The article is devoted to the study of the standardization of the order of words in the attribute toponyms - word combinations with the type of concord connection. The relevance of the study is due to the need to understand the results of the standardization of toponyms in Russia in order to create linguistic foundations for its improvement. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the study of the results of the standardization of toponyms is carried out for the first time on the basis of the variation of the word order in toponyms and word combinations. Using statistical analysis, it is shown that simple toponyms-word combinations are the nuclear type of toponyms-word combinations in Russian toponymy. Examples of variation of the direct and reverse order of words in toponyms-word combinations are presented. The most frequent post-positive definitions in toponyms-word combinations with inverse word order are revealed. Parallels are drawn between terminological word combination and toponyms-word combinations with inverse word order. Special attention is paid to the analysis of toponyms-word combinations normalized in recent years with varying word order. The author makes the assumption that the use of ordinal numbers in toponyms-word combinations in an inverted form is supported by the rules of writing toponyms on maps. The connection between the choice of codified variant and the features of the regional toponymic system is established. The necessity of continuing observations on the process of the standardization of toponyms to confirm the results obtained is emphasized.

The article is devoted to precedent proper names in the composition of political promotional videos / video texts that have a polycode and dynamic character. The study is based on video texts of political advertising distributed during the presidential elections in France in 2017 and in Russia in 2018. The results of the comparative analysis of communicative strategies and tactics involving French and Russian precedent names from the conceptual category “Historical figures and realities” in the broadcast of political messages are presented. Particular attention is paid to the specifics of the interaction of precedent proper names with nonverbal context. The role of the case-signs in the realization of the impact of communicative functions and the transfer of current political meanings in policode advertising works are clarified. As a result of comparative observations, some trends in the use of case names in political videos of two countries are revealed. It is established that the precedent names of historical figures and realities in Russian video texts are characterized by a greater variety than similar language units in French video clips. It is noted that the considered precedent names in French videos serve exclusively for the implementation of the communicative strategy of self-presentation, while in Russian video clips precedent signs are used in the framework of strategies of self-presentation and discredit.

The article presents the possibilities of the representation of the regional specificity of phraseology in the synoptic dictionary on a broad all-Russian and inter-regional background. The main provisions of the concept of such dictionary developed by lexicographers of Saint Petersburg and Pskov universities are formulated. The research urgency is caused by necessity of improvement of the system of dictionary description of regional phraseological material. The novelty of the study is to identify the optimal lexicographic techniques to show the features of the component composition of dialect proverbs and sayings, phraseological activity and metaphorical potential of their core components, to reveal the mechanism of development of phraseological meaning and to explicate its regional component. It is proved that the complex description of national proverbs and their regional variants in one dictionary article will allow to reveal universal and specific figurative motives and structural-semantic models of phraseological units. Particular attention is paid to the construction of linguistic and cultural commentary in a separate parametric zone of the dictionary entry and the inclusion of cultural and historical information in the definition of the headline. The expediency of attracting foreign-language phraseological parallels in the etymologization of dialect phraseological units functioning in the areas of cross-border interlanguage contacts is shown. The author’s approach to the dictionary representation of the transformations of proverbs and sayings in folk dialects, modern speech of citizens and media texts is innovative, it gives the opportunity to see the results of the linguistic creative activity of the national linguistic consciousness in various socio-cultural conditions.

The article is devoted to the study of information, conceptual and emotional balance of the communicative and textual environment of regional media in the context of the construction of local patriotism of the past and the characteristics of the impact on the mass addressee (on the example of the Volgograd region media). The principle of balance is considered as an integral principle of environmental friendliness. Local patriotism is defined as the discursive relationship between the subject and the object of patriotism. An integrative approach is used, which provides an opportunity to analyze linguistic and non-linguistic phenomena, to attract achievements in different fields of knowledge. The completeness of the event content reflection, the types of facts, the text superstructure; the graduation of the truth at the level of propositional content or propositional installation, the reactualization accuracy, focus and means of displacement of communicative focus, the phenomenon of recurrently, types of headlines; estimative definition for hyperonyms to objects of reactualization (the past, history) and basic place names of the region; the ratio of positive and negative emotional semantic elements, types of emotional tonality are examined. It is shown that the characteristics of the balance of the communicative-textual environment determine the impact on the cognitive and emotional spheres of the addressee. The results indicate that the implemented control of information, perceptions and interpretations of the addressee, selective, irregular, mosaic, “substitutional,” “non-personal,” “distance” nature of the formation of pictures in the past of the region, “eventization” of memory, which helps simplification and stereotyping of generated images, reduction of internalization, complicates the initiation of emotional involvement and the valuable relationship.

The functioning of a travelogue letter in Russian monastic literature is considered on the material of the spiritual epistolary heritage of Archimandrite Sergius (Stragorodsky). Analyzing the work “In the Far East (Letters of the Japanese Missionary)”, the author shows the features of thematic and ideological content, the elocutive organization of spiritual epistolary texts combining the traits of letter and travelogue. The work reveals the linguistic stylistic features of spiritual travelogue: its lexical and figuratively tropetic characteristic is given. It is shown that in the analyzed texts stylistically marked linguistic elements are used: words and superword units related to the “Orthodoxy” thematic sphere. It is established that the naming of persons associated with Christian religious activities, the names of liturgical objects, the names of Orthodox holidays become a stylistic marker of spiritual letters- travelogues. The author focuses on the intertextual connections of the work “In the Far East ...”, reveals the New Testament and prayer intertextems that contribute to the actualization of Christian meanings. It is revealed in the article that the tropetic features of the works studied are due to the use of metaphors, epithets, religious allusions; figurative peculiarities are due to the use of enumeration, question-response, repetitions with religionisms components. It is concluded that spiritual travelogues fit into the context of Russian monastic literature - a unique and unexplored phenomenon of national culture.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the functioning of text bonds itak and takim obrazom ‘so; thus’ in Internet communication. The relevance of the study is determined by the rapid development of Internet communication, which led to rapid changes in the functioning of language units. Such concepts as “Internet communication”, “Internet discourse,” “creolized text” and “text bond” are considered. Particular attention is paid to the comparison of the nature of the functioning of the word itak and phrase takim obrazom in the traditional spheres of communication and Internet communication. The texts of the online versions of the news of the First channel and the Internet meme are used as a source of language material. On the basis of the analysis it is concluded that the functional range of the considered units in the Internet discourse is significantly different from that which can be observed in scientific and journalistic texts. In particular, it is shown that in Internet communication the word itak is most often used in signal function, such functioning is noted for the phrase takim obrazom that it is not typical for it in other communication conditions.

The article is devoted to the study of the folklore of the pre-marriage period of the life of young people in the traditional Adyghe society. It is noted that, despite the importance of the functions and artistic merit of this stratum of the Adyghe national culture, it has not received wide coverage in the scientific literature, which determines the relevance and novelty of the chosen topic. The analysis involves works whose sphere of existence is public or family celebrations, parties with games and gatherings, other improvised or ritualized actions. It is noted that in the culture of the Adyghe’s there is a long tradition of meeting young men and women before the wedding for a fun pastime, dating, establishing personal relationships, and assigning social roles, which prepared marriage unions. It is shown that at such meetings, young people showed creativity: they participated in games, danced, sang, etc. The role of laughter culture in pre-marriage dialogue is emphasized. Examples of poetic and musical genres of a comic character are given: comic songs, musically intonated verses, and other folklore works that were performed by young people during meetings, for example, nightly gatherings, visits to the sick or wounded, and under other circumstances. It is shown that in the Adyghe pre-marriage folklore the laughter component is multifunctional: it introduces the spirit of freedom into communication, retains ancient magical functions, has a pronounced aesthetic organization.

The purpose of the research is to conceptualize the role of the statue of the goddess of love in the populist discourse of the 1880s. It is noted that in the era of the crisis of populism, the image of the marble Aphrodite-Venus was claimed as the antithesis of the social and ethical problem of “duty to the people” that had lost its relevance. The article for the first time ever compares the works of G. I. Uspensky and A. I. Ertel. It is shown that the writer Ertel, who declared his break with populism, saw in the ancient statue of Aphrodite the image of all-sufficient beauty, which the artist should return to, getting rid of the mirage of sociality. Unlike Ertel, G. I. Uspensky continued to consider the people as his “creditor” to the end of his life, and the intellectual person as a man obliged to sacrifice himself for the sake of “mass happiness”. For the first time, the influence of N. K. Mikhailovsky on the work of G. I. Uspensky, which was expressed on the scale of artistic synthesis by the author of “Vypryamilo” the evils and ulcers of civilization, is traced. It is indicated that in this case the substratum of populist ideas in “Vypryamilo” was dissolved in Uspensky’s religious-ecstatic revelation about the “bright future” of humanity. It is noted that the statue of Venus de Milo appeared in the essay of Uspensky as a new religious symbol - “prophecy” of the coming Resurrection. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the crisis of populism was overcome in the essay “Vypryamilo” by a radical move beyond social life, to the “endless prospects” of divine-humanity.

The main communicative characteristics of the first printed Russian newspaper, “Peter the Great’s Vedomosti” are discussed in the article. It briefly indicates the historical context of the appearance of the first national print edition, determines the sociocultural and functional significance of the newspaper, its type as a publication, including comparison with the predecessor “Vedomosti”, the first handwritten newspaper “Vesti Kuranty”, which status is still debatable. The main communicative parameters of the newspaper are qualified: the goal, objectives, features of the addressant and the addressee, as well as news reports in the context of the birth of national journalism. Such important for periodicals characteristics, as efficiency and information needs of the readership are commented. The problem of the authorship of the newspaper news text in this historical period is discussed. The structural complexity and different functional roles of the newspaper texts creators, as well as the way the author introduces new information, including the emergence of a news note model is emphasized. It reveals the communicative position of the author of the newspaper text in terms of the space-time approach and the means of its representation. The thematic range of newspaper materials placed in the set of “Peter the Great’s Vedomosti” for 1710 is determined, a qualitative and quantitative characteristic of thematic groups is given.

The article analyzes the features of transformation of ballad genre form in modern Russian poetry. Relying on theoretical propositions about the specifics of the genre, developed in the works of Yu. N. Tynianov and M. M. Bakhtin, the nature of changes in the features of the genre of ballad are explored in the creative practice of poets of the turn of 20^th-21^st centuries. The study found that the genre “image” of ballad is directly related to the feature of the modern poetic process, in which there are “traditional” and “avant-garde” paradigms. It is noted that in the works of poets-traditionalists (E. Rein, O. Khlebnikov, O. Nikolaeva, S. Kekova, D. Bykov, etc.) is dominated by a variant of the lyrical ballad, which has a philosophical, elegiac nature, and a special drama and tension are associated here with nostalgic sadness about the past, the loss of ties to the past, discomfort in the present. It is shown that the works of avant-garde poets (T. Kibirov, E. Schvarts, F. Svarovsky, A. Rovinsky, D. Vodennikov etc.) often decanonize genre characteristics of romantic ballads. It is emphasized that through the genre synthesis of ballad, lyrical cycle, parable, and fable the avant-garde poets demonstrate the instability of the era of the late 20^th century, the confusion of a man caught in the maelstrom of socio-political events. Analyzing the work of poets, the authors prove that, unlike the poets-traditionalists, the representatives of the avant-garde trend abandon traditional lyricism and actively use all the variety of postmodern techniques.

The article investigates the ontological duality as one of the important philosophical aspects of rock poetry by V. Tsoi. The importance of a philosophical interpretation of the rock text that embodies a worldview of its author is emphasized. It is shown that the text of the song “In Our Eyes” reflects the concept of being, various components of which are sometimes filled with opposite meanings; and yet they are logically combined, creating a complex philosophy of the lyrical hero. The attention is focused on the fact that ontological duality is represented at all levels of the artistic world of the song, including the level of lyrical hero, addressee, composition, but first of all - at the content and ideological level. It is noted that the text of the song “In Our Eyes” is in relationship with other works of the album “Blood Group,” being an integral part of the overall metaphysical plot of the rock cycle. It is proved that the concept of ontological duality of human existence is formed in the text of the rock song; rock, the author seeks to solve the philosophical problem of choice, and a lyrical hero of the song is not afraid to confront the world and at the same time does not seek to destroy it, he is ready to take place in the world, while maintaining his uniqueness.

The article is devoted to the implementation peculiarities of the motive of crossing the water in the Russian wedding rituals of the modern Udmurt Republic. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that the motive of crossing over water was first considered in the context of wedding folklore found in the territory of the modern republic. The results of the analysis of a number of wedding customs are presented in which the motive of crossing the water is symbolically represented in the action code of the wedding ritual. It was revealed that in these wedding episodes the water was endowed with a “fateful” role. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of texts of wedding songs. The associative links of water as a magical cleansing element and its properties such as changeability, fluidity, with the "transitional" status of the bride in a wedding ceremony are shown. As a result of the analysis of the texts of wedding songs, it was found that the implementation of the motive of the crossing in the Russian wedding folklore of the Udmurt Republic involves several imaginative spheres - a sphere associated with the mythological water and hydronyms; images of transport; a sphere uniting the image of a bridge and buildings, objects and actions similar to it. It is shown that new representations of the crossing can be added to the characteristic manifestations of its motive: the crossing without the participation of water space; textual description and identical kinetic interpretation of a bridge crossing in the action code.

The history of formation of multi-field cooperation of Yamal is investigated. On the basis of the first introduced into scientific circulation archival materials of the State institution “State archive of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug” the organizational and legal issues of creation of the Northern cooperation, separate industrial artels working in the system of the Yamal-Nenets multi-field Union of cooperatives are considered. The author attempts to comprehend the history of cooperation, the role of leaders and their participation in its activities. The characteristic features of the Northern and multi-field cooperation of Yamal, in particular, in contrast to its other types, were the late creation and registration in an independent Union, the frequent change of managerial personnel, weak material and technical support and loose labour discipline, geographical and transport distance, severe climatic conditions of the North of Western Siberia. Archival data allowed to trace the history of the formation and development of commercial cooperation, its transformation and problems that had to be faced during the 1930s-1950s. Evidence is given that during the period of activity of multi-field cooperation of Yamal one had to experience financial and logistical difficulties. The article fills a gap in the history of the origin, formation and development of cooperation in the North of Western Siberia.

The political activities and attitudes of the priest N. Gepetsky during his work as a member of the III State Duma of the Russian Empire are discussed. Attention is paid to Gepetsky’s position on a number of issues discussed in the Duma, including the question of the address of gratitude to the Emperor, the fight against drunkenness, the development of primary education, the rights of non-Orthodox religions, the language of teaching in Bessarabia primary schools. Special attention is paid to Gepetsky’s efforts to unite politically the Duma clergy, his struggle for the independence of the parish school, speeches and articles of the deputy- priest, in which he presented himself as a Russian nationalist. The relevance of the study is due to the growing public interest in the problem of relations between the Church and the state, acute discussions about the role of religion in education, the problem of the relationship between Christianity and nationalism. Novelty of research consists in that it is the first work specifically devoted to N. Gepetsky. It for the first time provides an analysis of his political views, new sources are introduced in the scientific circulation, including Gepetsky’s articles in the press, archival documents, reflecting his career in the Church and activity in the Duma.

The article is devoted to one of the poorly studied pages in the historiography of the late Soviet period - the history of industrial injuries and labor protection in the areas of new industrial development. The dynamics of injuries in the construction of the western section of the BAM are considered, its branch specificity is revealed, measures to reduce accidents at work are described. It is noted that the technical re-equipment of production and the optimization of working conditions, occupational training and promotion of occupational safety, the fight against occupational diseases and convalescence and health treatment, administrative influence methods played a leading role in shaping the labor protection system. It is revealed that in the first years high injuries were caused by the use of heavy physical labor in the absence of the necessary social and production infrastructure. It is indicated that in the midst of construction, the main factors were violations of safety engineering, technology and organization of production, speeding up the deadlines for the commissioning of objects, etc. Special attention is paid to labor protection measures. In conclusion, the authors show that the completion of the construction and collapse of the USSR led to the redeployment or disbandment of most enterprises, but the experience of labor protection and prevention of occupational injuries accumulated during the construction of the highway retains its significance to the present.

The strategies of space development, mechanisms of adaptation and identification of local cultures of the Sakha (Yakut) people in constant close connection with the natural environment are considered. The invariant features of the ethno-cultural landscape of the Yakuts, formed on the basis of local worldview, are revealed. The material for cross-cultural research was folklore, ethnographic and linguistic data reflecting and revealing the fundamental and symbolic meanings of the dominant symbols of spaces and ecological traditions based on the spiritualization of the landscape environment. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that the work for the first time analyzes natural objects (alas, forest, ponds, mountain), which played a key role in the formation of local identities, in the semantic context. Historical-cognitive and linguistic analysis of the mental-cultural layer of natural objects showed that the cultural model of the Yakuts preserved archaic elements associated with the Turkic-Mongolian substrate. It is shown that the Yakuts transferred the metaphor of the South and stereotypes of spatial behaviour based on the perception of the southern ancestral home to a new geographical space. The author argues that natural objects accumulate ideas about the habitable terrain and “feeding landscape” and become key ethno-differentiating markers and the basis of the national-cultural narrative of the Yakut people. Thus, the conceptual foundations for the perception of natural objects in the minds of the Yakut people are determined, on the one hand, by utilitarian ideas about the territory as an economically developed space, on the other hand - by the mythological perception of real geographical space as value-heterogeneous loci according to the universal division of “own / alien.”

The article deals with the reflection of the Polish problem in the pages of the journal “Bulletin of South-Western and Western Russia,” which enjoyed a reputation as an odious and radical propaganda edition. The main attention is paid to the history of the magazine in 1862-1864 - the first years of its release before the editorial office moved from Kiev to Vilna, coinciding with the aggravation of the Polish problem on the eve and during the January uprising of 1863. The author dwells on the polemic articles that belonged to the editor K. Govorsky, publicists A. Voronin, I. Kulzhinsky, S. P. Shipov and other, often anonymous, employees of the journal. The relevance of the study is due, among other things, to the appeal to the polemics of “Bulletin” with F. Dukhinsky’s ideas about “the Moscow Turanism” experiencing a second birth in some Eastern European countries. It is shown that, with rare exceptions, polemic attacks of the journal were directed not against the Polish nation, but against the “Polish” class model of social order, which was proclaimed archaism to be eliminated on the pages of “Bulletin.” It is proved that the journalism of “Bulletin of South-Western and Western Russia” was not so much nationalist, but anti-class one. It is indicated that, not being a standard of good taste and conceptual novelty, it was a part of the confrontation between the two branches of Russian political culture: national and class directions.

The article is devoted to two well-known historians of the Ural State University: Mikhail Yakovlevich Syusyumov (1893-1982), the outstanding byzantinist of the 20^th century, and Ivan Nikanorovich Chempalov (1913-2008), the founder of the Ural school of historians of international relations. The aim of the article is to study one of the most important aspects of the unique process - the formation of the scientific school of historians of international relations at the Ural University. Special attention is paid to an important stage in the scientific biography of its founder I. N. Chempalov - preparation of the doctoral thesis. The documents are used which had not previously been published, in particular, the materials of personal correspondence of M. Ya. Syusyumov with other historians - V. T. Sirotenko and K. D. Petryaev. The authors believe that the Ural school of historians of international relations was formed not without the influence of the theory of continuity (historical succession) proposed by M. Ya. Syusyumov. There is a high prognostic potential of historical thinking of this authoritative medievalist, who gave a number of assessments of the modern historical process, as subsequent events confirmed his rightness. The authors of the article made an attempt to reveal the essence of “the phenomenon of I. N. Chempalov.” The process of scientific continuity and influence of the senior colleague on formation of I. N. Chempalov as a historian of international relations is covered.

The article is devoted to the formation of the image of the “Red Menace” by the US Department of Justice in the early twentieth century. It is noted that the revolution in Russia in 1917 immediately riveted the attention of the American public and authorities, while the October revolution and the spread of Bolshevism in Russia provoked on the one hand, a negative reaction from the authorities, on the other hand, contributed to the activation of left-wing political forces in the United States. The purpose of the article is to trace how the Department of Justice and, in particular, the Bureau of Investigations (future FBI), which was gaining strength at the time, saw the implications of the Russian revolution for the internal security of the United States and built the image of this revolution as the “Red Menace”. It is shown that the most important events of this period are the so-called “Palmer raids” associated with the power actions of the Ministry of Justice and the Bureau of Investigation against anarchists, socialists and communists in the United States. It is noted that during this period, John Edgar Hoover, one of the main anti-Communists in US history, the future odious director of the FBI and one of the most influential people in the history of this country, began to work in the Ministry and the Bureau. The authors conclude that the “Red Menace” stereotype formed during the period under review will influence the future US policy towards Russia and during the Cold War.

The article is devoted to the political and economic aspects of the state coup of 1957 in the Republic of San Marino. The chronology of events is considered, the analysis of the main factors and consequences of this historical episode is carried out. The relevance of the study is determined, on the one hand, by the complete absence of works devoted to this topic in the Russian specialized literature, on the other hand, by the growing interest in neutral San Marino in Russia, confirmed, in particular, by the growth of bilateral contacts at the highest level in the modern period of development of relations between them. The sources of information were bilateral agreements between San Marino and Italy, historical notes from the website of the official news agency of the small Republic, the cipher telegram of the USA Embassy, which is in the public domain, the media of the described period, as well as the memories of one of the actors of these events. The paper shows that, on the one hand, the state coup in San Marino was the result of joint efforts of the United States, Italy and the San Marino opposition; on the other hand, the economic difficulties in the country, including those provoked by external forces, led to a split in the ruling coalition. The novelty of the research is seen in the introduction of new documents devoted to this problem into the domestic scientific discourse, as well as in the critical assessment of one of the least studied and controversial events in the history of the oldest Republic of Europe.

The article deals with the Soviet and post-Soviet historiography of the regional policy of Germany in the years of the Weimar Republic. It is noted that, despite an occasional appeal to this topic and often the overview and fragmentary nature of its research, over the past century, the main problems of regional development and the relations of the imperial center with the lands of 1918-1933 were identified and studied to varying degrees. It is shown that there are significant discrepancies in the historical assessments of the variability of the Sovietization of the regions during the November Revolution, the essence of Weimar federalism and the ways of its transformation, the position of the Reichsrat, the German-Prussian dualism, the character of the Ordnungszelle regime in Bavaria, the significance of imperial execution in Central Germany in 1923 and Prussia 1932, the nature of Rhine nationalism, the content of the policy of land unification. Each of these issues is discussed in the article. The main issue is the relationship of constitutional regulation of federal relations and their practical implementation. It is also concluded that there is practically no continuity between Soviet historians and scientists of the post-Soviet era in the assessments of the regional policy of Weimar Germany. In conclusion, the main gaps in the study of the regions of the Weimar Republic are presented, which can further form promising areas of research.

The article presents proven methodological approaches of traditional ethnic entrepreneurship forms study. The author stands on the positions of primordialism and considers the of ethnic entrepreneurship phenomenon on the base of fractal and network organization concepts. Ethnic entrepreneurship manifestations in the urban and rural environment are proposed to be considered in an organic relationship, as a process, that allows ethnos adaptation potential realization at all levels of social organization of ethnic minorities (from “households” to large trading firms), on the one hand. And, to integrate the primary institutions of the ethnos (fractals) into the system of regional and interregional economic (market) ties without the threat of losing ethnic identity, on the other hand. Special attention is paid to the ethnic economy place in the structure of ethnic processes (migration, adaptation, integration, consolidation, assimilation). This methodological approach allows us to consider ethnic entrepreneurship as a traditional economy structural element and a sociocultural phenomenon in statics. So, it is in dynamics, - as a manifestation of a multicomponent, hierarchically coordinated and latent (in form) process. According to the author, the actual ethnic economy should be attributed to the ethnic processes group. This allows you to expand the subject field of research in the field of social and applied anthropology (ethnology) significantly; to reach the level of scientific forecasting of the mechanism of interaction and interdependence of ethno-political and socio-economic processes.

The problems of identity manifestation in ethno-disperse groups, in particular Jews, in the Republic of Bashkortostan as one of the polyethnic Russian regions are considered. The study is based on the analysis of ethnolinguistic identity of Jews in the region in the late 19^th, during 20^th and early 21^st centuries. It is noted that in the late 19^th - early 20^th centuries the ethnolinguistic identity of the Jewish population remained very high, but during the Soviet period, living in a multi-ethnic Republic, highly urbanized Jewish ethnic group, adapting to the local Russian-speaking environment, largely lost the native language of their nationality. Based on the results of a comparative analysis of the all-Union and all-Russian population censuses, it is proved that, despite the measures taken to revive the native languages, in the post-Soviet period, compared with the Soviet one, Jewish ethno-disperse group had no special changes in the ethnolinguistic identity - the recognition of the Jewish language as a native language remained very low. It is emphasized that the Jewish population living in Bashkortostan unlike representatives of other ethnic groups in the region (Bashkirs, Tatars, Russians, etc.), is mostly aware of the all-Russian identity more than regional.

The problem of formation and development of the system of training the scientific personnel in Bashkiria in 1960-1980s is considered. The relevance of the study is determined by the lack of study of this problem in regional historiography. Previously unpublished statistical information about graduate school (own and target) is for the first time introduced into scientific circulation. At the same time other forms of training are characterized: internship, doctoral studies, etc. The growth in the number of students in graduate school off the job and on the job, graduated in the postwar years until 1990, is analyzed. The comparative analysis of regional data with the all Soviet Union data on the composition of graduate students, taking into account specialties and branches of science, the changes in indicators during the period under review are shown. It is concluded that the predominance of graduate students in technical sciences was due to the peculiarities of socio-economic, socio-political, cultural and historical development of both the Republic and the country as a whole. Regional features in the development of the system of training of scientific personnel in Bashkiria in these years are commented. The article also touches upon the problem of efficiency of post-graduate studies, which remains relevant today.

The article is devoted to the pre-Soviet period of the history of the study of ancient and Medieval monuments within the current Kabardino-Balkaria. The relevance of the research lies in the fact that the history of the pre-revolutionary stage of formation and development of the Russian Caucasian studies is one of the significant, but poorly developed problems of the history of Russian science. In the course of the study, the author found that the history of identification, excavation and attribution of numerous and various archaeological monuments of the Republic, undoubtedly, complements the work of modern scientists and allows to use the considerable experience of previous generations. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that generalizing publications on this topic were written long ago, in the 1940s-1990s, and many of the monuments that existed in the pre-war years have been irretrievably lost by our time. This paper focuses on the evolution of approaches to the study of antiquities, on aims and methods of archaeological work. The periodization of field researches in the studied region during the last third of 18^th - early 20^th century is given. The author also dwells on the problem of destruction of historical and cultural landscape in the plains and foothills of Kabardino-Balkaria in the Soviet era.

The transformation in Protestants’ and neo-Protestants’ values in their missionary practices in the modern Dagestan is discussed. It is noted that the processes of globalization caused by the international situation, the unfolding socio-economic, political and spiritual depression in the country contributed to the “influx” of Western missionaries and the emergence of new non-traditional charismatic churches, allowing them to occupy its niche in republic religious structure for some time. On the basis of sociological survey the analysis of value views of the Dagestan Protestants in their Evangelical mission is carried out. It is shown that the religious well-being of the adepts of the studied communities is focused on proselytizing and missionary activity among the carriers of the other worldview. It is established that the Dagestan Protestants positively evaluate proselytism with the motivation for its non-violent and peaceful propagation while simultaneously ignoring the possibility of aggravation of inter-religious and inter-ethnic relations. It is revealed that the respondents have different points of view on the promotion of their faith among representatives of other religions. The authors conclude that, on the one hand, the proclamation of the principles of freedom of choice of a religious worldview, on the other - the aim to emphasize the exclusivity of their beliefs with the motivation of its “perfection and correctness” allow to make conclusion about the contradictory nature of the respondents’ opinions.

The linguistic component of the materials of the XIII Congress of Anthropologists and Ethnologists of Russia (Kazan, July 2-6, 2019) is discussed in the article. It is concluded that the research approaches of anthropologists, ethnologists and linguists coming close, interpreted as a potential starting point for the increment of new linguistic knowledge.

Books the publication of which the author considers notable achievements of recent years in the study of the history of childhood in the XX century are reviewed. According to the reviewer, the books by T. M. Smirnova and P. P. Scherbinin make it possible to form a fairly detailed representation of both the everyday life of children and the social policy of the state in the first half of the 20th century. The breadth of the source base of monographic studies, leaving erroneous stereotypes are noted.