The article is devoted to the pragmatic component of a choice of colour names in the advertising Internet discourse. Attention is paid to the concept of creolized text in advertising. The importance of colour in this type of texts is substantiated. The object of the research is colour naming for decorative cosmetics in French and Russian languages. The material of the study is the data obtained from the sites of the leading Russian- and French-language online stores of cosmetics. In the course of comparative analysis the problem of informative capacity of colour names is considered, and their influence on the psycho-emotional sphere of the potential consumer is established. How to manipulate the mind of a recipient by method of the metaphorization of colour names is demonstrated, in which certain layer is of synesthetic metaphors. In the study of the psychological component the authors describe the appeal of copywriters to the emotions, the psychological state of the individual. There are gender-oriented and spiritual-cultural conditionality of colour names of products of decorative cosmetics. It is proved that colour designations appeal to spiritual values, national stereotypes, cultural and historical memory of an addressee. It is concluded that the use of borrowings registered in both languages, the actualization of different meanings of the lexical-semantic field of one word, the appeal to the semes of language units for the formation of the associative-colour image among consumers testify to the language game used by copywriters for the implementation of manipulative influence on an addressee.

The article covers the peculiarities of functioning of the word vprochem ‘however’ in the syntactic aspect. The characteristics of this linguistic unit in the linguistic research are analyzed. It is noted that the word vprochem is problematic in terms of identifying its functions as a syntactic unit. The relevance of the work is determined by the lack of description of the word vprochem in the research literature, and linguists’ attention to linguistic units located at the junction of full and functional parts of speech. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that the characteristic of the most typical uses of the word vprochem is considered in free use (at the beginning and middle of a sentence), in combination with conjunctions, as well as in the various syntactic structures of a simple sentence. The use of the word vprochem in classical and modern publicistic and artistic texts is considered. The quantitative method is used to analyze the use of vprochem in the Russian language in the texts included in the national corpus. The authors comes to the conclusion that the analysis of the word vprochem reveals its rich potential for inclusion in the structure of various syntactic constructions of a simple sentence.

The article is devoted to the problem of marking the intensity of emotions in language. The main classes of lexical units that can act as indicators of strong emotions are briefly presented. The article includes the abbreviation Magn, which is the name of the corresponding lexical function in the model “Sense ↔ Text” (in the conception by Melchuk, 1974). Magn in this model is used “to denote ‘high degree,’ ‘intensity (≈ ‘very’) of the situation itself or its actants.” The main attention is paid to the symptomatic vocabulary, marking the intensity of emotion through reference to the subject of emotion. We have identified two classes of symptomatic units in the Magn function: (1) expressions that link the emotion and the state of a person in the power of that emotion, such as going crazy with anxiety , not remembering yourself with anger , beside yourself with joy ; (2) expressions that link the emotion and the reaction of a person to this emotion, for example, to become cold with fear , numb with horror , blush with pleasure , freeze with surprise , etc. The main object of study were symptomatic expressions of the French language, the material of Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, English and German languages was also involved. The study is based on a large corpus of explanatory and bilingual dictionaries, linguistic corpus data. The relevance of this study is determined by the interest of modern science to the study of emotions and their conceptualization in language, because emotions are one of the most complex systems of the inner world of a man, reflected in the linguistic picture of the world.

The article is devoted to the study of the information balance of the communicative-textual environment of regional media in the context of the construction of local patriotism of the past. Information balance is considered as a parameter of ecological safety of the environment. Local patriotism is understood as the attitude of the subject and the object of patriotism formed in different spheres as a result of social interaction. An integrative approach is used, which provides the possibility of synthesis of achievements of eco- and sociolinguistics, reference to the analysis of linguistic and non-linguistic phenomena, attraction of the results obtained in different spheres of knowledge. The completeness of reflection of event content in the text space of mass media, types of facts reflected in publications, superstructure of the text are investigated. It is shown that characteristics of the information balance determine the impact on the cognitive sphere of the subject of patriotism. The following features of information balance are established: weak differentiation of regional mass media; the small number and irregularity of publications on the past of the region; the prevalence of reports on commemorative practices and, as a consequence, the frequency of special redistribution of content elements between the elements of the superstructure of the text; the limited repertoire of reactualized fragments of the past; the predominant representation of one type of facts. The article describes the negative impact of non-compliance with the principle of balance on the optimality of impact in the discursive construction of local patriotism of the past.

The article analyzes the reflexes of desacralization of the conceptual field “Grekh” (Sin) in models of occasional derivation based on the lexemes of grekh (sin), pokaianie (repentance), dobrodetel (virtue), and iskuplenie (redemption) , which are manifested in modern Russian speech. The material for the study is the data of Internet communication. The theoretical basis of the work is the principles of the study of language conceptualization of the world. We used the method of structural-semantic analysis of units of the word-formation system of a language and the method of linguo-culturological interpretation of active processes in the Russian language of the latest period. The phenomena of occasional nominal prefixation (prefixes super-, hyper-, mega-, archi-, ultra-, pseudo-, quasi -) and prefixoidization (prefixoids semi-, mini-, kino, tele-, photo-, auto- ) which includes lexemes grekh (sin,) pokaianie (repentance), dobrodetel (virtue), and iskuplenie (redemption) are described. It is shown that these phenomena actualize two types of semantic and stylistic transformations in discourse: (1) non-usual expansion of the semantic volume ( telegrekh (tele-sin), photodobrodetel (photo-virtue), autopokayanie (auto-repentance), kinoiskuplenie (kino-redemption) ); (2) connotative-evaluative and emotionally-expressive increments of meaning ( mini-grekh (mini-sin), pseudo-pokayanie (pseudo-repentance), super-dobrodetel (super-virtue), mega-iscuplenie (mega-redemption) ). It is concluded that the reception of the conceptual field “Grekh” (Sin) in modern Russian Internet communication is characterized by a certain elimination of the religious-Christian content of this conceptual field, characterized by an unserious, lightweight, playful and ironically reduced attitude to sin.

The article is devoted to the transformation of the Yakut heroic epos on the example of Olonkho of B. A. Alekseyev “Erbechtay Mergen,” which was recorded by him and the folklorist-collector S. I. Bolo during the Vilyuisk expedition in 1938. The relevance of the work is determined by the increased interest in the transformation processes of the traditional culture of the Yakuts under the influence of the socio-cultural environment. The novelty of the study is that for the first time the local Olonkho text is studied as an object of transformation. Olonkho manuscript and the peculiarities of its recording are given. It is reported that in 2017 the author of the article prepared the Olonkho text for publication. The article establishes fabulous elements, demythologization, the influence of Russian culture as the cause of changes in Olonkho. As the author of the article shows, this Olonkho is characterized by cumulative actions of the characters, as in fairy tales. It is noted that the rivalry and strife of relatives enhance the domestic nature of the relationship between the characters and push the heroic image into the background. It is reported that due to demythologization the mythological motifs and images have become rare in Olonkho of B. A. Alekseyev. The author also points out that under the influence of Russian culture there have been some changes: a lot of words are borrowed from the Russian language, the names of Russian cities, the pantheon of deities began to include Christian images, there is a mixture of the image of Baba Yaga and abaasa women, there are images of Russian girls, etc.

The problem of the dialogicity as a constitutional principle that organizes the texts of short fiction by V. M. Shukshin is covered. The material of the study are the writer’s stories-essays, which are characterized by intertwining the essay trends and genre characteristics of short stories, anecdote and scenes. The object of the research is the author’s speech; the subject of the research is the complex methods of dialogicity functioning in the speech part of the narrator of short stories-essays. The aim of the work is to analyze complex methods of dialogicity and to determine their role in the author’s speech of stories-essays. The mechanism of dialogicity of V. M. Shukshin’s texts is considered on the basis of the analysis of a separate group of poetic techniques functioning in the author’ speech of short stories-essays. As the methods of the dialogic spectrum proper, the article describes the dialogization and citation, which are structurally and semantically important elements determined by the communicative task of the author. It is established that the functioning of the methods of the dialogic spectrum proper is supported by syntactic-stylistic techniques: parcelling, insertion, lexical repetition. It is shown that the complex functioning of the techniques leads to the formation of polyphony within the speech party of the narrator, as a result of which the monosubject of the narrative, peculiar to the genre form of the essay, is lost. The author proves that within the author’s speech additional narrative links are explicated, immersing the reader in the polyphony of voices, different points of view.

The question of categories “romanticism” and “romantic” in connection with the works by the Irish poet and playwright W. B. Yeats is considered. The analysis of existing works on this topic reveals conceptual and terminological lacunae. The necessity of using the term neo-romantic when studying Yeats’s poetry is substantiated. The author raises the question of the perception of the concepts of “romantic (noun)” and “romantic (adjective)” by the poet himself (“the last romantic,” “romantic Ireland”), as well as romanticism as a cultural and historical era. The novelty of the study is seen in the analysis of Yeats’s neo-romanticism, which is understood as a new version of romanticism, “anti-romantic romanticism,” which abandoned the “old romantic dreaminess” of the early 19^th century and its peculiar language. The author of the article believes that Yeats’s neo-romanticism is based on the socio-cultural foundations of the early 20^th century (“end of the century,” “death of God,” acceleration of the process of secularization, social cataclysms, such as the Easter uprising in Ireland, the First world war, the revolution in Russia) and acquires the appropriate language. It is shown that the rhythms and pulsations of the era found their expression in the “passionate syntax” - a special style of writing developed by Yeats. Two poems are analyzed (“Adam’s Curse” and “No Second Troy”), written in the “middle” period of the poet’s work, exactly when his style began to change noticeably.

The author analyzes the topical in modern literary criticism issue of classical plots migration in modern French literature of the 21^st century. Results of a comparative analysis of the principles and techniques of the plot construction of the tale by Charles Perrault “Blue Beard” (1697) and of the novel by Amélie Nothomb “Blue Beard” (2012) are presented. It is shown that classical works become part of the development of modern literature, fit into the context of everyday life of our time and correspond to the poetics of the new text. Analysis of the composition and the figurative system of Amélie Nothomb’s novel allows to identify its main differences from the fairy tale by Charles Perrault, linked with the radical change of the genre of the narrative. French writer significantly expands the storyline, while maintaining the canvas of the original fairy tale. It is noted that the focusing on adventure, saturation with unusual turns in the development of events and mystical denouement allow to conclude that the investigated novel belongs to the genre of “middle literature.” The authors of the article prove that remakes of classical plots in the literature of the 21^st century not only do not detract from the dignity of new genre forms of narration, but also reflect the specifics of the modern context within the continuity of literary traditions.

The author’s individual artistic expression of the concept of RIVER in the artistic world of M. Yu. Lermontov is considered. The aim of the research is a complex philological (linguistic and literary) analysis of the RIVER concept in the Russian national conceptual sphere through the prism of its aesthetic transformation in M. Yu. Lermontov’s works. The materials of the research are the data of lexicographical sources - the main etymological, explanatory and special dictionaries of the Russian language, and the texts of poetic and prose works by M. Yu. Lermontov. The research is based on the method of linguocognitive analysis of culturally significant concepts in the system of language and on the method of literary analysis of “toposes” as landscape elements, acting as integral principles of the organization of the total artistic world of the author. It is shown that Lermontov’s RIVER topos as a whole correlates with the meanings that are characteristic of the corresponding concept in the Russian national language consciousness, but the greatest relevance for the artistic world of Lermontov have values associated with the idea of the border, the boundary, as well as the idea of time, the idea of life and its course, the idea of death. The practical significance of the study is that its main results can be used in the teaching of cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, the basics of conceptual analysis, theory of literature, history of Russian literature, as well as in the practice of compiling dictionaries of a new type - dictionaries of concepts (including educational), linguistic and cultural thesauruses and literary dictionaries of “toposes” of Russian literature.

In the framework of the general question about the perception of Turgenev’s novel “The Noble Nest” in China, in the article the assessments of this work were examined, which were proposed by the famous Chinese translator and connoisseur of Russian culture Lei Ran. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the article for the first time analyzes the position of the translator, which is different in depth and represents a systematic assessment of the novel. The strengths of Lei Ran’s reception of “The Noble Nest” are connected with the translator’s observations on the poetics of this work (plot structure, contrasts and comparisons, psychologism, brevity, lyricism, etc.), as well with her reflections on the problems of interaction between western sentiments and national ideas. Lei Ran’s assessments of religiosity of the main female character and religious beliefs that in general distinguish Russian culture seem controversial. The translator sees in them the objective and subjective conditionality of the tragic outcome of the personal history of the main characters in Turgenev’s novel. This generally corresponds to the nature of the perception of these issues by the Chinese society, but hardly reflects the Russian realities. Interpretation of the novel “The Noble Nest”, proposed by Lei Ran, is estimated in the article as an important stage of the Chinese “turgeniana”.

The article analyzes the features of the institutionalization of the national justice of Ossetians and Ingush in the conditions of their incorporation into the political and legal space of the Russian Empire on the example of a mixed jury, which existed in 1908-1910. The place of a mixed jury trial in the judicial system of the Terek region in the early 20^th century, in which both formal (state) and informal (people’s) institutions functioned, is considered. Such traditional institutions of socio-normative culture of the Ossetians and the Ingush applied in judicial practice, as compensation for the murder (“payment for blood”), infliction of wounds and injuries, theft, are described. Mutual responsibility as the main measure of responsibility for violation of the principles of social justice, as well as the oath and testimony of witnesses as a form of proof of guilt / innocence of the defendant are analysed in details. The principles of formation and replenishment of people’s cash registers, from which material compensation was paid to the injured party by the decision of the mixed court, were studied. It is concluded that the reception of the customs and traditions of Ossetians and Ingush by consolidating their people’s will in the Russian legal acts regulating the activities of the mixed court, retained the functional importance of national justice and laid the foundation for the formation of the subsequent Russian civil consciousness.

The article is devoted to one of the aspects of the study of the structure and activity of censorship institutions in the Russian Empire in the early 20^th century. The relevance of the problem is due to the fact that it is of great importance both for historical science and to attract the attention of the general public to the problems of formation and transformation of spiritual culture. The study is based on the documents of The Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East (Vladivostok), covering the little-studied aspects of the activities of censorship institutions and other public authorities of the Russian Empire, which influenced the development of mass culture in the cities of the Far East. Special attention is paid to determining the role of the Main Department for Press Affairs, the military governor of the Primorsky region and the inspector for press affairs of Vladivostok in improving the quality of products entering the illusions. It is noted that in the remote territories of the Russian Empire since 1897, thanks to foreign, later Russian entrepreneurs, cinema made the first steps. It is reported that the demonstration of films in illusions initially did not have great popularity among the local population. It is proved that the growth of interest in cinema is associated with the activation of various types of business activities: the development of film distribution, the construction of illusions, the organization of entertainment programs and film shows, advertising in periodicals. The author notes the negative consequences that were caused by the dependence of the repertoire of cinemas on the commercial interest of their owners. The article presents documents fragments testifying to the attention of state authorities, in particular, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire, to this problem.

The article considers the dynamics of the lifestyle of nomads-reindeer herders of Yakutia under the influence of transformation processes that took place during the 20^th century. It is shown that changes in political and socio-economic realities have changed the environment of nomadic life twice. It is noted that in the 1930-1960-ies reindeer herding in the Republic was influenced by the policy of mass collectivization of farms and transfer to settlement residence. It is indicated that the Soviet modernization of the village has become a significant challenge for the nomads: direct administrative pressure was exerted both in the socialization and in the transfer to a sedentary lifestyle. Particularly long-term preservation of nomadism in Yakutia as a way of life determined by the peculiarities of traditional reindeer husbandry in the Republic is highlighted. The authors states that the position of the official authorities in relation to the traditional economy of nomads only as to commodity sector of the agricultural sector devalued the cultural values of nomadic communities. It is emphasized that the transformation of lifestyle caused the crisis of the nomadic family, interrupted the continuity of generations in the nomadic communities, contributed to the discrimination of the culture of nomadic ethnic groups. It is indicated that the return of nomadic tribal communities in the 1990-ies was a form of ethnic self-organization of Yakutia reindeer herders.

The study of the literary and journalistic image of serfdom and the peasant question in the works by M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, conducted by the prominent historian of the Russian peasantry V. I. Semevsky, is considered. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that it is devoted to the analysis of the first attempt to study the anti-serfdom content of the works of the outstanding Russian satirist and publicist as a historical source on the history of the Russian peasantry. The long-term process of V. I. Semevsky’s work on this topic is covered. It is shown that M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin’s consideration of the peasant question is connected with the acute internal political struggle in the course of preparation and implementation of the peasant reform. The authors dwell on V. I. Semevsky’s assessments of the socio-cultural image of the Russian peasantry and nobility in the “Poshekhonskaya starina.” The proximity of the world outlook positions of the historian and the writer is revealed. Special attention is paid to the legal status of peasants in the process of preparation and implementation of the peasant reform. It is concluded that the brochure and articles by V. I. Semevsky about M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin can be regarded as tools of ideological polemics with representatives of the conservative community, who sought to form nostalgia for pre-reform mores in Russian society and to rehabilitate them to some extent.

The problem of foreign “predation” (poaching) in the Far East of Russia in the late 19^th - early 20^th centuries is considered. Attention is paid to the activities of the Russian authorities (both local and central) to counter foreign poaching in the Far Eastern waters. The question is raised about the scale of this disaster for the economy of the region, as well as for the local fauna, a number of representatives of which were poached to the brink of existence. The relevance of the study is due to the need to summarize the material accumulated by historiography on this topic, and the current state of affairs in the region, for which the problem of foreign poaching is still relevant. The novelty of the research is seen in the attraction of new sources, including documents of the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East, materials of the periodical press of the considered era, stenograms of the State Duma of the Russian Empire. It is proved that the problem of foreign poaching was one of the most urgent for the Russian Far East, and because of its scope caused significant damage to the economy of the region. The scale of the problem was recognized by the Russian authorities, who took a number of measures to eliminate it, but it was not effectively solved. It is shown that the main factors that weakened the effectiveness of the measures taken against poaching were the lack of human and material resources available to the local administration.

The article considers entrepreneurial activity of Semeiskie Old Believers of Transbaikal in the 18^th - early 20^th centuries. Three levels of trade in which they took part are investigated: international, regional and local. The role of Old Believers in the socio-economic development of Transbaikal region is revealed, the religious and traditionalist specificity of their entrepreneurial activity, high adaptive abilities in a motley ethnic environment are shown. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the study of historical and economic experience of Semeiskie may be in demand in the preparation of regional development programs. The entrepreneurship of Old Believers of Transbaikal focused on the international market is studied. The economic benefits of Semeiskie in the organization of production of velvet antler of the Manchurian deer and other activities are shown. Features of regional trade are reflected, economic value of activity of Old Believers of Transbaikal as the main producers of bread in province is shown. A wide range of small-scale production of Transbaikal Semeiskie focused on local markets is revealed. Scientific novelty lies in the study of previously unpublished archival sources. The basis for writing this work was the materials of State Archive of Irkutsk Region, National Archive of the Republic of Buryatia, as well as pre-revolutionary sources, including cartographic ones. The conclusion is made about economic prosperity in the 18^th - early 20^th century of local Old Believers’ communities through trade and business.

On the basis of archival materials - letters of a metropolitan fine lady, wife of co-owner of Sysertsky plants (Perm province) Yekaterina Aleksandrovna Solomirskaya, written in the middle of the 19^th century from the province (Sysertsky plant or Yekaterinburg) to her father in Moscow, the Moscow postal director A. Ya. Bulgakov, - daily life of a noblewoman, who grew up and shined in society, and subsequently trapped in the Ural province, is reconstructed. The process of adaptation of metropolitan lady to provincial life, the change of her value orientations, lifestyle, everyday matters, circle of friends and interests is discussed. The relevance of the work is due to the turn of world humanitarian knowledge to the anthropological paradigm of research, the desire to rethink approaches to the reconstruction of the past, close attention to the life and work of certain members of the upper class as carriers of cultural values of Russian society, as well as the unexplored daily life of the provincial nobility. Analysis of the Ural archival materials in these aspects refutes the well-established opinion that the nobles did not live in the Urals.

The results of the study of the quality of housing, where one of the largest categories of the population of the Sverdlovsk region - peasants-collective farmers - lived at the end of the 1950-ies of 20^th century. The base of the conducted research were the results of statistical surveys of the villagers, which were held in the USSR since the early 1930-ies until the second half of 1960-ies. New archival materials are being put into circulation. It is stated that in the history of the 20^th century the housing problem has remained one of the list of those that the Soviet command and administrative system has not been able to solve. It is stated that the issues of provision of housing for rural residents and its quality are practically not covered in the works of Middle Ural social scientists. It is noted that the main researchers’ attention is usually occupied by the material conditions of life of farmers, that is, their income, expenses, as well as the level of consumption. It is declared that by the mid-1950-ies the tension in the housing sector of the country reached its apogee. It is argued that since 1956 a complete modernization of the entire organization of construction business in the USSR had begun. The thesis that the development of urban infrastructure of the Middle Urals in the 1950-ies should not be overestimated is put forward. It is concluded that the Middle Ural village was in clearly the worst conditions by almost all indicators of life of the population, and the construction “boom” of the second half of the 1950-ies had little impact on the volume and quality of its housing stock.

The development of theoretical research in the field of economic diplomacy, state support of national business in its entry into foreign markets in Russia at the latest stage is considered. The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that, despite the significant general scientific reserve in this area, it still shows a tendency to disparate development by both research centres and individual scientists specializing in it. The latter often have a rather poor understanding of the progress and results of specialized research conducted by their colleagues. At the same time, it is the scientific community that is seen as one of the backbone elements of the national economic and diplomatic complex, whose activities are designed to smooth out the contradictions between state bodies, on the one hand, and representatives of the business community, on the other hand. Thus, the consolidation of relevant research centres, competition between them, as well as the overall development of this practice-oriented theoretical direction by its nature are the key to improving the efficiency of Russian foreign policy. On this basis, through the scientometric analysis of methods and tools adapted to the goals and objectives of the project, an institutional map of the scientific community involved in economic diplomacy was drawn up. According to the results of this analysis, a number of trends were identified: the preservation of the positions of institutes and scientific schools traditionally specializing in this area (MGIMO, Diplomatic Academy), the gradual emergence of new participants in this subgroup of the scientific community, the virtual absence of works in this direction in a number of organizations that have objective prerequisites for this, a strong personification of research (the predominance of the scientist’s personality factor over institutional factors), the isolation of the scientific and expert community on itself with weak communication between its individual members at all levels. The revealed phenomena testify to the structural difficulties of institutional development of the scientific community as an agent of economic diplomacy in Russia at the latest stage. An adequate response to the relevant challenges requires further research into each of the described elements of the scientific infrastructure, which can contribute to the development of an overall strategy by decision makers in the field of scientific and economic policy.

The article analyzes the information on the preparation and defense in 1943 of A. V. Mishulin’s doctoral thesis “Ancient Spain and its entry into the struggle for independence (before the establishment of the Roman provincial system in 197 BC.” The attention is paid to the regulatory framework of protection of dissertations, the preparation of the dissertation debate and the procedure of its holding in 1940-ies. The article presents the results of comparative analysis of Mishulin’s autobiographies of different years (1920-1930-ies and 1943), which allows to identify the factors of formation of his “canonical” biography. It is proved that the applicant tries to show himself as a “real scientist” (not a “nominee”) who has passed all the necessary stages of scientific “growing up.” It is shown on the basis of archival data that the applicant regarded the defense of his doctoral thesis as a kind of ritual that would allow him to gain credibility among famous historians and become a full member of the scientific community, which could not be achieved in connection with the publications (in particular, the monograph on the uprising of Spartacus), which were published before the defense of the thesis. Attention is paid to the scientific style of A. V. Mishulin, which is characterized by broad historiographical reviews, generalizations based on them, following the findings of historiography. It is noted that, despite the military conditions, from a formal and substantive point of view, the dispute over the defense of the thesis was almost perfect.

The article presents a pioneering attempt in historiography to study the historical evolution of the use in the life support system of rural communities of the advantages provided by a long period of natural low temperatures in Yakutia. The history of the study of practices and scientists’ assessment of the potential use of these “winter preferences” is analyzed. On the basis of attraction of archival material complex, including firstly introduced into scientific circulation, the research activity is considered which concerned possibilities of long storage of food in the conditions of permafrost, operation of automobile winter roads for ensuring necessary supply and increase of profitability of economic entities of the region accompanied also by development of practical decisions on optimization and further development of these directions. It is noted that in the selected chronological period, this activity was organized systematically and received maximum development. It is shown that this fact was determined by the socio-economic processes that took place in Yakutia - the intensification of its transport and industrial development, the emergence of relatively large settlements and economic entities in rural areas. The data presented in the article, according to the author, indicate a significant positive role of cold winters in the economic practices of rural communities of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

The article is devoted to the study of the process of formation and evolution of the social security system for old age and disease of servicemen of the Tobolsk province in the 19^th - early 20^th centuries. The relevance of the chosen topic in connection with the modern reform of the pension system is shown. The study is based on the analysis of the complex of legislative, administrative and statistical sources of the State Archive in Tobolsk. Documentation of the funds of the provincial government of Tobolsk, the Tobolsk state chambers, etc. are used. Among them, an important place is occupied by the lists of pensioners living in the Tobolsk province, the sheets of the Tobolsk State Chamber on pensioners, documents fixing the number and amount of pensions issued and not issued, cases on the appointment of pensions. The legal framework of pension provision is analyzed. The author of the article points to the absence in the period under review of a single regulatory framework and pension practice common for all social categories of the population. Analyses of pension payments charged to the military personnel funds from the Treasury and savings from public aid funds for emeritus is made. It is concluded that the formation of pensions for military officials was completed by the end of the first quarter of the 19^th century. The circle of persons entitled to receive a pension is defined, sources of pension financing are established. It is concluded that the pension provision of the military in the period under review was characterized by the consolidation of the principles of pension accrual at the legislative level, the dependence of the pension salary on the amount of annual salary, rank and length of military service.

Various theoretical and conceptual approaches allowing to reconstruct demographic processes in the post-war Ulyanovsk region are considered. The author believes that in modern historiography there is no data on the demographic results of the Great Patriotic war, as well as the consequences that were caused by military aggression. It is argued that the dynamics of demographic processes in the post-war Ulyanovsk region was determined not only by direct military consequences, but also by general civilizational trends. It is pointed out, in particular, that the changes in the social space caused by modernization transformed the scale of values of a Soviet man, changed his attitude, worldview, family traditions. It is shown that the demographic transition, which ended in the USSR, was marked not only by an increase in life expectancy, but also by a decrease in the birth rate, which did not fully compensate for the demographic losses of the Soviet people. The author believes that an objective analysis of demographic processes in the post-war Ulyanovsk region is possible only in the framework of an integrated approach, namely, using the theoretical attitudes of supporters and opponents of the theory of “demographic transition.” It is noted that in this historical period the demographic processes depended on the state social policy.