The principles of the formation of the author’s poetic ideography are highlighted — a new direction in the study of poetic texts, which is currently developing at the intersection of theoretical and practical ideography and author’s lexicography. The main goal of this approach is to identify and describe the individual author’s poetic pictures of the world and their representations in lexicographic parameters. Both the general model of the proposed poetic-ideographic analysis and the main theoretical concepts associated with the new cognitive-discursive approach to the interpretation of a poetic text are presented in the article. They are: a global individual-author’s worldview, a local picture of a fragment of the world, which in the dictionary have features their representation within the framework of various structures: integral global-event, local-fragmentary, macro- and micro-situational. They are used in the process of poetic-ideographic analysis of the poem “No, not the moon, but a bright dial...” (O. E. Mandelstam), carried out in the proposed article on the basis of the developed analysis model, its main stages, and tasks. The prospect of the research is the study of the integral individual-author’s worldview of O. E. Mandelstam, presented in the first edition of the book “Stone”, as well as the compilation of the author’s ideographic dictionary of the poet’s language.

The topicality of this article, carried out in line with the research of the “eternal” object of linguistics — synonymy, is determined by its weak investigation in the translation aspect. The subject of this study is the criteria for the equivalence of the translation of various types of synonyms in the belle-lettres context. The purpose of the article is to attempt a comprehensive, reasoned and generalizing coverage of the dependence of the ways of transmitting synonymous meanings in accordance with their belonging to a certain type, as well as taking into account the conditions for their presentation in the text. The scientific novelty of the study is due to its target setting and the development of a methodology for its implementation, based on a logical approach to the definition and classification of synonyms and a step-by-step translation analysis of the transfer of the differential features of various types of synonyms of the source language to the translator. The paper proves that the logical allocation of general and particular differential features of synonyms contributes to a clearer designation of the specifics of the translation of various types of synonyms in literary texts, as well as to the determination of its quality. The results obtained may be of interest to researchers in the field of synonymy theory and translation. 

The article deals with the structural and semantic features of the phrase scheme “not + infinitive + same” associated with the functioning of the structure in newspaper and literary texts. The study showed that in the structural composition, not only constant components (not, infinitive, same), but also optional ones are possible: after all, well, indeed. They retain their semantic and pragmatic properties; when used with a phrase scheme, they help to convince the interlocutor. In the context, the phrase scheme “not + infinitive + same” can be combined with other phraseologized structures or repeated several times to strengthen the argument. It is possible to use this phrase scheme as part of lexical phraseological units. When describing the semantic aspect, additional meanings were revealed in various contextual uses. In fiction and newspaper texts, the phrase scheme is characterized by colloquial stylistic coloring, its functioning is distinguished by the composition of constructions, the semantic characteristics of the infinitive. The constructions with the most frequent verbs in fiction and newspaper discourses are also considered in the article. The material was texts from the Russian National Corpus.

The results of the implementation of the scientific project “The Semantics of Unity and Animosity in Russian Lexis and Phraseology: Language System and Discourse” supported by the Russian Science Foundation are presented. It is based on the thesis that language acts as a way of indexing referents — realities and ideas about reality. The semantic-motivational approach to the study of the vocabulary and phraseology of unity and enmity confirms that the ways of conceptualizing reality are characterized by regular reproducibility. The study of the semantics of words, especially in the context of changes in the lexical composition of the Russian, one way or another affects not only linguistic, but also worldview issues. The examples show that a linguistic unit “alone” can serve as a cultural sign if it is highly specific for a historical era. The study of arrays of new words is recognized as informative for solving the applied problem of monitoring sociocultural transformations. It is reported that the executors of the project have prepared “A Dictionary of Actual Vocabulary of Unity and Animosity in the Russian at the Beginning of the 21st Century” (2021) and “1000 Words of Unity and Animosity at the Beginning of the 21st Century: An Ideographic Dictionary” (2022). 

The principles of data collection and organization for the new Universal Ideographic Dictionary-Thesaurus of Russian Vocabulary, created at the Ural Federal University (Yekaterinburg, Russia) under the guidance of Professor L. G. Babenko is discussed in the article. The specificity of previous lexicographic sources is reviewed. Ideographic databases, with which the staff of the Ural Semantic School worked earlier, are characterized. Examples of identifying denotative spheres and denotative-ideographic groups, the structure of which makes up the synopsis of the thesaurus are given. The number of these classes and the set of entries in the original database, which is the basis of the future dictionary, are discussed. In addition, examples of forms for working with dictionaries and the data structure (a set of fields) of the Universal Ideographic Dictionary-Thesaurus are shown. In addition, examples of forms for working with dictionaries and the data structure (a set of fields) of the Universal Ideographic Dictionary-Thesaurus are shown. The reasons for the quantitative asymmetry of the new thesaurus and the original database are considered: statistical, logical-semantic and lexical-grammatical factors. Conclusions are drawn about the prospects of the new project as uniting and developing the ideas of the Ural Semantic School. 

The linguistic and axiological features of the conceptualization of pedagogical views in the reflective discourse of Michel Montaigne are studied. A feature of the chosen research problem is the consideration of the text corpus of the historical personality of the 16th century from the point of view of reflexive discourse representation. The relevance of the research topic is due to the importance of addressing historically formed linguistic and cultural ideals (education, science, upbringing). The study was conducted based on the principles of anthropocentrism and narrativism, as well as using corpus text analysis methods (in an open online case Montaigne à l’Œuvre). For the first time, the modeling of the author’s pedagogical doctrine from the standpoint of its conceptual and value expression has been performed. The material base of the study is represented by 8 thematically selected chapters from Montaigne’s “Essais”, posted in an authentic Middle French orthographic version on the corpus MonLOE website. It is proved that Montaigne's work lays the conceptual and value foundations of humanitarian education, considered as a system of education and development of a person capable of building his own judgment. The analysis showed that Montaigne's pedagogical program is based on such components of the educational paradigm of the 21st century as developing, student-centered, individual learning and harmonious development. 

The article is devoted to the quantitative and statistical analysis of the vocabulary of the oral stories corpus based on pictures. The subjects were 42 people, monolingual native speakers of the Russian (representatives of 15 families). The purpose of the study is to identify and describe the lexical parameters that distinguish the oral stories of representatives of different generations. An attempt is made to consider the connection of these parameters with the formation of native speakers’ ideas about the lexical structure of the narrative. The following results are obtained. The nature of the stimulus material ensured an approximately equal degree of complexity in the texts of both groups, although the volume of the parents’ active vocabulary significantly exceeded the volume of the children’s vocabulary. At the level of individual texts, both groups use equally diverse vocabulary per unit of text volume. In the children’s stories, the main “plot” vocabulary is quite heterogeneous, while the parents tend to lexical unification of the narrative. In the texts of both groups, local reference and direction of movement are expressed in the same way, which indicates their “basic” narrative function, which does not depend on the age of the subjects. The stories of the parents are also unified in terms of vocabulary, showing the logical structure of the narrative and different types of semantic relations in the text.

The question of the relationship and interdependence of the colors used and color nominations in the polycode text and the pragmatic tasks that this text is aimed at is considered. The study was conducted on the material of memes and demotivators dedicated to the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as extremist memes and demotivators. In the course of the analysis, the regularities observed in the analyzed material and associated with the use of color and color nominations to enhance the influencing effect of the polycode text were determined. These patterns include: the isolation of color within a certain form, the classifying function of color and the associative function inherent in color. The conclusion is made about the use of blue (blue-green) and red (dark red) as the characteristic color dominants of polycode texts (memes and demotivators) dedicated to the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is noted that polycode texts of an extremist orientation are also characterized by red color, a combination of red and black, the presence of white (including as a verbal component). 

The question of the use of fashionable words as markers that contribute to the identification of social characteristics of various subjects of speech is considered. The material for the study was the texts of microblogs of the Weibo Internet platform dedicated to China. We study the use of 10 fashion words of 2021, identified by the National Center for Monitoring and Research of Language Resources. Their functioning on the Weibo Internet site is analyzed. It has been established that the majority of Weibo users belong to the younger generation. The relevance of the study is due to the desire of Chinese society to build a strong welfare state, in which a significant role is given to young people. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that earlier the analysis of fashionable words of the Chinese language in the Internet discourse as a means of characterizing the younger generation was not carried out. It is shown that fashionable words on Weibo in most cases are used in positive contexts, which can be considered as “achieving a stable development of the country”, since all microblogs are dedicated to China. The author comes to the conclusion that the topics of blogs and the nature of the use of fashionable words in youth accounts testify to the confidence of Chinese youth in their future and the future of the country.

Observations are presented on the features of the documentary and artistic organization of the book by V. M. Golovnin “Journey of Russian Imperial Sloop “Diana” from Kronstadt to Kamchatka...” (1819). Such issues as the thematic content of “Journey...”, the role of the author’s worldview in creating a single artistic whole, and the features of the aesthetic organization of documentary material are considered. The significance of the study is seen in the need to update the memory of the personality and literary work of V. M. Golovnin, an outstanding figure of Russian culture at the beginning of the 19th century. The presented material will allow supplementing with new facts the picture of the genre and style genesis of documentary and artistic genres in the Russian historical and literary process of the early 19th century. The relevance of the study is determined by the attention of modern literary criticism to the poetics of documentary and artistic genres. The novelty of the research is seen in the appeal to a little-known work of Russian literature of the first third of the 19th century. It is reported that the author showed the maritime way of life with its regulations, traditions, experience of intercultural communication. The work is considered in the main thematic lines: everyday life of a round-the-world sea expedition, seascape, battle studies, ethnographic sketches. It is noted that a value-semantic principle is revealed behind the empirical material, which gives the narrative artistic completeness and deeply brings Golovnin's “Journey ...” with the tradition of Russian classical literature. 

A reconstruction of the traditional mythological ideas of the Russian inhabitants of the Perm region about the peasant house is carried out. The structural elements and premises of the hut are considered, which are perceived by the bearers of the tradition as places of contact with the spirits — “owners” of the loci. The analysis of the mythological texts recorded on the territory of the region about the bannik, the brownie, the domovoy, the leshy and the mermaid has been carried out. This material reveals a circle of rooms and elements of the Russian hut, in which, according to legend, spirits live. Permian beliefs are compared with common Slavic ones. It is concluded that the places of contact between a person and the “host” spirits are those elements of the house that are the sacred centers of the hut (oven, table) or represent its periphery (attic, golbets, closet, kitchen, bathroom, corridor, corner) or borders (door, threshold, porch, window, roof, floor, ceiling, mat). At the same time, such characteristics of these elements as “internal — external”, “upper — lower”, “central — peripheral” turn out to be important, reflecting the opposition “one’s own — someone else’s” that is basic for Slavic culture. There is a partial modernization of the spatial code in the beliefs of the Russians of the Perm region, which leads to a slight transformation of the tradition. New ideas are built into existing cultural models (the bathroom is on a par with other non-residential premises).

The translation activity of the founder of revolutionary Chinese literature, Jiang Guangci, is considered. The novelty of the study is due to the fact that the translations of Russian and Soviet literature by Jiang Guangci are almost not studied in scientific circles. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of building and strengthening Chinese-Russian cultural ties, including in the field of translation of fiction, in which Jiang Guangci was successful in the 20s of the XX century. It has been established that Jiang Guangci’s translations corresponded to his revolutionary ideals, which he embodied in his original works. It is noted that Jiang Guangci's worldview determined his choice of Russian and Soviet works embodying revolutionary ideals for translation. It is shown that his translations received wide support from young people due not only to the content, but also to the simple, understandable language of presentation. The participation of Jiang Guangci in the literary discussion about the translation strategy is presented. Due to his good knowledge of the Russian, he made translations from the original, and not from Japanese translations of Russian works. The authors come to the conclusion that the translation activity of Jiang Guangci has not been sufficiently studied and has prospects for study. 

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the perception of blacksmiths and blacksmithing by the folklore consciousness of the indigenous ethnic groups of the southern part of the Russian Far East — the Nanais, Orochs, Ulchis, Negidals, Udeges, Oroks (Uilta) of Sakhalin, who are considered to be distant descendants of the Mohe and Jurchens. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time from the general array of the narrative folklore of the Tungus-speaking peoples, texts were singled out, where the central character is an anthropomorphic character, in the guise of which the main tools of blacksmithing are presented: a head-hammer, a chest — blacksmith furs, legs-skewers, hands ticks. The study showed that in the oral work of the Far Eastern aborigines, iron and craft attributes often received a negative assessment; the magical properties attributed to the blacksmith were transferred to iron products and tools of his labor, represented by images of cannibalistic monsters. At the same time, the masters themselves could remain positive heroes, endowed with the features of a demiurge. At the same time, the masters themselves could remain positive heroes, endowed with the features of a demiurge. It is concluded that the anthropomorphization of blacksmith tools is a representative element of the plot, widespread among the Far Eastern Tungus-Manchus, but unknown to the Nivkhs.

The supervisory functions of governors in the system of administration of the Yakutsk region in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries are characterized. The entire audit process is shown: preparation, execution, further consideration of the issues raised and the solution of identified problems. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the supervisory activity of the Yakut governor in the process of managing the northeast of Siberia is comprehensively considered. The source base of the study was legislative acts and office documentation from the funds of two archives. The author of the article proves that the audits achieved their immediate goal, revealed management failures, abuses and errors in record keeping. The author argues that the materials of the revisions of the predecessors helped the current governors to keep abreast of affairs and continue the undertakings of their colleagues. It is noted that communication with all segments of the local population during visits to the districts allowed the governors to learn first-hand about urgent needs and personally observe the actual state of affairs in the region. An analysis of the issues under consideration will allow us to consider in more detail the features of the functioning of the central government on the national outskirts, to find out the main mechanisms for the exercise of power in the management process, the forms of interaction between local authorities and society.

The article deals with the issue of relations between the state and the church in the Russian Empire in 1725—1730 in the political sphere. Attention is paid to the preservation of the former policy of the state represented by the Synod in relation to the local episcopate. On the example of the Nizhny Novgorod region, a general description of the organization of the diocesan administration is given with a description of a number of changes that have occurred; the versatile activity of Archbishop Pitirim, who lost the reliable support of Peter I in connection with his death and is now faced with serious challenges, is considered in the article. The results of the analysis of problems in the relationship between secular and spiritual authorities in political terms are presented. A classification of these problems is proposed on the basis of a generalized analysis of the entire range of issues that have become the object of contradictions between the state and the church. Particular attention is paid to problems that were of a financial, economic and administrative-legal nature. It is shown on the basis of regional material that on a number of issues it was clearly not enough for the adoption of this or that decision at the level of the Synod, and the local bishops needed a resolution of the Senate. It is proved that the problems of church-state relations, laid down under Peter I, retained their relevance during subsequent reigns.

The authors make an attempt to trace the requirements for the level of training of children entering secondary educational institutions in the city of Orenburg in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries. As educational institutions, institutions subordinate to various departments were chosen — the Ministry of Public Education, the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria, and the military department. The purpose of the undertaken study is to analyze the degree of intellectual and general development of children of the privileged and urban classes who are preparing to study in secondary school. Based on numerous published and unpublished sources (regulatory legal acts, narratives, statistical materials, archival office documents, etc.), the authors study the skills and abilities necessary for first graders. As a result, the researchers come to the conclusion that the requirements for applicants are quite high. Compared to modern first-graders, children entering secondary education institutions had to not only be able to read, write and count, but also demonstrate broad awareness of the world order around them, know at least one foreign language. In addition, an important role was assigned to the knowledge of the Law of God, which was an indispensable component of school education. Significantly increased, in comparison with the pre-reform era, the requirements for applicants were the result of global transformations that took place in the socio-economic sphere of the Russian state under the influence of the Great Reforms of Alexander II. 

The article is devoted to the study of the sanctuary of Midkhau (Мidğæw), located in the mountain village of Lisri in North Ossetia. Due to its unusual “ziggurat” form, the sanctuary is considered unique not only for Ossetia, but also for the entire North Caucasus. Its comprehensive study is an urgent scientific task, since it sheds light on the early stages of the formation of the material and spiritual culture of the Ossetians. The problematic of the versions linking this sanctuary with the cults of the deities Uacilla and Mada Mairam is shown. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the ethnographic and folklore materials introduced into scientific circulation for the first time made it possible to establish the time at which the annual celebration in honor of Мidğæw took place, as well as to determine the functions of this sanctuary. The author comes to the conclusion that the Мidğæw sanctuary was revered as the heavenly patron of the village of Lisri. Near it, the reconciliation of the bloodlines took place, which testifies to its high sacral status. Previously unpublished archival materials testify to the connection of the Мidğæw sanctuary in the village of Lisri with some sanctuaries in other gorges of Ossetia, which may indicate the existence of an independent Мidğæw cult dating back to the Koban era. 

The analysis of the members of the CPSU Politburo of the Central Committee biographical characteristics as an elite category in the structure of the Soviet political class is carried out. The purpose of the study is to identify normative patterns in the career trajectories of the highest stratum of the Soviet political elite. To achieve this goal, a database was formed containing the biographical characteristics of the leaders who had the status of a member and candidate member of the Politburo in the period from 1966 to 1990. Some parameters of the biographies of the studied leaders are of a normative nature, that is, they are characteristic of the majority: gender belonging to the male sex, place of birth in a rural area, higher education with a specific technical specialty, early age of starting managerial activity and relatively late age of entering the Politburo level as the highest stratum of the Soviet political class, experience in the real sector of the economy and management, combined with experience in exercising deputy powers in representative bodies at various levels. The combination of these characteristics contributed to the positive perception of the political elite by society and can be considered as a model for comparison with the political elite of modern Russia.

The article is devoted to the paper of Dagestan Arabic manuscripts and epistolary documents of the 19th — early 20th centuries, as an important aspect of source study. This work allows you to get an idea of the history of Russia’s cultural and economic ties with Dagestan and the countries of the East. In the course of the study, a comparative historical method was used. The authors analyzed the works of domestic and foreign experts on this issue, highlighted the main identification features of the paper of these written documents. The relevance of the ongoing research is due to the need for a comprehensive study of the writing material of the Arabographic monuments of Dagestan origin. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the paper of these historical sources for the first time became the object of study in domestic source studies. It has been established that in the Dagestan manuscripts and epistolary documents of the 19th — early 20th centuries, the marked paper of Russian manufactories and factories is mainly represented. The article notes that for a full-fledged study of Dagestan Arabographic sources, it is necessary to use advanced digital technology and modern natural scientific developments. The study of historical sources paper is of great importance in the preservation and restoration of monuments of the written culture of the Dagestan peoples.

The article is devoted to the development of the Kiselevsk village in 1935, the last year when Kiselevsk existed in the status of a workers’ settlement. The issue of improving the living and communal conditions of the miners of the Kiselevsky mine and their families is being considered. Attention is paid to the problems of the relationship between the material well-being of workers and the increase in labor productivity. The problems of housing and communal services, the development of the branches of upbringing, education and health care are characterized. The methods of ensuring the food security of miners are determined. Specific measures to improve the quality of life of workers in the context of the transformation of the settlement from a working settlement into a city are demonstrated. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that for the first time, based on the processing of materials from the periodical press, the social sphere of the Kiselyovsky mine was characterized in detail in the mid-1930s. The relevance of the study is due to its scientific and social significance. The first is determined by the fact that this kind of research is undertaken for the first time. The second is connected with the need to draw attention to the problems of sustainable socio-economic development of the city of Kiselevsk at the present time.

The article is devoted to the responsibility for the verbal insult of the Russian Emperor, which belonged to the category of state crimes. For the commission of such criminal acts, according to Russian laws, responsibility was due. The documents of the two largest St. Petersburg archives: the Russian State Historical Archive and the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg are analyzed in the article. The evolution of the concept of “insulting His Majesty” as a type of crime in Russian legislation is studied. The application of legal norms in the practical activities of Russian courts is considered. It is concluded that the Russian authorities paid great attention to this type of state crime. The degree of responsibility for its commission was very severe — up to a reference to hard labor. This was partly due to the sacralization of the person of the monarch, and therefore it was believed that the criminals encroached not only on him, but also on the very foundations of the state system. “Insulting His Majesty” remained one of the most common types of state crimes in the Russian Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

The article deals with the ideas of Claude de Seyssel (1450—1520). Attention is paid to the fact that these ideas were based on an analysis, based on the model proposed by Plato, of the oligarchic form of government as a real form of existence of the republic in contemporary Venice and a study of the applicability of this model to France. The relevance of the work is due to the appearance of a number of works in which one can see that the views of Claude de Seyssel were similar not only to the views of the Italian humanists, but also to the utopian ideas of the reorganization of Byzantium by George Gemistus Plethon (1355/1360—1452/1454). The authors of the article argue that the ideas of Claude de Seyssel should be considered in a broader context than was previously accepted in historical science. It is shown in the article that it was Claude de Seyssel who drew attention to the importance of the military class and its rights as the most important principle for the formation of European monarchies in the context of problems common to Italian and Byzantine humanists. It is proved that he became a kind of transmission link between Italian and Byzantine humanism, on the one hand, and French humanism, on the other, and significantly influenced the development of socio-political and historical concepts of French thinkers of the 16th-17th centuries. 

The issues of organization and functioning of fair trade in a nomadic society are studied on the example of the Kalmyk steppe in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries. The source base was documentary materials from the funds of the State Archives of the Astrakhan Region and the National Archives of the Republic of Kalmykia, revealing the record keeping practice of the Kalmyk People’s Administration and ulus departments on the organization of fair events in the steppe. The author, based on the historical and geographical approach, focuses on the vastness of the land and the dominant nomadic type of management in the Kalmyk society. It has been established that fairs not only played an important role in satisfying the commodity needs of nomads, which was important in the absence of goods for manufacturing and industrial production and agriculture, but also were a way for nomads to communicate with each other and with representatives of the foreign administration. Despite the importance of fair trade among the nomadic people, the process of establishing and functioning of fairs was associated not only with natural and climatic conditions, but also with the unwillingness of the authorities of neighboring provinces to create competitors. 

The Soviet-Egyptian relations from the mid-1950s to the early 1970s are analyzed through the prism of their perception by Soviet and Egyptian politicians and diplomats. The ideological, political and world views of the second Egyptian President Anwar Sadat are shown, which predetermined the turn of Egypt’s foreign policy from cooperation with the USSR to an alliance with the USA. Subsequently publishing his “Autobiography”, Sadat hoped to use it as a tool in solving current political problems, in particular, as a means of substantiating the turn he had made. The argumentation and methods of implementing a new direction in Egypt’s foreign policy are disclosed. The details of the behind-the-scenes game of politicians, which are not reflected in the official diplomatic documentation, are highlighted. The real picture of negotiations and discussions of delicate diplomatic topics at the highest level is being reconstructed. The memoirs reflect the political and social atmosphere of Egyptian society at a turning point in the history of this country. They most clearly trace the influence of the “human factor” on the adoption of certain political decisions. Numerous characteristics of the Soviet and Egyptian partners in the negotiation process are given. Comparison of memoir sources allows us to get as close as possible to the reliable history of Soviet-Egyptian relations of that time. 

Based on archival materials and published sources, the problem of changing the status of women in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries using the example of the Vyatka province, primarily with the support of the clergy of the Vyatka diocese and as part of the inclusion of women in religious and educational activities is examined in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the interest in the problem of equality of rights and obligations, as well as opportunities for women and men. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the proportional ratio of the female population to the male population in cities and rural areas. The question of the place of a woman in the society of the Vyatka province, of new trends in terms of intensifying the struggle of women for their rights, first of all, the right to receive an education is raised in the article. The question is raised about the participation of the Vyatka clergy in solving the problem of creating educational institutions for women and getting jobs as teachers in schools. Based on the analysis of source materials, it is proved that, despite the patriarchal structure of the Vyatka society and the limited material resources of the Vyatka clergy, the female population of the Vyatka province got the opportunity not only to study, but also to work as teachers, thanks to which women, primarily from the peasant class, were able to receive certain autonomy and independence. 

The issues of organizing the life of children in charitable institutions of St. Petersburg in the middle of the 19th — early 20th centuries are considered. The study was carried out on the material of archival documents. Most of the sources are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The forms and methods of solving the issues of improving the conditions of hygiene, life and nutrition of pupils are revealed. The problem areas in the organization of the activities of institutions are characterized. The debatable issues that arose in the boards of trustees of institutions are listed. It is concluded that in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries, the requirements for the activities of charitable institutions increased. In particular, approaches to the provision of medical care have changed: it was envisaged to include doctors in the boards of trustees of shelters who provided assistance to pupils on a gratuitous basis, controlled the quality of food and monitored living conditions. The collegial nature of the activities of the St. Petersburg Council contributed to the success of solving the problems facing orphanages. The Council in its activities took into account the opinion of the public, doctors, teachers on the upbringing and maintenance of pupils. The shelters had different financial opportunities, which depended both on the composition of the Boards of Trustees and on the activity of its members in holding charitable fundraising events. However, during the XIX — early XX centuries, general requirements for the operation of shelters were formed. 

The problematic issues of the socio-economic policy of Russia in the development of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus in the second half of the 19th century is analyzed in the article. The relevance of scientific research is explained not only by the growing public interest in the processes of regional history, but also by the need for scientific understanding and study of the development of the strategically important South Russian region. The localization of creative research was carried out, first of all, on insufficiently covered issues in the scientific literature, and often on historical subjects that were practically not considered by researchers. Particular attention in the study is paid to the description of the migration movement to the eastern Black Sea region and the formation of settlements. The projects of scientists, officials of various departments to improve economic development were considered. The features of land use and land management of coastal settlements are revealed. The role of the state in the development and expansion of the settlement network is characterized. It has been established that the construction of sustainable communications (highways, railways, sea routes) contributed to the consolidation of Russian influence on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. It is shown that communications, habitation of the lands of the coastal strip provided the resort development of the Eastern Black Sea region from the end of the 19th century. The author comes to the conclusion that the uncertainty of land use boundaries, as well as the attraction to the region of the population unfamiliar with local natural and climatic conditions, the lack of communications in every possible way slowed down the development of the region.