This article addresses the issue of linguosemiotic interpretation of proper names functioning in a literary text. The research aims to identify the linguosemiotic specificity of onyms through which the fantastic world of the work in the urban fantasy genre is constructed. The primary source of the study is S. Lukyanenko’s novel “Night Watch,” which served as the basis for the creation of the “Watch Universe” literary cycle. For the first time, a comprehensive analysis of the onomastic continuum (over 300 words) denoting the real and unreal world is conducted. A classification of the material forming the onomastic space of the text is proposed. The names of the characters in the work are examined: anthroponyms, mythoanthroponyms, neomythonyms. Contextual, componential, corpus-based, linguostylistic, and structurally-semiotic analysis methods are applied to establish the role of onyms in shaping artistic images, spatial organization of the work, and authorial idiolect. The decoding procedure of the ‘hidden meanings’ of onyms is carried out by utilizing techniques of etymological data semanticization. It is demonstrated that onomastic world modeling is implemented in the novel: character names serve as image-centric signs, anthropogroups categorize the Light and Dark as an East-West confrontation. Among the main functions of onyms are metatextual, allusive, and axiological.

The semantic and historical analysis of the expression ‘moya Rimskaya imperiya’ [‘my Roman Empire’] is relevant in the context of neologism studies. The novelty of the research lies in the unique opportunity to observe the real-time formation of a linguistic unit in live communication. It is reported that in 2023, expressions formatted as elaborate sentences containing the stable construction ‘moya Rimskaya imperiya’ [‘my Roman Empire’] gained popularity in the Russian-speaking segment of youth internet communication, signifying ‘the subject of my constant memories, reflections, experiences, and thoughts’. The article reconstructs the history of the expression’s emergence, emphasizing that it cannot be considered a result of calquing since there was no situation of translating a linguistic unit from another linguistic-cultural context. The origin of the expression stems from a survey conducted by a blogger from Sweden, which spontaneously evolved into a flashmob format among internet users. The internationalization of the experiment led to the emergence of an experimental narrative in Russian linguistic culture, rather than individual words or phrases. The stages of transforming the verbal part of the experimental communication narrative into a stable expression are outlined. It is argued that due to the openness of the internet space and blogosphere, a new phenomenon of calquing emerges — calquing of the entire process of idiomatic expression formation, not just its form or meaning.

The article proposes the following idea: a word (common noun) is a component of the interpretational activity of the addressee perceiving the lexeme and creating interpretational speech utterance. The language speaker’s association appears as a condensed (potential) interpretational discourse. The results of a free associative experiment are presented. Common nouns with abstract meanings were used as stimuli. Key lexemes were obtained, allowing for the unfolding of a discourse of a common noun with abstract semantics. Using the associative series of lexemes ‘fear’ and ‘pleasure,’ referential areas actualized during the realization of the interpretational potential of the lexeme were described. The analysis of the semantic structure of the mentioned lexemes showed that the obtained associates actualize both direct (dictionary) and indirect (interpretational) meanings of words. A significant portion of the obtained reactions demonstrate meanings not fixed in the dictionary entry. This proves that during interpretation, there is a complication of the semantic structure of a common noun, where the initial (dictionary) meaning is supplemented and enriched with additional components related to personal meanings, values, existential attitudes of the interpreting subject.

The article presents the results of a search study conducted based on ecosystemic and network approaches in translation studies within the framework of the concept of “human — network environment”. The relevance is determined by the importance of considering the socio-communicative aspect in translation activities and viewing the translator as a functionally integrated element of the network environment. Communicative-network interaction of participants in a translation project is described. The research methodology is based on the potential of matrix and network modeling methods for processing and visualizing data of translation communication. The analysis is carried out using two models: a responsibility distribution matrix and an undirected graph compiled using a social network visualizer program as a hypothetical projection of a more complex model, verified in practice. Examples of analyzing project interaction between written and oral translations based on a protocol of pilot interviews with English language translators about their experience working in a translation department at an industrial enterprise in the Chelyabinsk region are used as materials. The comprehensive methodology of matrix-network modeling allows for explicitating the specifics of work in a translation project at an enterprise, identifying control-network nodes that accumulate the main communicative load, and determining strategies to enhance communication efficiency.

This article addresses the representation of the artistic image-topos of the East in the works of I. A. Bunin. The research aim is to identify, classify, and systematize the onyms of the writer’s ‘Eastern’ onomasticon. Prosaic texts related to oriental themes and those unrelated to the Eastern topic were analyzed in the study. The following methods were employed: philosophical-logical (analysis, generalization, synthesis), descriptive, taxonomic, quantitative, and contextual analysis. It was established that Bunin’s ‘Eastern’ onomasticon is a hierarchically organized structure containing various semantic groups of real and mythological names: anthroponyms / mythoanthroponyms, toponyms / mythotoponyms, hydronyms / mythohydronyms, biblionyms, etc. It is noted that the systematicity of the explicant onyms of Bunin’s East is ensured by extralinguistic and linguistic factors: authorial presupposition, reader’s background knowledge, intratextual and intertextual connections of onyms. The authors conclude that the multifaceted toponymic series, the synonymy of choronyms and theonyms, the intersecting astionymic and mythoanthroponymic series in poetry and prose, and the onyms-intertextems indicate the syncretism of the artistic image-topos of Bunin’s East, its representation by specific geocultural images of spaces such as Egypt, Turkey, Palestine, India, etc.

This article explores the products of conceptual engineering in contemporary media communication and mass culture. The analysis examines the mechanisms and communicative consequences of intentionally creating color categories. The shade known as peach fuzz, selected by the Pantone Institute as the color of the year 2024, is used as a case study. It is shown that in the case of the color of the year, the transmission of the conceptual idea involves two channels simultaneously (visual and verbal), each in two different forms. The author notes that the visual channel is used to ostensively present the shade with specific chromatic characteristics and to develope a complex visual image on this basis. Special attention is paid to the verbal channel, which is utilized in the form of intentionally constructed color designations and supporting stories (conceptual myths). It is concluded that from the perspective of color communication, verbal and visual texts serve fundamentally different functions. The visual representation shows how the viewer should see the color, while the verbal explanation clarifies why this shade is needed. It is demonstrated that the image embedded in the color name sets the desired connotation, which can transform the perception of the shade by adding necessary meanings to it. The verbal story defines a cognitive “point of view” for introducing a new category into an existing color system. 

This study examines the visual stylistic devices used in the iconic component of demotivators during the pandemic and self-isolation period. It is argued that the significant impact potential of the iconic component of demotivators stimulates their creators to produce more expressive visual components. Achieving this goal is possible through the implementation of stylistic techniques not only in the verbal text but also in the accompanying imagery. It is noted that the most frequently used visual stylistic device in the analyzed material is metaphor. The impactful effect in the examined demotivators was also achieved through the presence of visual hyperbole, comparisons, allusions, contamination, gradation, pun, allegory, parallelism, and antithesis in the iconic part. It was found that stylistic techniques exclusively in the iconic part are present in 47% of the analyzed polycodal texts (in 13% of cases, the verbal component was completely absent, in 34% of cases, the presented verbal text served as an explanation of the meaning reflected in the illustration). 53% of the examined polycodal texts demonstrated the presence of stylistic techniques in both the iconic and verbal parts. Furthermore, the duplication of stylistic techniques in the verbal text and the image is characteristic only for 33% of the analyzed demotivators.

The article explores the methods of manipulation of consciousness in the mass media on the example of content analysis of Kazakhstan Russian-language sources. The authors reveal the concept of manipulation. Media manipulation is carried out at different levels - informational and emotionally expressive according to the two leading functions of the media language: information and impact. In accordance with this, the manipulation is realised at the level of information or expression. Examples of information manipulation through the expansion of information about the described object by including additional, metacommunicative and modified information are given. Another level of manipulation in the media is emotional and expressive influence. Such manipulation is based on labelling, appealing to authority, the interests of ordinary people, appealing to values, traditions, the use of associative binding, false comparisons, false alternatives, exploitation of slogans, conspiracy theories, myths, ridicule and other techniques. According to the authors, the use of media manipulation techniques generates cognitive tension when understanding additional meaning, which leads to a change in the attitude, evaluation and emotional perception of information on the part of the audience.

This article examines oaths functioning within customary law during the post-reform period, reflecting the system of basic values of the peasant society. The relevance of the study is justified by the urgent task of preserving ethnocultural identity, as well as the practical needs of the modern legal system, demonstrating a disconnect from the value orientations of traditional culture. The sphere and peculiarities of oath application in customary legal tradition are identified, and the main elements of the ritual are described. The verbal component of oaths is identified and characterized. The attitudes of peasants towards oaths are explored, and beliefs about the consequences of false oaths are analyzed. The system of values relevant to peasant society is reconstructed, highlighting justice, life (including a “righteous” life after death), health, reputation, honor, prosperity, various social ties including familial connections uniting ancestors and descendants as well as intra-community bonds, and spiritual values such as the connection with God, the rupture of which was perceived as spiritual death. It is concluded that despite the declining popularity of informal oaths, they remain relevant in the post-reform period as a means of conflict neutralization and an effective mechanism for uncovering truth, precisely because they appeal to significant categories and values for ethnocultural consciousness.

This article offers an interpretation of the well-known poem by Joseph Brodsky, ‘Great Elegy for John Donne’ (1963). While traditionally elegy is analyzed in comparison with texts of the English medieval poet and preacher, where echoes of poetic and prose lines of John Donne are identified in Brodsky’s verses, the authors propose a different approach — viewing ‘Great Elegy...’ as an independent work by Brodsky, loosely connected to the verses and sermons of the abbot of St. Paul’s Cathedral. It is shown that at the time of creating the elegy, the young poet knew very little about Donne, leading the elegy to be an extension of Brodsky’s own ideas and beliefs that were already present in his previous works. None of the allusions to Donne suggested by critics were genuinely Donnesque but rather organic to the poet’s worldview at that time. The genre specificity of “Great Elegy for John Donne” is clarified during the analysis, demonstrating its connection to Brodsky’s genre of “great poems.” It is argued that the elegy was not a model of discipleship to Donne but an embodiment of the painful reflections prompted by a terrifying early diagnosis of “heart defect.” In this grand elegy, Brodsky donned Donne’s mask and through such mystification attempted to touch upon the mysteries of life-death, sleep-death, and grasp that “choral height” which transcends the Lord. 

This article addresses the issue of interpreting the work and biographical myth of L.N. Tolstoy in V.V. Nabokov’s novel “Pnin.” The aim of the study is to examine how through the reconstruction of Tolstoy’s personal supertext, Nabokov conveys his philosophy of time. This question is relevant in the context of studying Nabokov’s historiosophy and the writer’s reflection on his own literary genealogy. The analysis reveals that in Nabokov’s reception, Tolstoy is a national genius who was able to recreate the effect of natural time flow. Explicit references to Tolstoy and his biography allow for correlating the characters’ reading experience and their perception of time: from frozen time during reading-performance to the reverse flow of time during co-creative reading. The motifs of Tolstoy’s works actualize the key problem of the relativity of time for Nabokov. Although the unreliable narrator emphasizes the power of time and fate over the lonely hero, in reality, Pnin has access to multiple temporal dimensions. Just like in “Anna Karenina,” the technique of temporal synchronization highlights the interconnectedness of characters’ fates. Tolstoy’s personal supertext enables Nabokov to understand the theme of family as a timeless connection between people that defines the characters’ place in the world.

The article explores the genre dominants of Silver Age screenplays. Theoretical concepts of film dramaturgy are applied to the texts of A. A. Khanzhonkov’s “From the World of Mystery” (1915) and A. S. Voznesensky’s “God” (1918). The scientific novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive analysis of these screenplay texts for the first time. The relevance is justified by contemporary philology’s interest in the intermedial aspect of literature. The screenplays exhibit an orientation towards literary models: a wide range of linguistic devices (metaphors, similes, inversions), complex composition, psychological depth, and more. Cinematic expressiveness is realized through a system of modalities (real time, memories, dreams, imagination, altered consciousness, etc.), description of character movements, and “visual sound.” The study suggests that the genre of screenwriting in silent cinema fundamentally differs from subsequent eras and tends towards the epic rather than the dramatic genre. Discrepancies between directorial and literary scripts occurred early in the genre’s formation. A comprehensive examination of original realized screenplays could be key to understanding the reasons for the unsatisfactory results of writer-filmmaker interactions.

The research problem concerns the evolution of critical views of Julius Isaevich Aikhenvald (1872—1928) in relation to his perception of William Shakespeare’s creativity. The aim of the study is to trace how changes in the critic’s personal fate and the global political situation led to his reevaluation of Shakespeare’s images. The material consists of little-known articles by the critic, published both in Russia in the 1910s-1920s and in emigration (mainly in the emigrant newspaper “Rul”). Hermeneutical, historical-cultural, and comparative methods were used for the research. It is established that in the pre-revolutionary period, Julius Aikhenvald, following his subjective immanent method of criticism, evaluates Shakespeare as a universal genius (in particular, comparing him to Leo Tolstoy). The most important characteristic becomes the universality of the playwright’s artistic attention, allowing to reflect all aspects of existence, beyond any hierarchies. In particular, Aikhenvald implicitly speaks about Shakespeare’s moral relativism. However, in the emigrant period, using Shakespeare’s images (primarily the images of Caliban and Coriolanus) to analyze the historical situation in the USSR, he comes to affirm the objectivity of good and truth as characteristics of literature and social reality.

This study explores the novels of contemporary Austrian writer Raphaela Edelbauer (Raphaela Edelbauer, b. 1990) “The Fluid Land” (Das flüssige Land, 2019), “DAVE” (DAVE, 2021), “The Incommensurables” (Die Inkommensurablen, 2023) in the context of contemporary Austrian literature of the early third millennium. The relevance of the research is driven by the necessity to comprehend the trends in Austrian literature during an era of global changes. It is revealed that, on one hand, the author continues the traditions of Austrian literature of the second half of the 20th century, particularly on a thematic level (Austrian identity, overcoming the past, the false idyll of provincial Austria, conflicts between fathers and children, etc.), while on the other hand, delving into pressing contemporary issues (transhumanism, artificial intelligence, etc.). The concept of fictionality is central to the analysis, exploring the ways and specifics of its implementation in the artistic text in alignment with the author’s communicative intentions. Special attention is given to Edelbauer’s individual style, the uniqueness of narrative organization in the examined genre varieties (parable novel, science fiction novel, historical novel), and the quest for a “personal” language. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that Edelbauer’s work, distinguished by prestigious literary awards in Austria and Germany, has not been a subject of study in Russian literary studies.

This study examines the behavior of the clergy of the Nizhny Novgorod Diocese regarding the revolutionary events at the beginning of the 20th century. It identifies instances of oppositional behavior and its consequences for the priests of the Nizhny Novgorod Diocese during the period of 1905-1907. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that, for the first time in this article, based on materials from the Nizhny Novgorod Spiritual Consistory, attention is drawn to the anti-government sentiments and actions of representatives of parish clergy of the Nizhny Novgorod Diocese during the first revolution. It is shown that oppositional behavior was not widespread but rather isolated. The author concludes that it manifested as a protest against social injustice, military field courts, in defense of peasants’ rights to land against landlords, urging peasants to disobey authority, non-payment of taxes, church fees, association with politically unreliable individuals, liberal interpretation of the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, and so on. The author believes that the accused priests did not align themselves with a specific political party, except for Father I.I. Vladimirovsky, an archpriest from Arzamas and a deputy of the Second State Duma from the Constitutional Democrats party. It was found that 2 out of 4 cases against priests were dropped. Meanwhile, 3 out of 4 priests were punished by the diocesan authorities with a ban on serving or transfer to other parishes. The findings of this research can be utilized in courses studying the history of the Russian Orthodox Church.

This article examines the process of formation and transformations of the Russian scientific diaspora in Germany in the 1990s-2010s. It raises questions about the reasons and paths of creating a large community of scientific workers and researchers who moved from Russia to Germany. An approximate estimate of the number of members of the group under study at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries is provided. Special attention is paid to the analysis of forms and types of association among Russian compatriot scientists in Germany. Sources include data from Russian and German state statistical agencies, documents from the German Academic Exchange Service, a transcript of the German government’s report to the Bundestag, and others. An overview of the tools used by the German authorities to attract scientific personnel from Russia in the 1990s-2010s is conducted. The policy of Russian authorities regarding interaction with the scientific diaspora during the period under review is analyzed. It is shown how Moscow increased contacts with the scientific diaspora in Germany in the early 2010s amid intensified competition for highly qualified personnel. It is noted that although these initiatives contributed to the development of new formats of cooperation between scientists of Russian origin in Germany and Russian scientific institutions, they were later suspended and did not lead to a systemic activation of interaction.

The subject of the study is Anglo-German relations during the crisis period of 1908-1911. The aim of the work is to examine the views and activities of German state and public figures who directly or indirectly influenced the overall background of Anglo-German relations in the context of escalating antagonism between the two states. This process was influenced by the so-called ‘war party’, to which a certain group of German politicians with pronounced nationalist-chauvinistic ideals belonged. The historical sources used in the article are analyzed from a personal approach and anthropology of international relations. Based on these sources, the previously poorly studied activities of the German elite, who acted in conjunction with Kaiser Wilhelm II and shaped Germany’s current foreign policy agenda in the pre-war period, are characterized. The author concludes that throughout the entire crisis period of Anglo-German relations from 1908 to 1911, neither the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs nor Chancellors B. Bülow and T. Bethmann-Hollweg were able to fully seize the initiative from the ‘war party’, which was shaping Wilhelm II’s policies. This became possible due to constitutional deformation and the celebrated ideas of a great national state in German society.

The brief report on the activities of the St. Petersburg Slavic Charitable Committee for the year 1869 includes a record that society members discussed the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Jan Hus and established a prize for an essay on the Czech religious figure. The inclusion of Hus in the list of “jubilarians” worthy of honor not only highlights the significance of this religious thinker for the Slavic world but also touches upon certain political aspects of Russian history. The article analyzes the reasons for the Russian public's attention to Hus’s persona, provides a characterization of the views of Russian intellectuals at the time of the contest announcement regarding the legacy of the Czech religious figure, and presents reflections on how the proposal to support Jan Hus’s 500th jubilee aligns with the tradition of honoring cultural figures in the Russian Empire by the mid-19th century. The material draws from both published documents and sources not yet introduced into scholarly circulation. The motives behind honoring Jan Hus's legacy are seen in the acknowledgment by the chairman of the St. Petersburg branch of the committee, Gilferding, of the Orthodox foundations of the Czech reformer’s teachings, deeming it possible to use Hus celebrations as a lever of influence on Czech society and advance the idea of political and religious unity among all Slavic branches in Orthodox faith.

This article explores the motivations behind citizens joining volunteer formations during the Great Patriotic War. The study relies on archival and published sources on the history of volunteer movements in the Rostov region. The research is based on a military-anthropological approach, aiming to understand the worldview of volunteers and the qualitative and quantitative parameters of volunteer movements in the Don region. The relevance of the study lies in the necessity of attracting more attention from researchers to understand what drove individuals to act during wartime. A detailed analysis of the archives at the Center for Documentation of Recent History of Rostov Region revealed characteristic models of voluntarism. The author concludes that the mechanism of agitation and propaganda intertwines with deeply personal motives of resistance against the enemy. A classification of tools influencing participants’ motives is proposed, including visual imagery, state symbolism, the work of agitators and propagandists, and oath-taking. The novelty of the research lies in the author’s exploration of the mechanism influencing public consciousness in a specific region with limited time to prepare the population for resistance against the adversary.

This article explores the formation and activities of the administration of the Alexandrovskaya Central Penal Colony, which played a significant role within the Main Prison Administration of the Russian Empire. The management structure of the Alexandrovskaya Central Penal Colony is examined, along with the staffing schedule of employees. The article also delves into the personnel policy from the establishment of the prison in 1873 until the radical restructuring of the penitentiary system in Russia after the 1917 revolution. Instructional letters outlining the authorities of prison staff are analyzed, as well as the working hours and conditions specific to inmate management at Alexandrovskaya prison. The article scrutinizes the amount of monetary compensation for prison officials and compares it to income levels in other regional prisons. The staffing levels of managerial employees in the prison castle are investigated. Despite low incomes, disorganization in their personal lives, and high levels of daily work stress, there was virtually no turnover among staff. Through examples of individual wardens, it is revealed that they showed a committed attitude towards their duties, striving to make the prison an exemplary institution. The article establishes the fact of career advancement for employees of the Alexandrovskaya Central Penal Colony within the penitentiary system of Irkutsk Province.

The study draws on documents from the first department of the Ministry of Justice regarding "agrarian unrest" in the Central Black Earth region in autumn 1905, housed in the Russian State Historical Archive. Cases related to agrarian uprisings in the Tambov and Voronezh gubernias are examined, with a focus on studying the involvement of peasants from the "revolutionary generation" in the agrarian movement (individuals born approximately in the 1890s). The significant role of rumors during the revolution is highlighted. The author explores the causes, algorithms, and characteristics of peasant uprisings, analyzing the role of "leaders" in "agrarian unrest," often led by young individuals less inclined to adhere to traditions. The leading role of youth in the revolutionary movement is emphasized, with urban disturbances acting as catalysts for agrarian uprisings. The communal role is evident in preparing and carrying out forest clearances, pogroms, and more. The evolution of the mosaic nature of peasant self-awareness during the "revolutionary generation" period is analyzed. The author concludes that the October 17, 1905 manifesto played a significant role in awakening revolutionary consciousness in the Tambov and Voronezh villages. Shortcomings in investigating cases of "agrarian unrest" are discussed, allowing many rebels to evade punishment, with the average age of accused peasants calculated at 35.6 years.

The article examines the relationship between the Alans and the Mongols during the latter’s global expansion. The aim is to present the main historical narratives on this issue. Various multilingual written sources from the 13th-16th centuries were used for the research. The historical-genetic approach allowed for the presentation of relevant source information outside the context of specific studies on different aspects of the problem. As a result, Alan-Mongol relations are traced within the complex of historical events, processes, and phenomena that constituted Mongol expansion. Conclusions are drawn that the Alans, inhabiting various regions of Eurasia, were drawn into the orbit of the internal and external political life of the Mongol Empire. It is asserted that despite the severe consequences of Mongol conquest, Caucasian Alania managed to integrate into the economic and political system of the Golden Horde, while Alan settlement enclaves and districts in its western and eastern parts, as well as Alans in Mongolia and China, were assimilated. Additionally, it is shown that ally-vassal relations with the Jochids played a crucial role for the North Caucasian Alans, involving them in confrontation with Timur’s empire on the side of Khan Tokhtamysh.

This article explores the history of the construction of one of the main transportation arteries in modern Iran: the Enzeli-Teheran highway with the Kazvin-Hamadan section. The road was funded by the Russian treasury and aimed to boost Russian-Persian trade by including not only the northern provinces of Persia but also the central part of the country. The intensification of trade was expected to occur through the introduction of automobile traffic on the highway, replacing the archaic caravan routes. The article presents the perspectives of both the Russian government of that period and entrepreneurial circles on the choice of road direction and the justification for transitioning to a new method of cargo delivery. It concludes that there were significant discrepancies in the positions of these parties. While the Russian government saw great geopolitical advantage in connecting the largest Enzeli port with Teheran and constructing the Kazvin-Hamadan branch linking northern Persia with its central part, entrepreneurs viewed it as a threat of European product penetration into northern Persia. Fortunately, the entrepreneurial community was not unanimous in its views, and a group emerged willing to embark on this new venture, promising to be successful and give a fresh impetus to Russian-Persian trade relations.

The article examines the issues of creation, functioning, and main directions of activities of parish guardianships of the Tobolsk Diocese in the second third of the 19th — early 20th centuries. The study is based on materials from federal and regional archives, as well as the “Tobolsk Diocesan Gazette.” It is noted that the organization of guardianships was part of the church reforms during the reign of Alexander II aimed at revitalizing parish life. The conclusion is drawn that the guardianships did not live up to the expectations placed on them. Despite their quantitative growth, parishioners preferred to allocate funds for decorating churches rather than improving the clergy’s standard of living. Even in the most affluent parishes, expenses did not focus on enhancing the priests' material well-being. The alienation of the clergy and laity, dissatisfaction of diocesan authorities with the possible loss of control over church revenues and expenditures, and priests’ fears that guardians might try to isolate them from parish affairs were reasons for this phenomenon. Nevertheless, the work of the guardianships prompted parishioners to rethink their rights regarding parish self-government and had a positive impact in this regard.

This article aims to identify the role and contribution of state authorities in the Chelyabinsk region during the 1960s-1980s in preserving industrial heritage sites. The relevance of this study is driven by the urgent need to draw attention of governmental structures to the issue of destruction of remaining monuments of industrial past. The primary sources utilized are archival materials concentrated in the Unified State Archive of the Chelyabinsk region, with many documents being introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the absence of prior research on this topic. The tasks of state bodies in the field of monument protection according to existing regulatory acts of the specified period are identified. The research demonstrates that the most significant contribution was made towards identification, registration, and study of industrial heritage sites, with 43 objects receiving monument status by 1989. However, activities related to repair, restoration, and museumification of registered monuments proved less productive, as only one industrial heritage site had been museumified by 1989. This was attributed to insufficient oversight by state authorities regarding the preservation and utilization procedures of registered monuments.

The article analyzes the historical, ethno-social, economic, and political reasons for the formation of separatist tendencies in regions where the Catalan language is spoken in Spain: Catalonia, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands. It is commonly believed that these regions share many similarities, yet in practice only Catalonia seeks independence. The study investigates why separatist tendencies are prominently displayed in only one of the Catalan-speaking regions. The research is based on historical facts, scholarly works dedicated to separatism in Catalan-speaking regions, statistical data on the economies of the regions and election results, and news reports. The conclusion drawn from the study is that the Catalan-speaking regions have many distinct characteristics: they have different histories tied to their past status as regions; different self-perceptions within Spain and globally, varying economic conditions, and consequently different political tendencies. It is proven that due to historical, ethno-social, economic, and political reasons, Valencia and the Balearic Islands have no intention of separating from Spain, leaving Catalonia alone in its quest for independence.

This article analyzes the realities of the Komsomol’s struggle against cultural backwardness in the village during the 1920s. Connecting surrounding deficiencies with the “remnants of the past,” the Komsomol stood out for its radicalism, lack of foresight in actions, and disregard for rural specifics. However, this should not overshadow the positive results of the transformations of the youth union that can still be appreciated today. The authors attempt to identify these results by objectively studying the influence of the Komsomol and the Pioneers on the peasantry. The problem is approached from the perspective of “generational” history. Examining peasants’ attitudes towards the results of the “revolution in everyday life,” the authors primarily focus on the reaction of representatives of the “revolutionary breakthrough generation” (mostly born in the 1890s) to youth innovations. Although peasants often negatively assessed the achievements of the Komsomol due to their natural conservatism, which objectively had positive consequences, a gradual increase in peasants’ sympathies towards the Komsomol’s “revolution in everyday life” is evident overall. The slight age difference between the “revolutionary breakthrough generation” and the “children of the revolution” (Komsomol members of that time) contributed to attracting peasants from the “revolutionary overturn generation” to events organized by the Komsomol.