The question of text perception in a foreign language is considered. Cognitive operations to build a text projection used by recipients who are non-native speakers, as well as their ways to objectify the former in their own secondary texts of the fanfiction genre are presented and described. The article is relevant due to the need to research the processes of reception and production of a coherent text both in native and foreign languages, and to create a cognitive model of the text projection building process. Particular attention is paid to the correlations between the strategies and tactics of forming a projection of a text in a foreign language by the recipient with the types of cognitive operation used to interpret new knowledge (preservation, modeling, transfiguration). Data are given on the implementation of cognitive operations on all levels of the perceived text (macro-, schematic, stylistic level). Definitions are provided for the specific tactics used by recipients (non-native speakers) in the process of creating their own texts in a foreign language on various levels (plot preservation tactics, tropes imitation tactics, keyword transplantation tactics, etc.). The results of the study can be applied both in the field of language sciences (psycholinguistics, linguistics) and in the field of foreign language teaching methods to find ways to effectively develop reading and writing skills in language learners.

The main modal verbs of the English language (can, could, may, must, should, need, will, would) in media texts have been studied, namely the ways of their translation into Russian. Using the method of continuous sampling, 50 concordances were selected and analyzed for each of the 8 modal verbs. The material of the study was examples in the field of journalism from the National Corpus of the Russian Language, namely, a parallel subcorpus composed of original texts and their translations. Additionally, a ranking was carried out according to the frequency of modal verbs in the parallel corpus NKRYA (language pair Russian-English) and the English web corpus WebCorp. When comparing, the absolute frequencies of modal verbs were used, since the first corpus is static, and the second is dynamic (replenished daily). The need to supplement the parallel corpus was revealed, since the sorting results were not identical. Based on the analysis of translation transformations, the following was found: literal translation, grammatical substitutions and omission were most often used in the translation of modal verbs in media texts. It has been established that impersonal constructions were often used, and modality was transmitted using linguistic means of another level.

Semantic and pragmatic characteristics of pharmacy ergonyms in Sweden and Great Britain. The analysis o the functioning of ergonyms in the onomastic space of different linguistic cultures is aimed at clarifying the idea of nominative processes in ergonyms. The material of the study was the names of pharmacies obtained by the method of continuous sampling from open sources (about 100 units). As a result of the study, semantic groups of ergonyms were identified, trends in their nomination were specified, and pragmatic characteristics were determined. It has been established that the leading trends in the nomination of pharmacies in Sweden and the UK are conservatism and symbolization. In the Swedish onomasticon, nominations containing zoonyms are the predominant type of pharmacy ergonyms (this is a tradition of naming pharmacies that has historically developed in this region), while the formation of names of pharmacies based on toponyms and anthroponyms is more typical for the UK. It is noted that for both linguistic cultures, the use of lexemes with a positive evaluative connotation in pharmacy ergonyms is typical. The common semantic feature of pharmaceutical ergonyms in Sweden and Great Britain is the creation of associative links with ideas about nature, naturalness, environmental safety, the signs of which are, in particular, green color, images of animals or plants.

The etymological and historical-semasiological analysis of the word ‘shkhue’, the designation of one of the most significant sacred flowers in the Adyghe linguoculture, has been carried out. The analysis of this linguistic unit is accompanied by a study of the semantic development and word-formation relations of single-root words grouped around the main generating base, represented by the root word ‘shkhue’, in the modern language. The purpose of the study is to research the historical and semantic development of the color lexeme ‘shkhue’in the Adyghe linguistic culture. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the genesis and further development of the word is reconstructed, which is at the head of the systemic semantic and word-formation relations between linguistic units united by genetic kinship. In the course of the study of cognate words, not only the type of semantic relations, but the possibilities of maintaining or breaking (full or partial) semantic links are studied. Results: Based on the analysis of texts and dictionaries, language units that form a nest with a ‘shkhue’ top were collected. The chain of semantic transitions in this group of nominations is restored. The internal form of derived units is clarified. The originality of metaphors is commented. It has been established that the continuants of this nest implement semantic models that are characterized by seriality and regularity. On the basis of color naming, other color naming conventions of a wide range (all shades of the changing color of the sky), the names of birds as inhabitants of the sky (or by the color of their plumage), animals by coat color, as well as designations from the sphere of magic and traditional medicine (drugs, poison), and finally, words denoting fear, blurred perception, etc.

The analysis of the sociolinguistic situation in Guiana, an overseas department and a region of France is presented in the article. The history of the settlement of this territory by speakers of different languages is considered. An overview of the demolinguistic situation in the region is presented, statistical data of the latest population censuses are given. A review and analysis of the results of anthropological, linguistic and sociolinguistic surveys conducted by French scientists in Guiana at the end of the 20th and the first decades of the 21st centuries is made. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that the linguistic situation is considered simultaneously with the analysis of existing laws on languages, since only adopted laws can allow members of the linguistic community to assert and protect their rights. Particular attention is paid to the use of the Guianan Creole and French languages in various social and communicative areas: in the institutions of executive power, in the main area of the functioning of the language — the education system, in the areas of trade and the media. The relevance of the article is due to the special attention of the Russian and world community to the language situation and the solution of language problems in multi-ethnic states, as well as to the preservation of indigenous languages.

A review of modern Russian methods for diagnosing and evaluating speech pathologies is presented. Classifications of speech disorders from the standpoint of clinical practice, pedagogy, psychology, speech therapy and linguistics are considered. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to systematize the existing diagnostic material of speech disorders and its description. The works presented at the moment, devoted to the topic, are fragmented and incomplete, which is explained by their practice-oriented nature. Methods of different authors have a similar structure and include tests to assess cognitive, speech and neurodynamic functions. It is noted that the biggest drawback today in the clinical theory and practice of diagnosing speech disorders can be called a large number of diagnostic methods for patients with aphasia and their almost complete absence for patients with speech disorders caused by other diseases or conditions. The main part of the article is devoted to a detailed description of traditional and relatively recently developed by Russian practitioners and theorists of test batteries for diagnosing speech disorders. The review of the methods and their analysis made it possible to highlight a number of common features, determine gaps and identify a number of tasks for their subsequent joint solution by specialists in the field of medicine and linguistics.

This study is devoted to the history of the formation of the ethnic identity of the Mari people in the Republic of Mari El. Particular attention is paid to the changes in the identification of Mari, which occurred in direct proportion to extralinguistic factors. The question of the role of language, confessional affiliation, historical past, relations with nature and mythological symbols that characterize the modern ethnic Mari identity is considered. The importance of the demographic imbalance in the Republic, which played the most significant role in shaping the character of the Mari, is emphasized. The relevance of the study is due to the increased interest of science in recent decades in the topic of ethnic and Russian identity. The identity of the Mari people has not been previously studied by the author of this work, although many problems of Mari El have been analyzed and described in detail: the language situation in different time periods, language policy, the legislative framework regarding languages and the education system, the history of the Mari literary language, its writing and a number of other sociolinguistic aspects. Unlike articles by other authors on the topic of Mari identity, the novelty of this work lies in the fact that for the first time the identity is shown in the process of formation, from antiquity to the present day. A characteristic of the identity of the Mari people, formed under the influence of a variety of factors, is compiled.

The experience of reconstructing the religious (Islamic) concept as a value-cognitive and ideological constant is presented on the example of the concept HARAM/HIARAM in Russian and Avar linguistic cultures. The material for the study was data from lexicographic sources, paremiological funds of these languages, data from Russian and Avar texts (including translations) of spiritual literature; language data of the National Corpuses of the Russian and Avar languages. It is noted that the conceptual component of the concept under study reveals similarities in the compared linguocultures: the HARAM semantic model is represented by an obligatory component with a negative connotation 'everything that is bad, evil, sin > forbidden' [certain actions, deeds, objects and phenomena], and an optional component with a positive connotation: 'reserved place, forbidden [for everything bad] territory'. It is clarified that the value component of the concept is wider than in terms of an ordinary prohibition or taboo. It is shown that in the Muslim consciousness HARAM is a multicomponent concept with ambivalent semantics. Similarities and differences in the objectification of this concept may depend, first of all, on the specifics of the religious and linguistic consciousness of a person, his worldview; secondly, they can be conditioned by the discourse in which the concept is explicated, and hence the objectification takes place in different worldview (religious, everyday, etc.). The process of desacralization of the concept HARAM semantics is considered.

The article deals with the sound-visual mechanisms of phrase formation, which are not described in the phonosemantic and linguoculturological aspects. The study is conducted on the material of comparative phraseological units (figurative comparisons) that reflect the sound of speech. In accordance with the goal, their motivational models are revealed and methods of vocabulary representation are developed. To achieve the goal, methods of phonosemantic, component, linguoculturological analysis, methods of structural-semantic modeling and lexicographic design are used. It has been established that most of the sound-visual comparative phraseological units are based on associations that connect the acoustic characteristics of speech with the sounds of the animal world — the voices of birds and mammals. The models of metaphorical transfer and the most productive zoolexemes involved in the acts of formation of phraseological units in this sphere are revealed. The parameters of assessment of sounding speech relevant for the listener and the axiological orientation of the corresponding figurative comparisons are determined. The possibilities of representation of sound-visual comparative phraseological units in the thesaurus-type dictionary with the alphabetic-rod arrangement of the material and in the educational discursive-type dictionary, which implements the author’s methods of linguoculturological commenting and etymological paraphrasing, are shown. The results of the study will be useful in the development of theoretical problems of phrase formation, and can be used in the practice of academic and educational lexicography.

The article is devoted to the little-studied problem of the media communication potential of guidebooks in the Black Sea province in the context of the historical and cultural development of the region. The study of the existing gap is of undoubted interest for creating a complete picture of the nformation development of the Black Sea province in the process of cardinal economic and socio-cultural changes. The colonization of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is the most important component of the socio-economic and cultural policy of Russia. However, the process of settlement and land development, which began in the second half of the 19th century, was extremely slow and ineffective. The solution of the issue was impossible without a systematic information campaign on the part of the state. At the turn of the 19th—20th centuries, guidebooks for the Black Sea province became one of the important channels for disseminating information about the potential opportunities of the province in the field of agriculture, resort business, and tourism development. The author comes to the conclusion that the content of these guides paradoxically combined information of a historical and literary local history nature, contributing to the popularization of the cultural and natural originality of the Black Sea province. At the same time, like periodicals, he talked about existing problems and ways to solve them for further successful development of the region.

An attempt was made in the article to analyze cultural stereotypes and their reflection in the advertising of Dove and Olay cosmetic brands. For the first time, stereotypes of beauty in Chinese, Russian and English video advertising of international companies are compared. On the example of transnational advertising, the ways of transmitting verbal information in a commercial message are studied, cultural differences in the perception of beauty stereotypes are revealed, their transformation is established, and new means of expression are described. A contradictory trend has been identified in marketing: on the one hand, international companies actively use national and cultural stereotypes, which allow creating an emotionally significant image in accordance with the ethno-cultural worldview of the consumer, paying attention to it, making a decision in the face of a large flow of information, on the other hand, they oppose standardization and stereotyping. Their role in the perception of the value of information has been established.

The article is devoted to the problem of latent verbal influence on the attitudes of the addressee in the advertising sports discourse. The purpose of the work is to identify linguistic means that realize the suggestive potential in the advertising of figure skating ice shows. The analysis of media texts posted in the Russian social network “VKontakte” was carried out. 124 advertising texts for 2021—2023 were analyzed Methods of discursive and communicative-pragmatic analysis, content analysis, descriptive method were used. It has been established that the verbal component of the considered advertising texts in the social network “VKontakte” is characterized by a small volume, clear logical and compositional structuring, linguistic minimalism, substantiveness, expansion of the nominative case, as a result of which the range of linguistic means of suggestion used is limited. These include allusive anthroponyms (participate in the formation of 84% of advertising media texts), evaluative vocabulary (42 %), bifunctional declarative-exclamatory sentences (37 %), vocative sentences (21 %). It is concluded that the listed units reveal their suggestive potential by replacing rational justification with emotional argumentation; activation of different types of associations; the affective component of the impact, determined by the presence of sympathy specifically for domestic figure skaters; the effect of stereotypes of personalities and the background knowledge of the addressee.

The semantic and pragmatic features of the brand as a linguocultural unit are described. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that considering the brand as a linguistic and cultural unit replenishes knowledge about the means that objectify the process of interaction between language and culture. It has been established that the assignment of this status to a language unit is possible when it is included in the system of everyday culture and has acquired one of its functions — self-presentation. The study of the properties of the brand was carried out on the material of the Tula subculture, in which about 20 such units were identified. In the course of the study, the brand is defined as a linguocultural sign that represents a subculture and participates in the process of its identification. Branding strategies for identifying the Tula culture are defined: appeal to specialties, samovar weapons, as well as precedent names. It has been established that the brand models culture, influences the peculiarities of its perception. It was revealed that the brand is characterized by such features as uniqueness, exclusivity, typicality, which distinguish it from a number of similar phenomena, ensure its expectation and understandability. It is proved that the semantics of the brand is characterized by concreteness, appraisal, emotiveness. It is concluded that brands represent the value dominants of culture: in Tula culture, they include craftsmanship, protection of the Fatherland, and the preservation of spiritual traditions.

The theme of the image fundamental principles of the heavenly rose (rosa candida) in Dante Alighieri’s poem “The Divine Comedy” is considered. The relevance of the study lies in the unquenchable acute interest of literary critics in issues related to the poem itself, Dante’s work, as well as to the study of the symbolism of the rose as a literary, visual and cultural phenomenon. It is shown that in Dante’s poem this theme is revealed through the image of a rose in the last part of the comedy “Paradise”. The author of the article traces the history of the formation of a rose image in ancient and medieval literature, architecture, icon painting, as well as the species distribution of the rose plant in medieval Europe. The signs of Dante’s inheritance of those semantic features of the rose that had developed in the texts by the 14th century are revealed. It has been established that Dante could well compare the heavenly rose with an architectural detail — a rose window decorated with stained-glass windows depicting God, Jesus and the Virgin, as well as with a view of Rosa Alba — a white rose, one of the oldest among those brought to Europe. In conclusion, the author of the article points out all the impulses for the birth of the heavenly rose and the characteristic features of these borrowings in Dante’s text.

The article deals with the story of the French pre-romanticist J. Cazotte “The Devil in Love” and the late novella of the German romanticist E.T.A. Hoffmann’s “Elemental Spirit”, in which, as in a “magic mirror”, recurring fantastic events of the temptation of heroes by evil spirits are presented. The relevance of the study is related to the problem of the formation of science fiction as a historical concept. It is shown that the characters have a love feeling for the messengers of the natural world. Faced with a miracle, they become participants in supernatural events and experience the “pernicious consequences of fiery imagination.” It is noted that the dream of carnal love, its bodily embodiment, sobering up are presented through a deep penetration into the psychology of the characters. It describes how the supernatural is introduced into everyday life with the help of symbolic images: a mirror, a dagger, a dream, a mother, etc. It is emphasized that the motive of temptation in conjunction with the motives of trial, fall, suffering, fate create a kind of “circle”. The novelty of the study is connected with the identification in the system of characters of the tempted person image as a direct participant (witness) of supernatural events. This approach made it possible to present a historical perspective, complicated and refined, of J. Cazotte temptation motif functioning in the romantic era in the work of E. T. A. Hoffmann and in the works of Russian writers.

The question of the relationship between the motive series of the poem “Freed Prometheus” (1876) by the Austrian writer Siegfried Lipiner (1856—1911) and the symbolism of the classical color triad is considered. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that the analysis of the symbolism of color in Lipiner’s lyrics is carried out for the first time in Russian literary criticism. It is noted that the Austrian context of the 1870—1880s correlates with the symbolism of color in world literature. A selective review of the evolution of color and motif from the early Middle Ages to the turn of the 19th—20th centuries is made. Particular attention is paid to the comparative analysis of the color symbols of Lipiner’s poem with the elements of the color triad in Dante’s Divine Comedy, as well as the treatise “Theory of Colours” by Goethe. Red and yellow (golden) tones of the color triad are presented as dominant. It is shown that the symbolism of the red color in the poem “Freed Prometheus” is interconnected, first of all, with the leitmotif of the Promethean fire, which determines the relevance of the study: the theme of the Promethean fire is actively studied in modern Western literary criticism. It is proved that the symbolism of the classical color triad has a significant impact on the motifs of Lipiner’s lyrical work.

The epistolary short story by M.A. Kuzmin 1907 “From the letters of the maiden Clara Valmont to Rosalia Tutel Mayer”. The “layers” of genres and traditions in the text of the novel are studied in order to establish the compatibility of the epistolary genre with narrative strategies of stylization and parody. It turns out that under the narration about the connection of a supernatural being with a person lies the usual story of manipulation and deception of a young ingenuous girl. Nevertheless, the epistolary form helps to more accurately construct the female image. It is noted that the comic effect arises as a result of doubts that appear about the version of events set forth in the letters of the heroine. It is shown that additional attention to poetic autoquotation in the epistolary short story by M.A. Kuzmin opens up the possibility of clarifying the source, which could be chosen for stylization and parody. In addition, it becomes clear that, contrary to the genre epistolary canon, which brings to the fore the inner world of the characters, the novel M.A. Kuzmin contains elements of the adventure novel genre. It is also suggested that the stylization strategy of M.A. Kuzmin can be compared with the imitative narrative of A. de Regnier, which was admired by Russian symbolists.

On the basis of documentary materials, the features of the functioning of rural (aul) public cash desks (sums) in the Nalchik district of the Terek region in the last third of the 19^th — early 20^th centuries are considered. The volume of powers and the legal status of rural treasurers responsible for conducting activities on public funds are characterized. The channels of replenishment and expenditure of their funds are identified and the procedure for accounting for funds is analyzed. For this, annual statistical reports on the state of the Nalchik District, statements of receipt and expenditure of funds from public funds, regulations and instructions for the activities of rural treasurers and other officials of rural, district and district governments were studied. The verage age of rural treasurers and candidates for their position is determined. The territorial organization of the functioning of public cash desks in the Nalchik district is characterized. It was established that one public cash desk was created and operated in one settlement. Exceptions to this rule are considered. It is concluded that rural public cash desks were the most important institution of the financial and economic system of the Nalchik District in the last third of the 19^th — early 20^th centuries, accumulating cash flow at the local level.

A previously unpublished document from the Russian State Military Historical Archive — a note by Count Konstantin Khristoforovich Benkendorf, brother of Alexander Benkendorf, head of the III department of the Imperial Chancellery, dedicated to the uprising of the Carbonari society in Naples in July 1820 is analyzed in the article. It is shown that the issues raised in it related to the formation of Russia’s position in regard to the constitutional regime in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies before the congress in Troppau. The author for the first time carried out the contextualization of this document: parallels with other diplomatic reports of this period were revealed; the views of K.H. Benckendorff on the latest Neapolitan history from the end of the 18^th century to the constitutional revolution of 1820-1821 were analyzed; his attitude to the Carbonari society and the Neapolitan generals was shown. It is emphasized that his small note was not only descriptive. It is noted that it contained a proposal not to resort to the intervention of the Holy Alliance, but to contribute to the victory in the internal struggle of the generals over the Carbonari. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of archival attribution of the 1950s, when this note was renamed.

The article deals with the informal aspects of the preparation of the Franco-Russian rapprochement in the 1870s–1880s, which later resulted in the military alliance concluded in 1894 between France and Russia. The authors consider the process of formation and strengthening of many informal networks that contributed to the emergence of a favorable basis for concluding an alliance between countries. Particular attention in the article is paid to the specifics of the activities of the salons of E.E. Trubetskoy and J. Adam, which became a platform for establishing personal contacts between persons aimed at the alliance of France and Russia. The authors dwell on a detailed analysis of the formed ties between French and Russian intellectuals, the point of contact of which was the formation of “cultural pan-Slavism”. In this regard, the activity of the editor of “Moskovskie Vedomosti” M.N. Katkov is highlighted and those vast networks and political influence that he managed to establish is identified. The authors come to the conclusion that the Franco-Russian rapprochement in the 1870s-1880s actively developed on the wave of the idea of revanchism in France and the popularity of pan-Slavism, as well as through the contacts and initiatives of individuals connected by a network of informal ties with the government circles of both states.

The participation of the “revolutionary turning point” generation of people from the peasant environment in the political life of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century is considered. The relevance of the chosen topic is connected with the demand for peasant studies and generational studies in the domestic historical science. Based on the materials of the All-Union Society of Political Prisoners and Exiles and auxiliary archival sources, the characteristic features of the given problem in the socio-historical aspect are determined. The study is based on a methodological scenario: quantification — systematization — interpretation. Materials of historical sources are summarized in tables according to certain criteria developed in accordance with research tasks. The systematized materials were analyzed, and the results were interpreted in the context of the socio-historical content of the modernization processes of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. and their influence on the life of rural society in the Russian Empire. There is an undoubted dominance among the representatives of the revolutionary movement of the studied generation of men, which is associated with the strong influence of the habitus of the patriarchal rural world. It was established that they had a low level of education, which was reflected in the motivation for participation in political associations, the admissibility of a combination of participation in two associations or an easy transition from one party to another, and the superficiality of political consciousness.

The article deals with the problem of trade relations between the Turkic Qaghanates and China in the VI—VIII centuries. At that time, the zone of contact between steppe Mongolia and the northern Chinese borders became a place of active trade exchange, in which nomads, Chinese, and Sogdians participated. The purpose of the article is to analyze trade relations along the territory of contact between China and the Turkic Qaghanate in the VI—VIII centuries and to identify the economic significance of the Turkic-Chinese frontier for international trade relations in the Central Asian region. As a result of the analysis, it was shown that the strengthening of the influence of the Turks and China in Central Asia contributed to the establishment of stable trade along the Silk Road. Based on the analysis of Chinese sources, it was revealed that Chinese silk and Turkic horses have become the main goods involved in the exchange in the frontier zone. As a result, the authors conclude that trade along the frontier zone stimulated the entire system of trade relations in Central Asia. China’s need for nomadic horses led to huge shipments of silk fabrics to the steppe. The Turkic qaghans sold the accumulated silk to the Sogdians, who distributed it in the markets of the Central Asian region, sent it to Iran and Byzantium. Thus, due to trade, a symbiosis of China and the steppe region was created, international contacts intensified.

The issue of the evolution of the behavioral model of a rural society is raised on the example of three territories, the centers of which were large rural settlements of the Oryol (Navesnoye village), Lipetsk (Panikovets village) and Voronezh (Dankovo village) regions. The chronological framework of the work coincides with the first stage in the development of these settlements from their origin to the formation of Orthodox parishes with a developed settlement district, which historically had a close connection with the central settlement. Mass economic and other documentation of the 17th—18th centuries was chosen as the main source. The research methodology is associated with the use of the problem-chronological method within the local boundaries of three rural settlements, the historical-system method and modern approaches, including microdemographic ones. The social organization of the rural population of the local territories studied by the authors was dynamic, especially in the 17th century, when the military factor played a significant role in the history of the region. It is noted that during the 18th century the odnodvortsy gradually lose their economic initiative, and by the end of the century, landowners and their owning peasants began to play an important role in the development of territories. It is shown that single-dvor collectivism continued to exist at a later time, actually surviving until the beginning of the 20th century.

The issues of organization and functioning of small credit institutions in the nomadic societies of the Stavropol province of the 19^th — early 20^th centuries are studied. The basis of the source base was the legislative acts, verdicts of public gatherings and clerical correspondence, revealed for the first time in the funds of the Russian State Historical Archives, the State Archives of the Stavropol Territory and the National Archives of the Republic of Kalmykia, unveiling the process of organization and activities of auxiliary and loan and savings banks. The analysis of documents by applying a systematic method of scientific research made it possible to reveal the internal mechanisms of the functioning of small credit institutions in the societies of Nogais, Turkmens and Kalmyks. Using the retrospective method, the influence of the activities of auxiliary and loan and savings banks on the change in their economic orientation, and the historical-comparative method contributed to the identification of common and special features in the course of their organization and work was revealed. The author focuses on the importance of small-scale lending in the conditions of an extensive way of running a nomadic economy, which depends on natural and climatic factors. Conclusions are drawn about the role of small-scale lending in the transition of nomads to a settled way of life. The social effect in rallying the members of a nomadic society, in the development of the spirit of entrepreneurship is emphasized.

The process of developing economic relations between Irbit and Tobolsk in the 18th century is discussed in the article. The authors come to the conclusion that the mutual trade interests realized at the Irbit Fair played a system-forming role in the process of folding and strengthening the administrative and social ties between these settlements. The process of formation of trade relations has been studied in detail. Its main content was a long way from competition to mutually beneficial cooperation between cities. An analysis of the decrees of the Tobolsk Ecclesiastical Consistory of the 18th century, as well as the generalization and systematization of the results of a study in the field of the fair trading development on the territory of the Irbit settlement and the Tobolsk province in the middle of the 17^th — 18^th centuries, made it possible to determine the influence of the Ural shopping center on the economy of the ancient capital of Siberia. The most common goods of the Siberian merchants sold at the Irbit Fair in the 18^th century have been identified. In the course of studying the reporting and financial documentation and office materials, it was concluded that church goods and red wine were in special demand, which were later purchased for the Tobolsk clergy in large quantities on the basis of a collective order from different settlements of the Tobolsk province. It is noted that during the period under review, the Tobolsk province provided administrative assistance to the Irbitskaya Sloboda in matters of ensuring “peace” at the fair. The authors of the article show that an important result of the close mutually beneficial cooperation between the Irbitskaya Sloboda and the Tobolsk province was the development of economic ties both within the Russian Empire and beyond its borders.

The analysis by the US Central Intelligence Agency of the military and political aspects of the Ogaden War (1977—1978) is considered. On the basis of declassified and published documents, the main issues related to the Somali-Ethiopian conflict that worried the CIA are revealed. It establishes the degree of awareness of the Office about certain events related to the war in the Ogaden, and also determines how successful the forecasts made during the conflict were. With the involvement of domestic, American, Ethiopian and Somali historiography, it is shown that the CIA, despite the lack of information, established certain facts quite accurately, but regularly made mistakes in their judgments about further events. The forecasts of the Office regarding a possible conflict between Ethiopia and Somalia in January — July 1977, which turned out to be correct only in small things or in obvious facts, are highlighted. It is shown that the CIA correctly identified the conflict potential in the region, but did not determine exactly where the war would begin. Regarding the role of the CIA in covering the fighting in the Ogaden in July 1977 — March 1978 it is noted that the Office was successful in identifying short-term trends, but did not establish long-term ones.

The article deals with the formation of the Palestinian Readings as the main form of cultural and educational work of the diocesan departments of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society, the oldest public religious organization in Russia. It is noted that, although the first diocesan departments were created in 1893, their goal was only to increase the collection of donations for the needs of Russian pilgrims and institutions in the Holy Land. Only a few years later it was realized that the main and most important area of work should be religious and moral education, the dissemination of accurate and correct information about the Holy Land through specially held Palestinian readings. This evolution can also be traced in the materials submitted to the highest name and the chairman of the organization, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. The organizational stage as a whole did not last long: until the reporting year 1895—1896 (beginning on March 1), inclusive, although in some dioceses it could drag on for a longer period. As a result, from a means to compensate for the fall in revenues from the Faithful collection, the Palestinian readings become a means of Christian enlightenment of Orthodox Russian people.