This study explores the pathways and methods of lexical renewal within youth art subcultures (graffiti, digital art, furry art). The aim of the research is to demonstrate how lexical innovations reflect the development of subcultural ideas manifested in new genres, techniques, and creative actions, while also identifying the socio-cultural context that underpins these dynamic processes. The research material was selected from online platforms of subcultural communities and social media groups (2005–2025). It incorporates recordings of spontaneous speech from representatives of art subcultures from the authors’ archives, as well as published lexical resources. Employing methods of etymological and word formation analysis, alongside componential and contextual analysis techniques, the study reveals the motivations and means of lexical nomination, clarifies the semantic structure, and elucidates the axiological orientation of new units within the subcultural lexicon. These innovations are presented in relation to the thematic dominants of the subcultural lexicon. The trajectories of development for three art subcultures are illustrated, highlighting the socio-cultural factors that have shaped the specificity of their renewed genres and subcultural practices, which have received lexical representation. It is emphasized that lexical innovations are most prominently represented in new drawing techniques—traditional, digital, and mural — which have emerged due to advancements in the IT sector and the artist goods industry.

This article investigates the collocational patterns of the adjective ‘bleu’ as found in lexicographic sources and a representative corpus of French texts. The data for this analysis were extracted from nine traditional and electronic French dictionaries, as well as from the frTenTen 2023 corpus hosted on the Sketch Engine platform. The findings reveal significant discrepancies in the quantity and nature of the syntagmatic partners of ‘bleu’ between lexicographic sources, with their annotations not aligning. A lexical index was employed to rank dictionary collocations from the most frequently represented to the rarest, reflecting the proportion of dictionaries that include the keyword ‘bleu’. The analysis of automatically extracted collocations from the corpus refuted the hypothesis of a positive correlation between dictionary and corpus indicators. Approximately 70% of dictionary combinations do not appear in the list of the most frequent collocations within the mega-corpus. It is demonstrated that corpus-based collocations more accurately reflect the political, economic, technical, and sociocultural realities of contemporary society, whereas dictionary entries illustrate usage in specialized fields (medical, botanical, zoological, geological). Furthermore, it has been established that the adjective ‘bleu’ is frequently used in figurative meanings not documented in lexicographic sources.

This article examines the status of the Moldovan linguistic system in relation to the Romanian language. A comprehensive analysis of the Moldovan idiom is conducted within the frameworks of historical, socio-political, and linguistic perspectives. The study provides an elaborate description of the history of the formation and development of the Moldovan idiom, systematically categorizing the viewpoints of Soviet, Moldovan, and Romanian linguists regarding its status. Special attention is given to the issue of the devaluation of the linguistic term ‘Moldovan language’ in the Republic of Moldova, while highlighting its preservation in statistical documents of the Russian Federation. The empirical foundation of this research consists of materials from sociolinguistic interviews conducted in 2024 in various cities of the Republic of Crimea among representatives of the Moldovan community. The novelty of this work lies in its pioneering comprehensive investigation into the status of the Moldovan idiom, utilizing data on the evaluation and identification of the native language obtained through surveys of Crimean Moldovans. Conclusions are drawn that the Moldovan idiom indeed possesses a number of specific characteristics at the phonetic, lexico-semantic, and grammatical levels, and that representatives of the Moldovan community in the Republic of Crimea continue to be custodians of the distinctive traditions of their native language.

This article is dedicated to the exploration of the conceptualization of the process of providing medical assistance through an analysis of the synonyms лечить [lechit’] (‘to treat’), врачевать [vrachevat’] (‘to heal’), and исцелять [istselyat’] (‘to cure’) in order to identify the peculiarities of their categorization within a synchronic perspective of the Russian. The novelty of this study lies in the application of a cognitive-discursive approach to uncover the conceptual characteristics of these lexemes, allowing for a characterization of the verbs based on their cognitive and communicative functions. The relevance of this research is underscored by the inclusion of the examined verbs in an important lexical-semantic group of assistance verbs, as well as the insufficient informative nature of the descriptions provided in Russian explanatory dictionaries and synonym dictionaries. The authors delineate the boundaries of the synonymic group, analyzing situational, cognitive-semantic, stylistic, grammatical, and discursive features of the verbs, while modeling their cognitive scenarios. The categorization features of these verbs are as follows: lechit’ verbalizes the idea of physical healing, which may be subject to evaluation by an observer; vrachevat’ implies healing by an individual possessing a special gift through traditional methods; istselyat’ suggests the removal of physical and mental ailments by another subject with divine assistance or through inanimate objects, utilizing verbal and tactile means of influence in the former case.

This study investigates consonant clusters in modern Ossetian (Iron dialect). The primary aim is to establish the phonetic characteristics and phonological status of sounds produced by native speakers in place of orthographic voiced consonants. The research material comprises Ossetian words containing consonant clusters. Native speakers of Ossetian, with no deviations from normative pronunciation, served as the sources for digital recordings of the words. The methods employed in this study include instrumental analysis (oscillogram analysis) and statistical techniques. The novelty of this research lies in its focus on combinatory changes of Ossetian consonants, a topic that has not been previously addressed in the scientific discourse. The relevance of this study is underscored by the necessity for the data obtained to contribute to the development of an orthoepic dictionary of the Ossetian language. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) In the position of orthographic voiced plosive consonants at word-end, voiceless counterparts are realized, regardless of the quality of the preceding consonant; (2) The phonemic status of the consonant realized in final position should be classified as voiceless plosive.

This paper systematically compiles information about the term dvoyetochiye [colon] and its equivalents, drawn from grammatical and lexicographical sources spanning the 16th to the early 19th centuries. Employing methods of comparative, semantic, and historical-linguistic analysis, it establishes that the word dvoyetochiye [colon] has held a terminological status since its first recorded mention in textual sources in 1619. The study reveals that from the early 17th century to 1810, the colon as a punctuation and diacritical mark served a range of functions, each corresponding to a distinct meaning of the term. Among these meanings are the following: a linear punctuation mark represented by two vertical dots; a sign indicating the end of a phrase; a superscript mark above the letter i; a superscript mark above ї; a superscript mark above ё; and a superscript mark denoting the distinct phonetic realization of adjacent vowels. The investigation identifies several doublet terminological designations, including dve tochki [two dots] (1738 — vertical colon / 1780 — horizontal colon), dvoesrochie (16th century), dvoestrochie (1640), dvosrochnaya (17th century), dva punkta [two points] (1627), diaeresis (1788), trema (1798), punkt dvoyakiy [double point] (1730), and dva apostrofa [two apostrophes] (1808). These designations are encapsulated within the terminological microfield of “Colon”, reflecting the dual representation of the corresponding sign in writing: horizontal (as a diacritical or pseudo-diacritical mark above a letter) and vertical (as a punctuation mark).

This article explores the anthroponymy of descendants of Italian settlers in Crimea and its connection to the cultural and ethnic identity of Italians, which has evolved over the 20th and 21st centuries. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the peculiarities of anthroponymy among Crimean Italians from a historical perspective, particularly concerning naming practices and name changes. The research draws on data from sociolinguistic interviews conducted with members of the Italian community in 2024. The analysis is framed within an emic approach. It is shown that in the early 20th century, names of Italian origin predominated within the community, whereas during the 1940s, due to deportation and a partial renunciation of identity, the use of Italian names sharply declined. Currently, there is a resurgence of interest in Italian names, indicating a growing connection to national roots. The study concludes that the choice of ethnically marked names is linked to the process of returning to Italian cultural identity. The novelty of this research lies in its introduction of data on the list of proper names (personal names) and the dynamics of their usage within the Italian community of Crimea into scholarly discourse.

This article is dedicated to one of the most significant concepts in functional stylistics — speech systemicity. Introduced into scholarly discourse by M. N. Kozhina, this concept elucidates the linguistic specificity of functional styles. The objective of the article is to examine the scientific text as a speech system that is determined by the epistemic situation. It is asserted that the epistemic situation represents a unity of ontological, methodological, and axiological components of scientific knowledge. The binary properties of the speech system within scientific texts are described: integrity vs. fragmentation, stability vs. instability, and dynamism vs. statism. It is reported that integrity is conditioned by the author's intent and the terminological system of the text; stability arises from the conceptual concretization of the terminological system; and dynamism reflects the author's movement from ignorance to knowledge. Drawing on a synergistic approach, it is posited that the speech systemicity of a text manifests not only in orderliness but also in chaos and asystematicity. The asystematic properties of scientific texts are evident in their elasticity, illusoriness, openness, and emergent content. It is emphasized that the property of speech systemicity fits into various paradigms of linguistic analysis while maintaining coherence and allowing for interpretative variability. The conclusion highlights the considerable explanatory potential of the concept under discussion and its high productivity for functional stylistics and speech studies.

The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of comparative structures within the context of the author's individual stylistic approach. The research sources include the original text of Ray Bradbury's "The Martian Chronicles" and its Russian translation by L. L. Zhdanova. The material for analysis consists of 354 parallel textual fragments featuring comparative constructions. Methods employed in this study include comparative, contextual, and component analysis, as well as linguistic and cultural commentary and quantitative assessment. It is established that in L. L. Zhdanova's Russian translation of "The Martian Chronicles," there are 180 instances of equivalent translation of comparisons and 64 examples of comparative phrases translated through various transformations (generalization, specification, modulation, lexical addition, compression, descriptive translation). Attention is given to the identification of universal and culturally specific features within the linguistic worldview reflected in these comparisons. It is demonstrated that both subjects and objects of comparison, in the context of Bradbury's authorial perception, encompass humanity, artifacts, and nature. The identified models are illustrated with examples: wrists — icicles; face — apple; housewives — bears (HUMAN > NATURE); dwellings — snakes; city — lizard; shotguns — cranes; ships — petals; blouse — flower (ARTIFACT > NATURE), among others. Notably, there are 80 instances where comparisons are absent in the original but present in the translation, and 10 cases where comparative constructions are missing in the translation despite their presence in the original.

This article explores the mechanisms of meaning-making in polycode texts through the transformation and interpretation of verbal and iconic components. The aim of this study is to identify the specific (both universal and individual) characteristics of contemporary memes as polycode texts. The research material consists of over 48 selected memes, gathered through aspect sampling from the Internet, focusing on the departure of certain brands from Russia due to changes in the geopolitical landscape. The analysis reveals how visual imagery, in conjunction with verbal signs, creates and conveys socially significant meanings. The paper discusses various ways of correlating the visual and verbal components of each meme, the motives behind the selection of particular images, and the principles of their transformation to reflect contemporary realities. Within the thematic group examined by the authors, subgroups are identified that reflect public reactions to these events. The findings demonstrate that modern memes not only illustrate current events but also serve as crucial tools for shaping social attitudes amid cultural and economic change and for alleviating emotional tension among participants in online communication.

This article analyzes the communicative strategies and tactics of advertising within the discourse of Russian glossy magazines, highlighting their impact and reflecting the value system inherent in glossy magazine discourse. The aim of this study is to identify and describe the strategies and tactics employed to exert influence and realize the ideal-forming function of advertising in the media texts of contemporary Russian glossy magazines. The methodological framework is grounded in linguistic stylistics, linguistic pragmatics, and socio-communicative approaches. Analyzing advertising texts allows the authors to draw conclusions about the significance of fundamental values in glossy magazine discourse when constructing strategies to influence readers. The empirical analysis is based on 100 contemporary advertising texts published in popular Russian glossy magazines during 2023-2024. It has been established that emotional strategies of influence quantitatively dominate over rational and combined approaches in the advertising of Russian glossy magazines. The findings confirm the notion that the linguistic elements of advertising texts, in conjunction with the visual elements of glossy advertising, affect readers not merely conceptually but also imaginatively and emotionally, thereby shaping the image of the value bearer represented by the advertiser in the text.

This study explores the multimedia tools of legal journalism, which play a crucial role in the legal education system. The research is grounded in the concept of multimedia as a medium that integrates various forms of visual information, including photographs, illustrations, infographics, videos, animations, and more. The novelty of this research lies in its examination of the forms, purposes, and effectiveness of multimedia content within legal journalism. The objective of the study is to identify the use of multimedia tools in the content produced by Russian online media outlets on legal topics. The materials for this research include websites and special projects from Russian publications, analyzed from the perspective of visualization and multimedia integration, as well as the results of a media consumption survey. The author concludes that a limited range of multimedia elements — such as photographs, hyperlinks, and infographics—are utilized in publications addressing legal issues. In educational special projects, media outlets actively employ videos, interactive infographics, quizzes, and tests that could also be used to promote legal knowledge; however, multimedia projects on legal topics are rarely found in the Russian media landscape. The survey results further indicate that it is premature to assert a significant contribution of multimedia journalism to legal education.

This article explores the motif of the road in S. P. Shevyrev's “Journey to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery.” It is argued that the road serves as a pivotal narrative and thematic element within the work. Through a detailed analysis, “road narratives” present in the text are identified and classified into two distinct groups: (1) episodes characterized predominantly by their descriptive nature, and (2) episodes where the motif of the road is conceptualized, reflecting the author's geopolitical and historical-philosophical perspectives. This classification supports the assertion that the road motif in the aforementioned work not only mirrors the realities of travel but also encapsulates the writer's historical-philosophical views on Russia's fate, its national historical trajectory, and the character of the Russian people. The relevance of this study is underscored by the growing interest in Shevyrev's oeuvre as a key figure in the literary-historical process of the first half of the 19th century, as well as an enduring fascination with the poetics of documentary-artistic genres. The novelty of this research lies in the relative under-exploration of the work and the chosen analytical perspective, which reveals the expressive means that construct the road motif and traces the mechanisms of its conceptual enrichment.

This article examines P. A. Krushevan's travelogue “What is Russia?” (1896) within the context of imperial perceptions of the Southwestern fringes of the Russian Empire. The relevance of this study lies in the necessity to explore the mechanisms of imperial policy and nationalist discourse in travel writing as instruments for shaping ideological views on space and population. The paper investigates Krushevan's journey, his concept of unifying nationalism, and the imagological strategies employed in his descriptions of Ukrainians, Poles, Jews, and other ethnic groups. It establishes that the author places particular emphasis on Kyiv as a sacred center of Russian statehood and a symbolic space where the question of acceptable boundaries for national amalgamation is addressed. The study demonstrates how, through his travel narrative, Krushevan projects an envisioned image of imperial unity by utilizing the mechanism of imagined borders. It explores the connection between his route and the ideological concepts of Russian civilizational mission, where territorial integrity is seen as a guarantee of national unity. Key elements of imperial discourse are identified, including notions of an internal “East,” national hierarchies, and strategies of exclusion. Analyzing the travelogue provides deeper insights into how images of “the familiar” and “the other” were constructed within the imperial consciousness and what rhetorical techniques were employed to legitimize them.

This paper offers an interpretation of select poems by the early 20th-century avant-garde poet Vasily Kamensky. Through an examination of early works from Kamensky's collection of “reinforced concrete poems,” particularly “Tango with Cows” (1914), various examples of the poet's visual texts are explored. Possible interpretations of the complex, often elusive pictorial poems of the aviator-poet are proposed. The texts of the poems “Vasily Kamensky's Flight on an Airplane in Warsaw” and “Constantinople” are analyzed, focusing on the techniques and mechanisms that generate unusual visual impressions characteristic of the poet's avant-garde works. The study traces how the visual imagery within the poetic text complements its verbally conveyed content. It is demonstrated that Kamensky's pictorial poems possess a strict logic of construction, a clear sequence of plot development, and a thoughtfully designed compositional structure, mediated by both the semantics of the depicted imagery and overarching avant-garde strategies. The research shows that the “complexity” and “mystique” of Kamensky's poems from “Tango with Cows” are superficial; with careful attention to visual tactics, their secrets can be readily unveiled. It is emphasized that Kamensky's pictorial poems embody not only a “cosmic” but also a “terrestrial” nature. Furthermore, the context of avant-garde literature, within which the poet was formed, did not hinder the creation of deeply poetic and exquisite works.  

This article examines the artistic significance of garden and park topoi within the poetics of Theodor Storm's novellas. The author focuses on the characteristics of these elements concerning their aesthetic, structural, and semantic importance. As a complex phenomenon within the author's artistic world, gardens and parks embody the system of relationships between humanity, nature, and society. The relevance of this study is underscored by the introduction of contemporary approaches to analyzing park, garden, and estate topoi in the novellistic works of Theodor Storm, which reveal both universal and author-specific techniques for modeling these spaces. The aim of the research is to synthesize observations regarding the distinctive artistic representation of gardens and parks as unique spaces in Storm's novellas. It is noted that gardens, as integral components of literary works, function as a double text; on one hand, they serve as analogs of the real world, while on the other hand, they are intertwined with cultural traditions and their literary functions. The garden as a text within a text acquires new meanings that are interpreted through the author’s consciousness. It is emphasized that gardens represent a text that unites various arts and is subject to changing perceptions across different eras. The primary semantics of the garden topos is established as representing a unique moral and spiritual space. A notable characteristic of Storm's style is his focus on experiences and emotional states, often expressed through the lens of memory.

This article significantly expands the historical and philosophical perspective on Griboedov's views regarding the nature of human intellect. It delineates and substantiates the differences between the positions of the author of the comedy “Woe from Wit” and its protagonist Chatsky concerning tolerance for differing opinions as a criterion of human intellect. Sources of hidden quotations within Griboedov's text are identified through a method of “slow reading” of philosophical and literary works from the 17th and 18th centuries, such as John Locke's treatise “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding,” Voltaire's “Philosophical Letters,” and Jean-Jacques Rousseau's novel “Julie, or the New Eloise.” By employing an intertextual approach, the article clarifies Griboedov's ideological premises as the author of “Woe from Wit” within the broader context of European literature and philosophy from the 17th century to the early 19th century, as well as the socio-political climate in Russia on the eve of the December uprising. The authors conclude that Griboedov critiques, through artistic means, the Rousseau-inspired mindset of Chatsky, characterized by subjective limitations, ignorance of real people and life circumstances, aggressiveness detrimental to society (the “woe” experienced at the end of the comedy is not solely that of Chatsky), and a form of youthful maximalism — essentially, intolerance for opposing viewpoints. It is asserted that the catastrophic resolution of the comedy reflects the playwright's pessimistic outlook on the intellectual development of the Russian educated society.

This article examines the activities of the North Caucasus Regional Branch of the All-Union Society of Old Bolsheviks during the early 1930s. Utilizing unpublished administrative materials from the Center for Documentation of Recent History in the Rostov Region as its primary source base, the study identifies the main areas of focus for the North Caucasus branch. The history of the Society is traced from its establishment to its dissolution (January 1922 – May 1935). The findings suggest that the regional branch was in a state of crisis even before the assassination of prominent Soviet party and state leader S. M. Kirov, which triggered a search for “enemies of the people” within the USSR, including among the ranks of the old Bolsheviks. Notably, it is reported that shortly before Kirov's death, the organization's leadership made a significant political misstep when one of its members, I. D. Chentsov, invited opposition figures to celebrate the 15th anniversary of Rostov-on-Don's liberation by Red Army forces from White Guards. Chentsov was subsequently expelled from the organization on political grounds and later repressed. The study establishes that the decline of the regional branch coincided with this critical error. Furthermore, it is noted that in May 1935, following directives from party leadership, the All-Union Society of Old Bolsheviks and all its regional branches self-dissolved.

This study examines the economic aspects of the volunteer movement in rural areas of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) during the Great Patriotic War, focusing on the Rostov region as one of Russia's historically agrarian territories. The research is grounded in both published and archival materials. It explores the influence of the collective farm system, established in the USSR throughout the 1930s, on the volunteer movement. The findings reveal that collective farms emerged as a crucial factor in wartime volunteering. The significance of these collective enterprises is highlighted in their role in organizing and supplying volunteer Cossack cavalry units formed in the Rostov region during the Great Patriotic War. Unlike pre-Soviet practices, collective farms enabled the provision of essential equipment and supplies to Cossack cavalrymen without causing significant material hardship for the families of volunteer Cossacks. The study notes that, thanks to the high mobilization potential of collective farms, Cossack cavalry units received necessary reinforcements in personnel and horses, maintaining their combat effectiveness throughout the war years. The role of collective farms in organizing voluntary material support for the front is highly valued, with collective farmers processing additional “defense hectares” and collecting donations for the active army in the form of money, food, clothing, and other goods.

This article examines the social and economic engagement of noblewomen in Kazan Province during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It analyzes memoirs, diaries, and letters from several estate owners in the region, assessing the agency of these women as authors of their narratives and their capacity for independent and conscious choices regarding their life paths in areas such as education, labor, and social involvement. The significance of ego-documents is highlighted for reconstructing the “female perspective” on social everyday life and for understanding the motivations of noblewomen in their pursuits. The study concludes that the cultural revival of the late 19th to early 20th centuries, accompanied by women's emancipation, provided noblewomen with opportunities to assert their agency in educational and professional realms. It notes a tendency among some Kazan noblewomen to pursue further education beyond secondary school, often contingent upon support from family members. The article illustrates that the economic and labor activities of these women included estate management, establishing educational courses, teaching, and providing medical care to peasants. Their social engagement encompassed charitable endeavors (such as opening canteens, orphanages, and schools, as well as serving as nurses) and participation in secular life (including visits, receptions, balls, and theater outings aimed at building connections for the benefit of acquaintances).

This article explores the development of agriculture in the Ulyanovsk region during the early 1950s. It examines the role of machine-tractor stations (MTS) in the operation of the collective farming production system. The study pays particular attention to the material and technical condition of the MTS. An analysis of the dynamics of labor resources in rural areas is conducted. The work of party structures in staffing collective farms and machine-tractor stations in the Ulyanovsk region is analyzed, including efforts to improve training conditions in vocational and technical education institutions and the establishment of specialized courses at MTS for the training of mechanizers and enhancement of their technical skills. The article evaluates the outcomes achieved by regional collective farms in livestock and crop production. Factors that hindered the full realization of planned targets are identified. The study concludes that the Ulyanovsk region, through a comprehensive set of measures, was able to effectively address the issue of preparing specialists for collective farms and machine-tractor stations, successfully fulfilling the party's directive on crop production procurement. However, it is demonstrated that the region failed to resolve issues related to mass livestock mortality, resulting in an inability to meet livestock product procurement targets.

This study examines the history of the exile of Sayyid Abdullah Qungrat, the last Khan of Khorezm, within the context of Soviet authority's policies aimed at suppressing the titled elite during the early 1920s. It is demonstrated that during this period, the repressions against the Khan and the male members of his family unfolded in three distinct phases across various regions, involving different forms of punishment, including imprisonment in concentration camps. These events reflect the evolving nature of Soviet state policy and legal norms. Primary sources include documents from the State Archive of the Khorezm Region (Uzbekistan) and the State Archive of Tyumen Region in Tobolsk (Russia). The research methodology is grounded in P. Sztompka's multilinear model of modernization and employs comparative-historical and comparative-legal methods. The authors conclude that in Khorezm during the early 1920s, the policies of Soviet authority and the application of revolutionary law concerning Sayyid Abdullah Qungrat and his family were influenced by Muslim-traditional perceptions, while the implementation of these norms in Russia was contingent upon a complex interplay of factors, including the worldview and personal characteristics of the personnel involved. It has been established that the execution of the decision to exile the Khan of Khiva, made by the Khorezm Extraordinary Commission, was characterized by chaotic and inconsistent practices, with repressive measures fluctuating in accordance with the phases of reform within the state security apparatus of Soviet Russia.

This study examines the development of transregional relationships between the Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, Macao, and various countries and regions in Europe. It argues that Macao possesses unique rights that enable the region to engage in independent international activities within economic and cultural domains. The findings indicate that Macao is currently focused on diversifying its economy and expanding its potential international partnerships, particularly through cooperation with Lusophone countries and regions. While collaboration with European regions remains relatively limited, it is noteworthy in terms of economic partnerships with the federal states of Germany and traditional ties with Portugal. The research highlights that a key element of Macao's cultural policy and international cultural cooperation is Lusophony, which involves the promotion and dissemination of the Portuguese language and culture — a historical legacy that continues to evolve within the framework of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Furthermore, it reveals that Macao is actively seeking to enhance its connections with European regions, particularly in the economic, cultural, and educational sectors. The current government of Macao plays a significant role in this initiative, enjoying full support from the central government of the People’s Republic of China.

This article evaluates the significance of income and expenditures associated with state internal loans from 1946 to 1957 in the personal budgets of Soviet citizens. Utilizing archival documents as primary sources, the study reveals that government authorities meticulously analyzed the structure of citizen subscriptions, the influx of funds into budgets, and the amounts allocated for loan repayments. It is noted that these loans were not perceived as detrimental to the overall welfare of the population. The findings indicate that while state structures conducted less detailed examinations of citizens' income from loans, references to these incomes increased in public discourse. The analysis demonstrates a transformation in the narrative surrounding loans during this period, shifting from a focus on “public good” to “personal well-being,” alongside heightened attention to gains and the management of these funds. Despite the positive portrayal of loan campaigns, citizens often sought opportunities to sell bonds in times of dire need. The author concludes that the economic behavior of citizens was situational or reactive, as their engagement with these narratives frequently coincided with active campaign periods.

This article examines the process of conducting medical expertise at the Yekaterinburg Hospital during the years 1720 to 1750. It highlights that medical examination was mandated by legislation in cases of early resignation from factory service due to health issues, constituting one of the primary responsibilities of the medical institution. The objective of this study is to reconstruct the administrative and medical procedures that had developed within the mining administration by the end of the 1720s. The main source base consists of documentary evidence from official records, with significant emphasis on excerpts from medical histories, as well as originals and copies of passports dated between 1747 and 1751, issued to skilled and laboring individuals by the Office of the Chief Factories Administration due to loss of work capacity. The article analyzes the processes and practices surrounding medical examinations at the Yekaterinburg Hospital. It reveals the most common illnesses and occupational injuries among factory workers that prompted requests for medical assistance. Criteria for assigning temporary or permanent disability are identified. The study concludes that the healthcare system in the mining sector exhibited a distinctly military character. It demonstrates that, in accordance with existing legislation, the management of the Yekaterinburg Hospital was obligated to consider not only the principles of medical ethics but also the needs of the treasury for human resources.

This study investigates the information warfare and propaganda employed by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against the Moscow State during the Time of Troubles. As an illustration of this issue, the Polish news pamphlet from 1609, "The Song of the Tyranny of Shuysky," housed in the collections of the Russian National Library, is examined. The author provides a complete translation of "The Song..." into Russian for the first time. It is established that this work was authored by the Polish burgher poet Adam Vladislavsky (Wroclawczyk). The analysis highlights that "The Song..." aimed to persuade the inhabitants of the Commonwealth of the righteousness of King Sigismund III's campaign against Smolensk. The study further analyzes contemporary representations of Tsar Vasily Shuysky in the works of his contemporaries. A comparison is made between the accounts of contemporaries (both foreign and Russian) and the text of "The Song of the Tyranny of Shuysky." The findings suggest that the portrayal of the Tsar in "The Song..." is demonized for propagandistic purposes. It is emphasized that cultural and political stereotypes regarding Moscow rulers and the Russian people, originating from Polish-Lithuanian news pamphlets, transitioned to a broader European context, where they persisted for centuries. Echoes of these stereotypes can still be observed in Western propaganda today.

This study explores the content of the Bolshevik food policy in Kuban and the Black Sea region during the transitional period from War Communism to the New Economic Policy in the early 1920s. Employing historical-genetic, retrospective methods, and a communicative approach, the article draws on various written sources, including materials from party and Soviet authorities. It is noted that the shift to new methods of food procurement and the establishment of new land relations in the Cossack region took on a protracted character. The active implementation of military-communist leadership methods by the Bolsheviks contributed to an increase in resistance from the rural population. The authors argue that the armed opposition of the rural populace to tax policies intensified repressive measures from the RCP(b) (Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)). The absence of political consensus in the region, characterized by a predominance of commodity-based agriculture, necessitated the search for a compromise. It is revealed that such a compromise was achieved through the military dominance of Soviet power. The study establishes that, at this stage of interaction between the Bolsheviks and the rural population, the land issue was not of primary importance and was secondary to the food question. The authors conclude that by 1924, when the military conflict had finally been resolved, another attempt was made to establish dialogue between the authorities and the rural population, taking into account their economic interests.