The article is devoted to identifying the functional features of the phrase scheme “N1-6 + so + N1-6” in the texts of the journalistic and artistic styles of the Russian language. Structural, semantic and pragmatic characteristics of linguistic units of this structural type are considered. Various approaches to the description of phraseological schemes of the Russian language are commented, but the authors propose to consider the combination of structural-semantic and functional-communicative approaches as the main one for this study. It is noted that in the Russian language the studied phraseological scheme is presented in two homonymous variants, which have the meaning of the highest degree of manifestation of the feature and the meaning of consent / acceptance. Arguments for highlighting these options, which are confirmed by the difference in semantics, component composition and grammatical variability of each phraseological scheme, are given. The authors pay special attention to identifying the contextual meanings of this syntactic structure. Such types of meaning of consent and acceptance are considered, such as forced / uncontrolled, indifferent consent / acceptance, conscious / controlled, etc. The relevance of the study is due to the emergence of new facts of phraseologization of syntactic units in speech and the application of complex analysis to the phraseological units under consideration. The material was the texts of the National Corpus of the Russian language, as well as the authors’ card index.

The results of the study of feedback in the Russian oral dialogical discourse are presented in the article. The relevance of this study is due to several factors. First, the debatable issue is related to the qualification of fragments of oral discourse from the point of view of their relevance to the genre of monologue, dialogue, polylogue. Secondly, there is a number of theoretical problems arising from such qualifications, in particular, in the scientific description of feedback markers (based on the material of the Russian language), a rather large number of gaps are found. The definitions of the terms feedback and feedback markers are provided in the article. The authors note that it seems advisable to consider feedback markers in a somewhat expanded way, including in this group not only units used to express positive attention, but also units that can signal difficulties in perceiving the interlocutor’s utterance, as well as illocutionary forced units that are a reaction to the initial a replica of the interlocutor. Criteria for the inclusion of units functioning within the vocal modality in the group of feedback markers are proposed. A classification of feedback markers based on the ability of units to collapse the proposition contained in the statement of the interlocutor is proposed. The quantitative characteristics of the described subgroups are presented.

An attempt is made to analyze the place of political cartoons in the current socio-political media discourse in the United States. The material was the cartoons published in the spring of 2020 from USA Today and Philadelphia Inquirer, the informational occasion for the creation of which was the Covid-19 pandemic. The definitions of political cartoons as a multimodal text with a complex coding system is considered in the article. It is noted that in this type of text, phenomenological cognitive structures are actualized both through linguistic projection and through visual-spatial images. Attention is paid to intertextuality as the basis of political cartoon: the authors proceed from the position that the decoding of meaning by the recipient depends on whether he and the author have common background knowledge. It is shown that the Covid-19 pandemic is thematically embedded in the broader socio-political agenda, whereby a successful interpretation requires the recipient to have background knowledge of the current socio-political challenges facing the United States, namely the domestic political agenda. It is stated that the studied cartoons are distinguished by their reliance on precedent, and the actualization of background knowledge occurs through a combination of the visual and verbal components of the text. It is concluded that among the linguistic means of creating a satirical effect, a play on words is distinguished based on the literal and figurative meaning of individual lexical units.

Semantic, lexical and derivational features of the emergence and spread of new phenomena in the speech practice of Russian speakers of the latest period associated with the COVID-19 pandemic are investigated. A linguo-cognitive interpretation of active processes in Russian vocabulary and Russian word formation of the era of coronavirus as formats of knowledge about the changed reality and the new conditions of communication associated with these changes is given. The methods of linguo-cognitive description of the “language of culture” and the method of analyzing active processes at different levels of the language system and methods of its speech implementation are used. The research materials are a dynamic and actively developing Russian-language segment of Internet communication and text data of the Russian National Corpus. Special attention is paid to three groups of new phenomena in the vocabulary of the Russian language associated with the mental and cultural development of the “coronavirus” conceptual space by native speakers: lexical-semantic, lexical and lexical-word-formation innovations. It is shown that active processes of the semantic type find their expression in the phenomena of “new polysemy” and “new homonymy”, as well as non-usual semantic narrowing. It is concluded that new words and expressions not only capture the emergence of new realities of life with coronavirus, but also contribute to the understanding of the changed social reality.

The syntactic structures, that are intended in Russian to express the meaning of measure and degree, are discussed in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the problems of modern syntax, which is aimed at a multidimensional analysis of syntactic structures and the study of the functions of service words involved in their organization. The work was carried out in the traditions of the Vladivostok scientific school, which applied the “from construction” approach to the analysis of syntactic units. It is indicated that this term is used here in a narrow sense as a structure embedded in a complex sentence, having a certain set of components and a specific means of connecting these components. The novelty of the research is determined by the use of the concept of “construction” as the main tool for analyzing syntactic units with the meaning of measure and degree in the formal grammatical aspect. A features analysis of the formation of the semantics of measure and degree within the framework of syntactic structures is presented, the formal organization of these structures is described in detail: the component composition, the “core” of the structure — service complexes used to link components, the role of clarifiers and the possibility of phraseologization of the structure. It is noted that this study is important both for solving theoretical issues that relate to a versatile description of syntactic structures, and for teaching the syntax of the Russian language to foreign students.

The author’s elaboration of the content and poetics of landscape and natural history lyrics of the Far Eastern poet, winner of the Stalin Prize of the third degree P. S. Komarov (1911—1949) is presented. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the poet’s work has practically not been studied. The relevance of the study is due to the attention of modern literary criticism to the problems of the literary process of the Soviet period, as well as interest in literary and regional studies. The idea is substantiated that the theme “man and nature” was central in the poetry of P. S. Komarov. It is noted that the dominant principle in the disclosure of this topic were the ideas of all-unity and participation. The question is raised about the nature of the reflection of the ideas of the era in the lyrics: in particular, the points of intersection of the poetic perception of the world in the poems of the “Green Belt” cycle with the ideas of Russian cosmism are revealed. Observations on the specifics of the poetics of Komarov’s landscape lyrics were carried out: the form of the landscape-ecphrasis, the artistic functions of the landscape detail, color painting, toponymy, panoramic image were revealed; some images-motives (nature-garden, nature-book; motive of the brotherhood of the memory of the earth) is revealed. The unique materials of literary criticism of the second half of the 1940s, associated with the assessment of Komarov’s work are presented in the article.

The motive of parthenogenesis associated with the significance of the uranian factor in the beliefs of the nomadic societies of Central Asia and in the ideological attitudes of the ruling elite is considered. It is noted that the seal of the celestial origin of the steppe rulers — from the Huns to the Turks and Mongols — acted as the guarantor of the legitimacy and sacralization of their supreme power. A comparative analysis of this phenomenon is carried out using the example of the legends about Tanshihai and Ambagan — the founders of the Xianbei and Khitan powers, as well as about Bodonchar — the ancestor of Genghis Khan. Special attention is paid to the solar myth about Alan-goa, the ancestor of the khan’s clan Borjigin, as well as the legend of the birth of Temujin with a wonderful sign of chosenness, which has analogies in the Turkic-Mongol epic legends. The novelty of the research is seen in the attraction for the analysis of oral genealogical myths of different times and the written version contained in the “Secret Legend of the Mongols” and also revealing folklore sources. It is stated that all these plots related to different eras and ethnic formations are typologically close to each other, united by a similar motive of parthenogenesis. It is concluded that this circumstance testifies to a single Tengrian dominant in the worldview and ethnocultural tradition of the nomads, which determined the relevance of the idea of the celestial genesis of the rulers of the Great Steppe and was reflected in folklore.

The motive of revenge is analyzed on the basis of the French topos, considered as a space of crime and punishment. It is noted that the novel by E. T. A. Hoffmann and the novel by J. Janin are united by attention to fate as a catastrophic concept inscribed in the picture of life in France. The relevance of the study is associated with the problems of the formation of national identity, national image by romantics of Germany and France. It is shown that the German romantic, who relied on fantasy as a means of understanding and cognizing life, became a model for J. Janin in the perception of “observed material”. Special attention is paid to the artistic embodiment of life as an “ugly abyss” in which the heroines of E. T. A. Hoffmann and J. Janin find themselves. The results of a comparative analysis of the novel, the action of which belongs to the second half of the 17th century are presented in the article. But the writer discusses the morals of the heroes from the point of view of the romantic canon, and the novel, the action of which is attributed to the end of the 20s of the 19th century. The novelty of the research is connected with the fact that the drama of human existence (female) is viewed as a result of the fragility of earthly existence, the loss of faith in the rationality of the universe. This approach made it possible to analyze the national forms of romanticism, the individual approach of Hoffmann and Janin to understanding the moral and the sinful.

The article is devoted to the identification of typological similarities and differences in epic plots and motives in the texts of the Yakut olonkho and the Buryat uliger. The relevance of the stated problem is due to the purpose of obtaining additional materials to confirm the results of earlier studies on establishing the genetic origins and typological connections of the epic creativity of the Yakut and Buryat peoples. A brief review of the study of the problem in the works of domestic folklorists, who developed the theory of the comparative study of the peoples of the world epics; Yakut epic scholars, who considered in their works the historical and typological connections of the Yakut olonkho with the epics of the Sayan-Altai, Mongol-Buryat peoples; Buryat scientists who turn in their research to the processes of historical and cultural mutual influences of the epic heritage of the Yakuts and Mongol-Buryats. Scientific methods of typological, structural-comparative and textological analysis are used. The similarity of the plots and plot motives of the olonkho “Nyurgun Bootur the Swift” by K. Orosin and the uliger “Abai Geser Mighty” by M. Imegenov, which is due to the principles of typological repetition in folklore and cultural and historical contacts of the Yakut and Buryat peoples at different stages of development of the Proto-Turkic peoples inhabiting the territory of Central Asia and South Siberia.

The question of constants in the short prose of F. Sologub is considered. Special attention is paid to the iconic cycle of stories in the work of the author. The results of the analysis of motives, chronotope, recurring elements of the plot and the system of characters in the cycles “The Sting of Death” and “Unkind Lady” are presented. It is shown with the help of comparative and intertextual methods that in the stories of the cycles the constant binary opposition of a meaningless, cruel life and a consoling death is embodied, the hero’s dreams of death determine the meaninglessness of being. It has been proved that time and partly space in the stories of the cycles are binary organized, but this is not the duality of this and other worlds: the hero does not go beyond the boundaries of this world, but the time and space of this world change under the influence of the altered consciousness of the hero. The author dwells on the analysis of motivational complexes that also represent oppositions, which allows us to conclude that there are constant signs of Sologub’s artistic world. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that modern comprehension of classical works using a new technique made it possible to see the internal complex interconnection of texts, to find explicit and implicit signs of interaction between cycles.

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the subject of the article is the question of the influence of L. D. Trotsky [Bronstein], who was one of the key leaders of Bolshevism, who headed the October Revolution, on the worldview and creativity of M. M. Prishvin, which has not yet been considered in the European studies. It is shown that in Russian art it is difficult to find an artist of the word, whose work would be to the same extent conditioned by the influence of the ideological and political context. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time an attempt was made to show how, through individual characters in his works, Prishvin in an artistic and figurative form reflected the characteristic features of behavior, everyday habits, the style of thinking and speech of Trotsky. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of previously unpublished due to censorship restrictions of the writer’s works: the story “The World Cup”, journalism of the revolutionary years and the 18-volume Diary, which became available to the reader only in the post-Soviet period. It is shown that, depicting Trotsky as a “pharmacist” who, according to his recipes, is trying to create the future of a huge country, Prishvin seeks not only to artistically reflect his moral appearance and personality traits, but also to convey the features of the ideological and political struggle in Soviet society.

The results of a comparative analysis of the poetic dominants in the novels “Two Captains” by V. Kaverin and “Olga” by B. Schlink are presented. The novelty of the research is seen in the identification of diachronic typological parallels that can be traced at all levels of the poetological structure, including the features of the narrative, plot-compositional construction, and the system of images. It is noted that in both novels the problem of historical and cultural memory arises, since it is one of the defining components of the national mentality. It has been proved that letters form not only the “nuclear events” of the novels under study, but also are semantic centers that accumulate the components of mythological models that determined the life and fate of the heroes of the studied works. The “strange contingence” is commented on in terms of problems, since in both works the main characters are inspired by the idea of developing the North. The article reveals “strange contingence” at the moral and ethical level, connected with the fate of a private person of the 20th century, whose life is not only inscribed in world history, but composes and creates it. It is shown that the history of V. Kaverin and B. Schlink is interesting as a field, the study of which helps to clarify the present and warn against mistakes in the future.

A number of negative characters in Yakut mythology, as well as individual images of folklore, are considered. The point of view, according to which the basis for the emergence of certain mythological ideas among the Yakuts was the real world, the features of the landscape and climate, to the extent that they influenced a person, is proved. It is noted that the culture of the Sakha people is based on rich mythological concepts that have developed during the development of the vast expanses of the Arctic space. The authors analyze ethnographic notes of the XIX—XX centuries and modern scientific publications, which examine the mythology and folklore of the Sakha people (Yakuts). An attempt has been made to clarify the question of the influence of knowledge about the fossil remains of the mammoth fauna on the formation of mythological ideas related to the peculiarities of the climate of the region being developed. The image of a mammoth is analyzed in the broad context of the mythological views of the Yakuts. It is concluded that secondary esoteric ideas about mammoths, caused by the discovery of their remains, could form the basis of a prototypical image for a number of characters in Yakut mythology, for example, a water bull and a cold bull. It is proved that the idea of mammoths could be reflected in the external appearance of the abaasy heroes in the epic folklore of the Sakha.

The issues of kinship in the social self-organization of nomads are considered. The results of field studies in various regions of Mongolia, which unambiguously record the existence of informal family-related groups, united on the basis of, first of all, common economic and household interests are presented. The author notes the functions of the nomadic community: law enforcement, expressed in the collective protection of pasture lands and their joint ownership; cooperative, involving labor cooperation, mainly of a seasonal nature, and spiritual, associated both with the holding of common religious, festive and other events, and with the regulation of conflict relations within the nomadic community on the basis of traditional moral values. It is shown that contradictions in the legal issues of the use of pasture lands, on the one hand, and the temporality and relativity of the territorial settlement inherent in the nomadic way of life, on the other, contribute to the stable existence of the nomadic community. It is concluded that socio-legal regulation in the absence of effective public-state institutions is replaced by traditional ideas about property rights, the carriers of which are represented by family-related groups of nomads. It is emphasized that the role of kinship as a characteristic social resource is also manifested in migration processes in Mongolian society.

The results of the analysis of the tragic stage in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church during the civil war in the Kemerovo region are presented. Based on materials from periodicals and archives, as well as on the research of secular and church historians, the partisan pogroms of 1919 are considered as events that had a negative impact on the life of the church as a social institution. It is noted that pogroms and murders of believers and clergy took place everywhere in the territory of Kuzbass. It was revealed on the basis of documentary evidence that the main target of the attack of the red partisans was the clergy. Punitive operations continued throughout 1919, but the peak of the pogroms is associated with the activities of the united detachment under the command of G. F. Rogov and I. P. Novoselov in December in the Kuznetsk district. It is shown that the Russian Orthodox Church was seized by an institutional crisis, the parish life of the counties was upset, the number of clergy decreased, and some of the clergy left the region.

The role of the first Russian parliament in the formation and development of the education system in the country is considered. The activity of deputies on the solution of the most pressing issues in the period from 1906 to 1917 is analyzed. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the consideration of the State Duma as the most important legislative body in the creation of the educational system in Russia. The discrepancy between the interests of the authorities and society, their different understanding of the goals and objectives of objectively overdue transformations, which is reflected in the legislative activity of the State Duma is revealed. It is indicated that a significant place in the national policy of the state was occupied by issues of education and the status of national languages. It is shown that as a result of active legislative initiative and the position of deputies in the development of bills “On the introduction of universal education”, “On the reform of secondary schools”, government spending on secondary and primary education increased several times. It is noted that as a result of the activities of the deputies of the State Duma of the III convocation, significant amendments and additions were made to the bill “On higher primary schools”, which was adopted in 1912.

For the first time in Russian historiography, the fate of the autochthonous Polish population of the former eastern provinces of Germany, which at the end of the Second World War became part of the Polish Republic under the name “Returned Lands”, is considered for the first time. On the basis of official documents of the authorities, statistics, press materials, memoirs and the latest research, the author analyzes the concepts of integration of the indigenous population of the Returned Lands into Polish society, the main mechanisms and results of the policy of repolonization of Germanized autochthons. It is shown that many Poles, former citizens of Germany, found it difficult to identify themselves with the Polish state, its history and culture. Comparing the plans and results of the government’s integration efforts, the author concludes that the original plan of the Polish authorities envisaged a phased and gradual integration of the indigenous people of Polish origin into Polish society. It is noted, however, that with the beginning of the socialist reforms on the Soviet model in the late 1940s, the interaction of the authorities with the inhabitants of the Returned Lands was reduced to a set of administrative measures designed to level the differences between different groups of the population on the newly annexed lands.

The experience of adaptation of educational institutions of the regional system of stationary training of qualified workers in the context of the migration impact in the 1940s — the first half of the 1950s is considered. A number of approaches in modern domestic and foreign historiography, postulating the existence, along with punitive and coercive mechanisms of ensuring the loyalty of the Soviet working class, a number of administrative practices that provided significant support for state policy “from below,” from the working masses, are highlighted. It is shown that the awareness of the impossibility of widespread use of compulsory punitive mechanisms without restriction was formed directly during the implementation of state policy in the 1940s — mid 1950s, it was also represented among the leaders of the system for training young skilled workers — the State Labor Reserves. It is noted that such an understanding leads already at the beginning of the 1940s, in the most difficult conditions of the initial period of the Great Patriotic War, to the development among the leadership of educational institutions and the regional administration of the State Labor Reserves mechanisms for adapting educational institutions and students to a complex of problems caused by the powerful migration impact. The authors identified four groups of such mechanisms that ensured the minimum sufficient level of student loyalty to solving educational and production problems: agitation and information; organizational; economic and material and household; sociocultural.

The question of the attitude of the Orthodox Russian clergy to the right-wing political parties at the beginning of the 20^th century — the Black Hundreds (the Union of the Russian People, the Russian People’s Union named after Mikhail Archangel, etc.) and Russian nationalists (the All-Russian National Union and related organizations) is considered. The novelty of the research is seen in the introduction into scientific circulation of new sources (materials of the church press), which make it possible to make a number of significant clarifications in the existing ideas about the relationship between the Orthodox Church and right-wing political organizations. Particular attention is paid to the differences in the views of clergymen on the Black Hundred unions and political structures of Russian nationalists. The reasons for the cooperation of conservative Orthodox pastors with the Black Hundred unions and organizations of Russian nationalists and the circumstances that forced the clergy to show concern for the views and activities of right-wing parties are shown. It is argued that the secularization and Westernization of Russian nationalism, which led to the departure of its ideologists and followers from the foundations of the Orthodox doctrine and church worldview, became the main reasons for the wary attitude of church circles towards the political organizations of Russian nationalists.

The features of the formation of the appearance of a provincial district society are analyzed on the example of the Ural district town of Krasnoufimsk, Perm province. The factors that influenced the changes taking place in the bureaucratic environment in the first half of the 1870s are considered, the composition of Krasnoufimsk district officials is presented. The study was carried out on the basis of data recorded by the former serf of the Perm landowners Golubtsovs Matvey Andreev in the published Diary. Through the eyes of a representative of a different class, some aspects of the relationship between the Krasnoufimsk bureaucratic district society and the representative of the upper noble class V. P. Golubtsov (1832—1887) are shown. It is indicated that the information contained in the Diary testifies to the changes taking place in society associated with the erosion of its composition and the weakening of the influence of officials in the space of the county town, when the content component of the previously formed traditions changes by introducing new models of behavior by representatives of other classes. The relevance of the study is seen in the importance of studying the socio-cultural space of the provincial city in general and the Ural in particular, which had its own specific features that influenced the formation of urban society. It is concluded that although only some socio-cultural aspects of the life of a provincial society are shown, their identification and study will help to better understand what important processes took place in society during the post-reform period.

The article deals with the Arabic-language epistolary documents of Dagestan origin, dating back to the late 19^th — early 20th centuries. The relevance of this study is due to the need to enter into scientific circulation epistolary material from the Fund of Oriental Manuscripts of the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Dagestan Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It is noted that the introduction of these materials into scientific circulation will allow them to be used as sources of factual information, which can significantly supplement or clarify the facts already known to a specialist historian dealing with a particular problem. An overview of some Arabic-language epistolary documents of Dagestan origin is presented, their thematic characteristics are given, individual excerpts of letters from Arabic into Russian are translated, and the features of these documents are described in a historical context. Particular attention is paid to sources, as a storehouse of valuable information on the study of the socio-economic and political life of the Dagestan society. It is shown that the epistolary heritage allows one to reconstruct and interpret the history of everyday life, personal relationships in society and clarify certain aspects of the life of Dagestan society in the 19^th — early 20th centuries.

The problem of improving the criminal liability of the subjects of the Russian Empire at the end of the nineteenth century for espionage and spilling state secrets to a foreign state is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of the problem under study for the effective functioning of the Russian state. The study is based on historical sources of a regulatory and legal nature and is interdisciplinary in nature. Particular attention is paid to the study of legal norms, the identification of the type and amount of punishments for the commission of espionage by Russian citizens and spilling the state secrets to a foreign state. It is indicated that in the second half of the 19^th century, the intensity of intelligence of foreign secret services in the territory of the Russian Empire increased. It is noted that more and more often foreign powers involved Russian subjects in the process of obtaining Russian secrets. At the same time, the analysis of the sources made it possible to reveal a sufficient limitation of the institution of counteracting espionage and disclosure of state secrets to foreign states in the Russian Empire at the end of the 19^th century. It is proved that it was precisely these phenomena at the end of the 19^th and the beginning of the 20^th centuries that determined the authorities’ desire to progressively improve legal mechanisms that counteract threats and challenges to national security.

The features of recruiting the political elite of Iraq after the overthrow of the regime of President Saddam Hussein in 2003 are considered. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study the processes of elite formation in the Middle East during the period of regional transformations. The key mechanisms and principles of the formation of the Iraqi political elite within the framework of the emerging post-Saddam political system have been identified. It is shown that the political leaders who came into power with the support of the Americans until 2003 were the “counter-elite” of S. Hussein, therefore participation in the opposition movements became an important criterion for recruiting. Special attention is paid to the informal (traditional) principles of recruiting the new elite, which have become the main mechanism of this process. In particular, the following principles are described: “muhassasa taifiyya”, which assumes the distribution of political positions in accordance with the share of ethno-confessional groups in the general population, clan solidarity, and religious institutions. It is emphasized that the role of Shiite religious structures, including spiritual leaders, and their influence on the formation of the political elite have significantly increased compared to the pre-occupation period.

The activity and political significance of the conferences of the Minister Presidents of the German states during the years of the institutionalization of the Federal Republic of Germany (1948—1949) are considered. It is concluded that in the absence of a number of significant central authorities, it was the conferences of the heads of state governments that played a coordinating role to fill them up on the German side. It is noted that the Minister Presidents also served as a converging point between the allies, the regional elite, political parties and bizone authorities. It is shown that various formats of work of heads of state governments at the interzonal level allowed them to take part in the discussion of almost all key problems of the western zones of occupation. It is emphasized that the two-zone meetings of the Minister Presidents with the military governors and the three-zone conferences of the Minister Presidents themselves, which in fact became the main instruments for reaching political compromises, had a particular impact. It is pointed out that this was especially clearly manifested during the discussion of the “Frankfurt Documents”. It is concluded that, at the same time, the dependence on the military administrations of the allies, the party elite and bizone authorities at the same time did not allow these conferences to evolve into something more than a platform for building consensus, and thereby pursue a full-fledged independent policy.

The article deals with the problem of resources for reading for the townspeople in the Volga city during the First World War. It is noted that the dealing with the problems, allows the researcher to identify the mechanisms that allowed society to adapt to the conditions of extreme reality. The provision of the Volga cities with libraries has been studied. The possibilities of reading in the provincial and district cities of the studied region are compared. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the development of a complex of public and private resources (libraries), available for leisure reading in the Volga city during the First World War, was revealed. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of analyzing the sociocultural practices of society as a compensatory mechanism, as well as a resource reflecting mass sentiment in extreme periods of state development. Comparison of provincial and county city libraries in terms of ownership, attendance, material security is carried out. The conclusion is made about the diversity of reading opportunities as a form of leisure for the Volga region residents during the First World War. The cities of the Volga region were identified, in which the resource of libraries was more diverse. It is shown that there were more libraries in the provincial towns than in the county ones; they had a different organizational basis and more complete funds.

The dynamics of urbanization processes among the Tatar population of Western Siberia during the second half of the 19^th — first third of the 20^th centuries is considered on the basis of the materials of the First General Census of the Population of the Russian Empire in 1897 and the All-Union Census of 1926. The main attention in the article is paid to the factors that influenced urbanization processes, among which are the bourgeois reforms of the second half of the 19^th century, the Stolypin reform of the early 20^th century, as well as the policy of the emerging Soviet state in the 20s of the 20^th century. The results of a comparative analysis with the general situation in the country in the study period for the Tatar and Russian population are presented. The question is raised about the role and place of Tatar migrants from the Volga and Ural regions in the cities of Western Siberia. Particular attention is paid to the demographic indicators of urbanization processes, identifying the features of their course. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the process of the formation of the urban Tatar population in the second half of the 19^th — the first third of the 20^th centuries is for the first time considered in historical dynamics. The relevance of the study is due to the poor study of the topic.

The article is devoted to the guardianship of popular sobriety — institutions created by the government of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century to organize the fight against excessive alcohol consumption at the provincial and district levels. The study describes the situation with the consumption of alcoholic beverages in Russia at the turn of the XIX—XX centuries, provides the main provisions of the state wine monopoly, introduced in 1895 with the direct participation of the Minister of Finance S. Yu. Witte. Based on the Charter of Guardianship of People’s Sobriety, the authors describe their powers, composition, and features of work organization. Based on the analysis of diverse sources (including unpublished archival sources), the article characterizes the diverse activities of guardianship in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as its assessment by contemporaries. The conclusion is made about the relatively low efficiency of the work of sober institutions due to their bureaucracy and insufficient funding. The article describes the problem of reforming the guardianship, which was discussed with varying intensity in the 1900—1910s in the Ministry of Finance, the State Council, public and zemstvo circles. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the problems faced by the guardianship of popular sobriety during the First World War after the introduction of the “Prohibition”. The scientific novelty of the research lies in an attempt to analyze the entire set of issues related to the activities of guardianship in the period under review, starting from documents of a legal and office-work nature, statistical materials, periodicals, journalistic and memoir literature.

On the basis of archival materials introduced into scientific circulation, analysis of regional periodicals, reference books, normative acts and published data, the history of the emergence and spread of stationary cinematic theaters in the Tobolsk province is traced. The administrative and institutional aspect of their opening is considered. Particular attention is paid to preparatory work, technical and construction rules and conditions for the official acceptance of buildings, fire safety measures of pre-revolutionary cinematographs, toponymy and their localization in the socio-cultural space of cities. The article provides information on the social and professional affiliation of the owners of the electric theaters. It is concluded that the positive dynamics of the founding of cinematographs in the studied region, characterized by speed and continuity, refers to the period 1909—1916. The organization of a network of cinemas in the provincial cities of the West Siberian part of Russia was associated with the work of provincial institutions, municipal authorities, and police officers. The functioning of these public institutions was systematically monitored by the officials of these departments, who were guided by the technical normative legal acts adopted in the empire that regulate the conditions for keeping cinemas. The development of cinematography was an important indicator of the innovative trends taking place in the leisure segment of the everyday life of citizens.