content of his works, a desire to demonstrate the continuity of his later work with his “communard” past.

The article deals with the semantics of the “book-life” metaphor. Variations in its lexical composition, changes in meaning are described using the material of medieval literature and Russian literature of the first half of the 19th century: on the example of N.M. Karamzin, N.M. Yazykov, P.A. Vyazemsky, A.S. Pushkin. The textual analysis carried out allows us to conclude that the most significant vital bibliometaphors for two cultural epochs were “the book-treasure of eternal life”, “book-world”, “life-edifying Scripture”; “Expense book of being”, “life is a book read a hundred times”, “novel is life”. They express a range of value judgments: in ancient Russian texts, the bibliometaphor ex-presses respectful admiration for the secrets of God’s creation. The axiological component of the vital metaphor of the 19th century is more varied: religious reverence is noticeable in it, indignation at the boredom of the “book of life,” an understanding of Life as an unfinished novel. The novelty of the conducted research lies in the fact that a spectrum of vital bibliometaphors, that nuances the meaning of the metaphor-invariant (“book-life”) is established. An appeal to the diachronic aspect makes it possible to more clearly notice the semantic shifts in the metaphorical language: in the 19th century the comprehension of fate as a “reading” of the Holy Book common to all is complemented by the metaphor of a personal “book of life”.

The results of a research of literary critical works devoted to the study of Soviet under-ground poetry in the 1960s and 70s are presented in the review article. It is shown how the process of liberation of unofficial poetic culture from the collectivist attitudes of Soviet ideology and the search by its representatives for the spiritual and moral foundations of life and creativity was highlighted in the sam- and tamizdat periodicals. Special attention in the review is payed to the reflection of uncensored criticism in relation to the problems of restoring the connection with the literary tradition of the Silver Age by nonconformist poets and the formation of new principles of artistic writing in their work. In the context of these processes, the value nature of the phenomenon of “Christian Renaissance” in underground poetry, its role in the development of modernist poetic culture in the second half of the 20th century is revealed. In the light of literary-critical reception, the concept of “cultural movement” is considered as a strategy for uniting creative forces in the literary underground, which determines the value horizons of unofficial poetry. It is substantiated that the “cultural movement” was interpreted by uncensored criticism from the standpoint of its ideological and institutional self-sufficiency, the ability to be an active subject of Russian and world culture.

The history of the 5th Infantry Corps of the Russian Imperial Army in 1831—1853 is considered in the article. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the entire history of the 5^th Corps, from the moment of its formation to the beginning of the Crimean War, was carried out. The author notes that the 5th corps solved the widest range of problems. The question is raised that the 5th corps carried out the tasks of the strategic reserve of the Russian Empire on the southern borders. The role of corps units in construction work in the Crimea, participation in the landing forces on the Bosporus, military operations in the Caucasus and Transylvania are analyzed. The author notes that in the early 1830s the corps had a dubious reputation. In particular, the infantry regiments of the fifth corps were accused of “Polish spirit” and cowardice in the battles of the Russian-Polish war of 1830—1831. It is emphasized that the reputation of the corps in the eyes of Emperor Nicholas I was gradually improving. The author claims that since the 1840s, the 5th Corps was already a reliable army unit in the eyes of the emperor. The author argues that the involvement of the “bad reputation” corps in solving strategic problems demonstrates the limited resources of the Russian Empire in the 1830s and 1840s.

The problem of migration of the Irish military to the European continent in modern times is examined in the article. Particular attention is paid to their role, political attitudes and adaptation in host societies. The relevance of the study is due to insufficient knowledge of the specifics of the Irish military migration of the 18th century and the degree to which Jacobite ideology influenced the political mood of Irish people in Europe. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that the study of the mass migration of the Irish military to Europe in the period between the Treaty of Limerick in 1691 and the end of the War of Austrian Succession in 1748 will complement the Irish military history of modern times. The study of personal correspondence, memoirs and literary works allows a deeper study of the issues of identity, ideology and collective memory of the Irish military, to determine the degree of participation of the Irish in various dynastic wars and conspiracies in Europe in the XVIII century, to restore some details from the life of the Irish Jacobites, conspirators, spies and social net-works migrants. Analysis of various sources has led to a rethinking of the situation of the Irish diaspora in France and Spain. It was found that through an extensive migration network, the Irish Jacobites communicated with the world community of Irish-in-exile, posing a threat to the Hanoverian government.

The issue of the formation of one of the central communication management bodies of the Russian Empire — the Telegraph Department is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study the features of the evolution of departments to improve the mechanism of public administration at the present stage. The author provides an overview of the views of historians on the establishment and liquidation of the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs. Particular attention is paid to the activities of the Ministers of Posts and Telegraphs I.M. Tolstoy, L.S. Makov and Director of the Telegraph Department K.K. Luders. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the author reveals and clarifies previously unknown aspects of the functioning of the Telegraph Department. New data from archival sources are introduced into scientific circulation. The results of a comparative analysis of the number and financial position of officials of the Telegraph and Post Departments are presented. It has been proved that the maintenance of the personnel of the communication structures was developing towards equalization, expressed in a decrease in salaries in the Postal Department and an increase in the Telegraph departments. The author dwells on the consideration of the privileges of officials of the Telegraph Department and the position of women employees.

The problem of perception of Russian politics in Galicia during the First World War by participants in military operations is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the interest of modern society in historical sources of personal origin. The novelty is determined by a wide corpus of diaries and memoirs of participants in hostilities, un-published archival ego-documents introduced into scientific circulation. Based on new sources, the actions of the Russian authorities and the army in Galicia in 1914—1916 are interpreted. Plots are revealed that are not recorded by officials in official documents. Unjustified decisions of the local administration, bureaucratic confusion and arbitrariness are analyzed. The degree of influence of official Russian propaganda on the position of combatants and Galicians is determined in the study. Different points of view among Russian society on the organization of governance in Galicia and the national and confessional policy pursued there are revealed. The diaries and memoirs of the combatants made it possible to look at the events that took place in Galicia from the perspective of an eyewitness, shedding light on the features of everyday life, both of the local civilian population, and of military units, and of the medical service who found themselves in the conquered territories.

The question of the attitude of the famous church publicist Bishop Andrey (Ukhtomsky) to the theory and practice of socialism in Russia and the USSR is considered. For the first time, the views of the bishop on the similarities and differences between socialist ideology and the Orthodox faith, starting with the events of the First Russian Revolution and ending with the Soviet period, are reconstructed and analyzed. Particular attention is paid to Andrey (Ukhtomsky)’s criticism of socialism, professed by left political forces and attempts to oppose it with a different socialism, which the church publicist called Christian and ecclesiastical. The legitimacy of classifying the bishop as a supporter of Christian socialism is questioned and a view is proposed according to which Bishop Andrey’s opposition to political socialism was forced and was intended to deprive the socialists of the monopoly on knowledge about the just reorganization of society, as well as to conduct polemics with the adherents of socialism in a way they understand language. It is argued that changing political views and attitudes towards various forms of state power throughout his life, Andrey (Ukhtomsky) remained consistent in upholding his views, both on the nature of socialism and on the ways to overcome it.

The ways of representing the Balkan Peninsula that existed in Russia in the first half of the 19th century are analyzed in the article. The sources for the study were encyclopedic dictionaries of the first half of the 19^th century. (A.A. Plyushar, L.I. Zeddeler, A.V. Starchevsky), as well as an unpublished work by I.P. Liprandi “The Experience of the Word Interpreter of the Ottoman Empire”. The author argues that for a long time the Balkan Peninsula was not perceived as a single region with a set of historically deter-mined features. Arguments are presented confirming that certain areas of the peninsula were elements of different discourses. The relationship between the choice of a particular register of descriptions by the authors of the dictionaries and the political affiliation of the described regions of the Balkan Peninsula is shown. The relationship between the choice of a particular register of descriptions by the authors of the dictionaries and the political affiliation of the described regions of the Balkan Peninsula is shown. A special attitude of the authors of encyclopedias to Serbia and Greece, the newly formed states on the territory of the Balkan Peninsula, has been established. Examples are given that show the duality of their images in the Russian narrative in the first half of the 19^th century.

Authors of the article analyze the relations between Israel and the USSR in 1956-1957. Particular attention is paid to Israel’s efforts to ensure national security, the consequences of the Sinai campaign and the “problem of the Jews of the USSR”. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of these issues for bilateral relations. The opinion that the USSR has passed to unconditional sup-port of the Arabs and that this policy will not change is commented on the opinion that has taken root in Israel. It is noted that Israel’s victory in the 1956 Sinai campaign dealt a blow to the positions of the USSR in the Arab world, but the Israeli leadership realized that the USSR would not agree with the loss of these positions. It is shown that Israel strove to maintain an “atmosphere of dialogue”, to develop trade relations, cultural and scientific ties with the USSR, fearing that the position of the USSR on the Middle East would affect the position of Soviet Jews. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the authors used un-published and previously untranslated archival materials, which made it possible to look at the events through the eyes of Israeli diplomacy, to understand the reasoning for decision-making. The authors conclude that the events of 1956 influenced the way the country’s leadership perceived Israel’s place in international relations. It is emphasized that at this time Israel finally established itself in a pro-Western foreign policy orientation.

The documents of the League of Nations archive concerning the history of a unique emigrant institution — the Russian Ambulatory in Berlin are introduced into scientific circulation in the article. It is reported that for at least 17 years (since 1920), the clinic had pro-vided free assistance to the poor. The annual reports and correspondence of the clinic make it possible not only to assess the scale of the activities of the philanthropists of Russian Berlin and their humanitarian significance, but also to analyze information about the social and demographic processes in the emigrant community in the 1920s—1930s. It is noted that from 1920 to 1934 the clinic received 171,955 patients (more than one and a half thousand people a year, of all ages and nationalities). Information is given that doctors treated a wide range of diseases: cardiovascular, nervous, venereal, respiratory and digestive system, urogenital system, eye and ear, the consequences of injuries and trauma. It has been established that the outpatient clinic distributed free medicines, food, and basic necessities since the early 1930s and provided lunches and places in the Salvation Army dormitory for the homeless. The statistics of the clinic are presented with data on the ethnic composition of Russian Berlin (the most representative of the known ones), the aging of emigration in Germany, and the low birth rate in the 1930s and the spread of poverty associated with the Great Depression.

The analysis of the influence of the Great Patriotic War on the supply of labor resources to the industry of the Ural economic region is carried out. Materials from the funds of three archives were used — the Russian State Archive of Economics, the State Archive of the Sverdlovsk Region and the Center for Documentation of Public Organizations of the Sverdlovsk Region, some of which have not been previously published. It is re-ported that a rather extensive list of studies is devoted to the question of the impact of the Great Patriotic War on the economy of the Ural economic region and its individual sectors (primarily industry and agriculture). It is alleged that during the war, during the mass evacuation, the Urals received about 700 industrial enterprises from the western regions of the country. It is stated that such a large-scale, unplanned and forced migration, on the one hand, created difficulties associated with the placement of equipment and people, and on the other. The disproportionately expanded industrial potential of the Ural eco-nomic region created great problems in the post-war period. Attention is focused on the fact that the Great Patriotic War gave the industry of the Urals a strong impetus for further development. It is proved that the war had a contradictory impact on the socio-economic development of the Urals. It is emphasized that to eliminate the shortage of labor resources, a method tested even before the war — the massive movement of the population from village to city was used.

The article is devoted to the policy of France towards Italy and Ethiopia at the final stage of the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1935—1936 and the question of the elimination of anti-Italian sanctions in the League of Nations. It was revealed that the great powers were mainly interested in restoring normal relations with Italy, while the defense of Ethiopia’s independence was only a “moral duty” for them, and in the clash of moral factors and real politics, the real interests of states won undoubtedly. It is argued that, taking ad-vantage of France’s interest in restoring stable Franco-Italian relations, Italy actually destroyed the political agreements of early 1935 and moved on to political rapprochement with Germany, which significantly changed the entire international situation in Europe and actually opened the way for the outbreak of World War II. In addition, for France, a significant political loss was the drop in the authority of the League of Nations, due to the helplessness of this organization in the face of aggression against one of the members of the League. The study is based on publications of Soviet, French, Italian and German diplomatic documents, documents of the League of Nations, memoirs of political figures of that era, as well as un-published documents from the Archives of the German Information Bureau (Germany).

The article was prepared in connection with the announcement of the year of Semyon Ulyanovich Remezov in the city of Tobolsk in 2021. Information has been collected on the history of the construction and rebuilding of the fortress walls and towers of the Tobolsk Kremlin, which rarely attracted the attention of researchers. A review of the history of the fence construction in the Sofia courtyard is carried out. Particular attention is paid to the stages of the construction of the Kremlin stone walls, the surviving elements of defensive architecture in them. The authors clarify some provisions from the classical works of V. I. Kochedamov, draw on new sources, including photographs from restoration work in the middle of the 20th century from the funds of the Tobolsk Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve. The results of a comparative architectural analysis of the Kremlin walls of Tobolsk with synchronous and previous monuments of Russian military architecture are presented in the article. It has been established that the walls of the Tobolsk Kremlin were more of a symbolic-decorative than a military char-acter. It was determined that they represented a symbiosis of the Moscow Kremlin architecture of the late 15th century with the architecture of the Smolensk fortress wall, 17th century monastery fences and, possibly, the fence of the Bishops' court in Rostov.

The issue of the formation of the Leningrad airfield network in the pre-war period and its transformation during the years of the blockade are considered. Particular attention is paid to processing statistics of the involved network. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that for the first time a number of data on the results of the work of the airfield construction department of the front and the administration of airfield construction of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) are being introduced into scientific circulation. The question is raised about the causes of aerodrome-technical problems in the work of aviation in the North-Western direction in the initial period of the war. General information about the airfield network on the “mainland” used by the forces of the 14th air army and the aviation of the Baltic fleet is provided. The author dwells on a detailed examination of the airfields of the Leningrad air hub, their maintenance, use and transformation. Information on the main problems in the use of airfields in the winter period and plans for the development of the network in the period 1942/1943 are given. It is proved that, despite the impressive volume of the airfield network, one way or another involved in the defense of the city, only a limited number of them were used during the most difficult period from the fall of 1941 to the spring of 1943.

The changes in the material well-being of the peasant household in the European North of Russia caused by the agrarian revolution of 1917–1921is examined in the article. The author proceeds from the definition of the European North of Russia as a homo-geneous space, which during the period under study included the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Severo-Dvinsk provinces, the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Autonomous Region of Komi. The factors that influenced the organizational foundations of peasant production are analyzed. The question is raised about the nature of tax withdrawals from the peasant economy during the Civil War and the transition to a system of in-kind withdrawals and duties. Particular attention is paid to changes in the constituent elements of the peasant budget. The level of needs of a peasant family is shown. The article reveals the dependence of the consumption of the peasant household on the size of the sowing, provision of workers with hands and means of production. Particular attention is paid to the constituent elements of the income and expenditure side of the budget of the peasant parcel. The structure of nutrition of a peasant family in farms of different social types is shown. The characteristics of the survival of the rural courtyard and the main directions of its evolution have been determined. An attempt has been made to compare the material wealth of the peasants and townspeople of the region in the specified period.

Information about the mysterious supernatural water creature “xullyukun” is summarized in the article. It is emphasized that it takes its place in the pantheon of deities among the Yakuts (Sakha) — one of the indigenous peoples in the North-East of the Russian Federation. It is noted that Russian and foreign travelers, political exiles, and research scientists wrote about the traditions, life and religion of the Yakuts (Sakha) at different times. The descriptions of the beliefs of the Yakuts (Sakha) are given, in which there are references to the water creatures “xullyukuns”. The author has reviewed the literature where the “xullyukuns” are mentioned. The version proposed by scientists is analyzed, that “xullyukun” is a blending of the ancient spirit-master of water and an evil demon, which became possible due to the fact that this image correlated with the idea of the migration of aquatic animals from water to land and back. The author of the article is critical of such judgments. The data collected by the author of the article during numerous expeditions to the north-east of Yakutia, where the old image of the creature of the pre-Christian period has been preserved, is presented. On the basis of research, the author comes to the conclusion that the image of “xullyukun” is incomparable with the devil. It has been proved that “xullyukun”, according to ancient beliefs, is a creature — the arbiter of human destinies, and the new image is associated with Christmas divination, where the influence of Christianity is seen. The author of the article shares the original sources. Information collected in the field during conversations with informants is introduced into scientific circulation.

The author of the article examines the evolution of ideas about marriage and matrimonial duties in the 17th century in England. The study is based on sermons to newlyweds published in the 1620s by the famous moderate Puritan Thomas Gataker: “A Summary of Marital Responsibilities” (1620), “A Good Wife is a Gift of God” (1620/23), and “A Perfect Wife” (1623). It is emphasized that these sermons are a rich source of early modern marriage. Addressing them allows us to understand the origins of changes in traditional gender practices introduced by the Puritans in the 17th century. The author demonstrates that, unlike Anglicans and Catholics, Puritans put the friendship between a man and a woman in the first place for the purpose of marriage, which serves as a salvation from loneliness, and not the birth of children. The author also concludes that the Puritans relied on traditional ideas about the patriarchal foundations of the marriage union, but the place and role of women in it was actively revised and fe-male virtue began to take its rightful place in a pious community.