The principles of the selection of Russian terms of the sphere of conservation and restoration of wall paintings and architectural surfaces in the multilingual lexicographic representation of the illustrated dictionary “EwaGlos” are considered. It allowed for the first time in domestic and world practice to bring into the system the terms of this sphere that have developed in Russian and harmonize them with the terminological systems of fourteen others languages — English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Bulgarian, Croatian, Turkish, Polish, Romanian, Hungarian, Japanese, Arabic and Persian. The results of a quantitative analysis of Russian terms at several levels are presented: (1) structural (in terms of the number of components), (2) part of speech (in terms of the distribution of parts of speech that implement terminological functions), (3) etymological (in terms of the origin of  terms and main ways of terminology enrichment), (4) morphological (from the point of view of the morphemic  structure of terms and words), (5) syntactic (from the point of view of models of constructing terms and phrases), (6) lexical (from the point of view of stratification of terms and types of terminological names), (7) logical-semantic (from the point of view of the taxonomy of terms, hypo- and hyperonymic relations).

The article is devoted to the study of factory identity based on the material of autobiographical texts of Uralmash workers written in 1967—1984. The novelty of the research is in the theoretical approach to identity as a discursive concept, which is structured by systematically recurring themes in personal narratives. The main focus is on ideological meanings in autobiographical texts. Their ritual and integrative functions are established, which are realized in the analyzed texts. The leading role of ideological meanings in describing the construction of a plant and in constructing the image of the enemy and the threat posed by it for the plant and the collective is shown. The ways to include memoirs of the theme of victims of political violence in the 1930s in the texts and to restore their names in the factory biography are discussed in the article. It is proved that the introduction of the theme of victims of political repression, as well as ritual formulas of ideological loyalty, reproduced by naive authors with involuntary distortions and deviations from the norms of written literary speech, results, among other things, in “corrosion” of the Soviet official discourse and is one of the factors that led to the “performative shift” characteristic of the late Soviet era. The analyzed text material has not previously been the object of research.

Vepsian designations of some diseases, according to popular beliefs, sent to a person by three active elements — forest spirits (mec), water (vezi) and wind (tullei) — for disobedience, bad behavior in the forest, in the water, in  nature are considered. The authors note that all names are complex words with a mythological background that are of interest in relation to the principles of the nomination. It is indicated that the first components of such  words are usually referred to as “subject of influence”; the second components are the naming of the “result of the action”: -/nena ‘nose; letters. edge of impact’, -/išketiž ‘impact, blow’, -/tegend ~ -/tegotiž ‘directed punishment, deed’, -/ehtind ‘sending illness’. The presented analysis results indicate that only the components -/kibu, -/kibuine ‘pain’ and -/pagan ‘rotten; pagan’ (< paganyi (nasty) Russian) are neutral and, obviously, their activation is due to the spread of Christianity. It is emphasized that, most likely, for this reason -/pagan has become quite often  replaced by all other parts of complex names of diseases. The question is raised that the studied Vepsian names of diseases, in addition, can be considered as a kind of moral code of behavior of the ancient Vepsians, since they  illustrate the punishments that could be imposed by the elements of the forest, water and wind for inappropriate  human behavior.

The material for the article was the author’s dictionary of a resident of the Ust-Tsilemsky district of the Komi Republic. The author of the article dwells on the characteristics of the verbs grouped on the basis of a common meaning ‘to change a neutral facial expression to denoting negative emotions’. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the considered group of dialectal verbs has not previously attracted the attention of researchers. The author notes that the form of the headword of the verbs in the author’s dictionary is conditioned both by the structure of a person’s memory and by their very lexical meaning, which contains a qualitative shade of perfect meaning. It is emphasized that the verbs are either not recorded in “professional” dialectal dictionaries, or their other meanings are noted in them. The author proceeds from the fact that dictionaries compiled by non- professional lexicographers are valuable in determining the lexical composition of a dialect and clarifying the meanings of dialectisms. It is concluded that the verbs of this group are differently active in the memory of the dialect speaker: the word istravitsya is recorded in the vocabulary variants several times and turns out to be used for a large number of situations, other lexemes turn out to be less frequent and more specific in their relevance to the described circumstances. It has been proven that verbs have a transparent inner form, including specially described motivational features of words that are thematically related to the means of one code — culinary and gastronomic.

Criteria for drawing up a typology of modern media genres are being developed. The proposed typology reflects the tendencies of the modern mass media space, where there is an increase in the influencing component, and also the mobility of genres and genre system is noted. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that we have presented a universal method of typologizing the modern system of media genres, taking into account the current trends in the mass media. According to the results of the study, this typology is based on differences in communicative intent, which can be either informational or non-informational. The author divides the non- informational communicative intention into such intentions as phatics, open influence, manipulation and mystification, where each of the intentions is not a separate intention, but elements of a single scale; with each element proceeding from the previous one and representing its more intensified form. A genre system is being developed. It is proposed to determine the position of a genre in typology by calculating the ratio of objective and subjective modality in the texts of this genre. It is shown that the category “modality” is related to the author’s intentions: objective modality — with informational communicative intention, subjective modality — with non-informational one.

The question of qualifying the meaning of allied means, which in traditional grammar are defined as syntactic markers of “immediate” or “fast” succession, and in the part of corpus studies are considered as connectors of “immediate succession”, is studied. Complex sentences with a conjunction “yedva” [hardly] is the object of the study. The types of taxis relations that are expressed in such sentences are analyzed. The research has shown that the grammatical semantics of sentences with the conjunction of “immediate succession” is determined by a whole  complex of categorical features, the most important of which is the linguistic representation of time in events. This feature is an indicator of the category of the time order. It was found that the sentences under consideration signal “disturbance of the natural course of events”, and the marker of such a “failure” is a conjunction “yedva” [hardly]. The authors believe that its semantic function, is complicated by the meta-meaning “exaggeration”, which indicates a special communicative attitude of the speaker. The relevance of the research lies in the consistent functional and semantic interpretation of grammatical phenomena. Such interpretation takes into account the established grammatical tradition of considering syntactic units. In the context of modern linguistic research, the scientific continuity of research paradigms is extremely important.

Against the background of the achievements of Bulgarian studies at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries, the author considers the problems discussed in the 8th volume of the book “Slawistik” (2020) entitled  “Linguistic Perspectives of Bulgaria: State — Innovation — Challenges”. Particular attention is paid to the areas of  scientific research of Bulgarians from around the world. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the  thematic issue of the book is analyzed in connection with the processes that the modern Bulgarian language and the science about it are going through in the digital civilization. The analysis is projected on the achievements of Bulgarian linguistics, developing after the collapse of the USSR and the disappearance of the socialist camp in the broad context of the linguistic science of the European Union. The authors of the article proceed from the fact that the language of the people numbering about 9 million people cannot but experience the powerful influence of the  languages of international communication. The importance of turning Bulgarians to the common origins of Slavic culture, establishing scientific and cultural contacts to maintain the national identity of the languages of the Slavic peoples is emphasized in the article. The relevance of the results of the proposed analysis is due to the need for closer cooperation of Slavists, including Russia and Bulgaria, in order to comprehensively study and support the Bulgarian language.

The role and functional purpose of the statements of an adult in telling a story by children is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the following: in the theory of speech ontogenesis, the formation of a narrative is  associated to a greater extent with the assimilation of linguistic means by children, the improvement of syntax and syntactic structures, while modern linguistics emphasizes the importance of another component — the cognitive and reflective side of this process, which determines the plot complexity, multilayer and the integrity of the story being told. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the idea of the action of the interactive component in telling a story by children is confirmed by new empirical data and receives theoretical understanding based on the cognitive-discursive approach developed by modern science. An attempt was made to expand the understanding of the influence of an adult on a child’s telling a story, to highlight different forms of mediating actions of an adult in the course of this process. The concept of interactive converting narrative, which is interpreted as one of the subspecies of converting narrative, is explained. It is shown that the mediating actions of an adult through interrogative statements interfere with the child’s mental activity, directing attention to the structure of episodes in history, highlighting the main characteristics of each episode in accordance with the logic of the participants’ actions in specific episodes.

The article is devoted to a survey analysis of F. M. Dostoevsky’s reception in the works of fiction of Chinese writers and in scientific literary studies. The main features of the translations of Dostoevsky’s texts and studies of the Russian classic in different historical periods, which were determined by the socio-cultural attitudes and ideological orientation that dominate in China, are considered. It is noted that the representation of Dostoevsky in China from the very beginning was not an exclusively cultural phenomenon, but was associated with the desire of the progressive intellectuals to create a modern national literature. Based on historical facts and scientific research, it is established that Dostoevsky’s reception is represented in the artistic world of modern Chinese writers of  different generations, in particular Lu Xun, Yu Dafu, Tie Ning and many others, but deep comparative studies have been carried out only in relation to writers of the 1920s and 1940s years. The author pays special attention to the analysis of the political and cultural background and ideological attitudes in the perception of Dostoevsky’s creativity and views by Chinese writers. It is shown that Dostoevsky’s reception in China is pragmatic and one-sided: Chinese writers highly appreciated Dostoevsky’s humanistic attitude towards the “humiliated and insulted”, but generally did not accept his religious ideas.

The article deals with the issue related to the peculiarities of the functioning of the “Kazan text” in the works of R. Kutui, R. Bukharaev, E. Blinova and L. Gazizova. The relevance of the study is due to the growing interest of scientists in such types of discourse as supertext. The author proceeds from the fact that the poetics of artistic space is associated with the types of subjective-figurative structures that are formed in the poetry of poets. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the types of dialogical relations between lyrical subjects and the city are highlighted. It is shown that Kazan in the works of poets embodies the transpersonal and external in relation  to the main lyrical situation and its heroes. It is concluded that in the poetry of R. Kutui, a multifaceted image of the city is created, with which the lyrical hero establishes relations of unity and interpenetration. It is emphasized that in the works of R. Bukharaev, the attitude to his hometown is ambivalent and reflects the “fluidity”, the  variability of the “I” position. The results of a comparative analysis of the lyrics of E. Blinova and L. Gazizova are presented: Kazan in the works of E. Blinova is a generalized-typical image that objectifies the stages of the heroine’s biography; the urban world of L. Gazizova is extremely concrete and comprehended as an individual-personal space of life.

The problem of the point of view is considered, taking into account the vector of continuity from literary studies through history to the history of philosophy. The traditional approaches of the Anglo-American (G. James, P. Lubbock) and French (G. Genette) literary traditions are analyzed. The main terminology and methodological strategies that can be used in historical and historical-philosophical science are highlighted. It is demonstrated that within the framework of history, the terminology of focalization contributes to the accentuation of the figure of the researcher, who sets the conditions for the perception of historical material. Based on a critical analysis of the models of focalization proposed by A. Munslow in history, the main directions of rethinking the problem of  focalization in historical and historical-philosophical practice are determined. The specificity of posing the problem of point of view and focalization in the history of philosophy is characterized. It is emphasized that turning to it allows us to pose the problem of the relationship between history and modernity, history and philosophy. Such problematization of historical and philosophical practice is much more successful than traditional terminology, contributing to the comprehension of modern development trends. The study of the problem of point of view demonstrates the commonality of the methodological problems of the humanities (literary criticism, history, history of philosophy) and the need for a general humanitarian dialogue.

The intertextual layers of the stories by N. Gaiman “A Study in Emerald” and Ya. Wagner “A Study in Purple” are examined in this article. It is shown in the article that the intertextual fields of modern texts are allusions, reminiscences, metatextuality, paratextuality, architextuality, as well as onomastic quotations. It is concluded that  the images and motives of the classic detective work of the early XX century create a visible intertext in the works of the XXI century and become a central device that generates secondary artistic worlds. It is emphasized that contextual correlation with A. K. Doyle’s story allows modern writers (both English-speaking and Russian-speaking) to create clear projections to the text about the famous detective, expanding the chronotopic organization of their metatexts. Particular attention is paid to the comparative intertextual analysis of the classical text of Arthur Conan Doyle with the stories of modern writers — English (N. Gaiman) and Russian (Ya. Wagner). The novelty of the research is seen in the insufficient appeal of literary science and literary criticism to the analysis of Doyle’s intertextuality and intertextual references to the story “A Study in Scarlet”, in particular. The relevance  of the study is also due to the enduring reader’s interest in the detective genre and in the work of Arthur Conan Doyle.

The observations on the specifics of the Karjala topos in the works of the bilingual poet A. Volkov is for the first time presented in the article. It has been proved that in his mind “Karjala” is associated with “native land”, the memory of ancestors, native language, Livvik’s happiness itself. In Russian and Karelian-language poems, the recreated spaces of “Karjala” are semantically similar. This locus is open (the center of the universe) and closed  (the outskirts of Russia) at the same time. Like an archeologist, the author turns to the understanding of the mythological genealogy of “Karjala”, its ancestral homeland, proto-language, archetypes of national consciousness, totem signs. The authors found that the bilingual view of the universe allowed the poet to conceptualize in a new  way and reveal, in the context of world history and culture, the main concepts in the life of Livvik Karelians: native dialect, memory of tradition, Karelian genotype, Livvik happiness. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the  socalled semantic “transitions” from one ethnic picture of the world to another (remembering is transformed into crying, the genesis of the native language as a gift from God — into the path to God). In the poetic reconstruction of the Karjala topos by A. Volkov, the Karelian worldview is fundamental, the Russian language and literature is a guide in the formation of an original poetic tradition. For the first time, the original poems of A. Volkov and their auto-translations were introduced into scientific circulation.

The presented article continues the cycle of the author’s research that reveals the specifics of the perception and artistic embodiment of various types of landscape space in French romantic prose. The relevance of the study is due to the appeal to the work of the unjustly forgotten French writer G. de Nerval, who in the novel “Journey to the Orient” was one of the first to acquaint the reader with the specifics of the eastern urban landscape, previously little known in European literature of the 19th century. Analysis of the novel shows that G. de Nerval tried to comprehend the East from different points of view: spiritual, ethnographic and literary and artistic. It is noted that the importance of describing the urban landscape for G. de Nerval testifies to his understanding of the importance  of the links between nature, culture and civilization. It is noted that the floral landscape has various functions in his work: historical, ethnographic and national. As a result, it was established that G. de Nerval in his novel was able to recreate a reliable picture of the East: its oriental landscape is saturated not only with exotic descriptions of flora and fauna, enlivened by the sounds of local nature, but also has valuable author’s comments  that give an idea of the national specifics of the plot.  

The question of the conflict in the works of magic realism is considered. It is reported that works of magical realism spread in the twentieth century in the literature of different countries and took a strong position in Russian literature in recent decades. Attention is paid to iconic works in modern Russian literature, written in the  mainstream of magical realism. The results of the analysis of binary oppositions at the level of the chronotope and the system of characters in the works of M. Petrosyan “House in which ...” and E. Nekrasova “Kalechin-Malechin” are presented. With the help of comparative and intertextual methods, it has been proved that the traditional neorealistic conflict of two worlds, characteristic of the literature of the twentieth century, is depicted in works of magical realism, proceeding not from the principle of opposing two worlds, but on the basis of their interpenetration and the dominance of noumenal reality over the fantastic. It is proved that the commonality of  antinomies and binary oppositions paradigmatically unites these works, this allows us to conclude about the unity of the artistic world of magic realism as a reflection of the author’s position. The typological approach, the search for intertextual connections determine the relevance of the study for modern literary criticism. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the comparison of texts allows one to see the ways of modeling the conflict in its variants, taking into account the specifics of works of magical realism, in addition, both texts have not yet become an object of analysis through the prism of conflict.

Three translations of Paul Fort small poem “Cette fille, elle est morte” by Konstantin Balmont, Valery Bryusov and Mikhail Kuzmin are considered. The results of a comparative analysis of these three texts using the analysis of the original are presented. The question is raised about the originality of the form used by Paul Fort: the text he wrote is a deformed trio, and this deformation should be recognizable for his potential reader. It is stated that the semantic side of the text is ambivalent: in the first half of the text negative moods prevail, in the second - positive ones, which is shown not only lexically, but also rhythmically. The relevance of the study is due to a detailed analysis of the three translations using material about the biography and work of the translators  themselves. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that such an analysis of the translation options for the Fort text and its formal, rhythmic and sound features has not been carried out before. The author dwells on the characteristic features of each of the three translations, noting both their connection with the original and the reliance on the translation of the predecessor, or, on the contrary, ignoring it. Particular attention is paid to the grammatical and lexical features of the original, which allow for an ambivalent interpretation of the meaning of the text.

The question of the possibility of studying memoir texts from the point of view of plot composition is considered. Particular attention is paid to Russian memoiristics of the second half of the 18th century. A review of the main scientific works on the research topic is carried out. The results of a comparative analysis of autobiographical works by N. B. Dolgorukaya, I. V. Lopukhin, E. R. Dashkova, G. R. Derzhavin and other memoirists are presented  in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that it is in the mainstream of fundamental scientific problems related to the issues of the boundaries of documentary and fictional literature and genre identification of  memoirs. The novelty of the presented work is in the fact that non-fiction works of the 18th century are considered in the context of the “world archaeological plot”. The author dwells in detail on the analysis of the memoirs of the 18th century from the point of view of the options for representing its liminal phase. It has been proved that in Russian memoir texts of the second half of the 18th century, the “threshold” plot phase can be  realized in situations such as illness (of a memoirist or a person close to him) or death, which the author witnesses. Arrest, captivity and exile can be considered as variations of the liminal situation; in all these cases, we are talking about involuntary abandonment of the familiar world.

The author examines the processes of institutionalization of such forms of public representation in Great Britain and Russia in the first third of the 19th century as the press and political clubs. The formation of criteria for a new type of communication characteristic of club culture is investigated: equality of participants, the quality of argumentation and problematization of public policy in relation to both countries. The relevance of the study is  seen in conducting a comparative analysis and determining the features of the formation of public political  discourse in Russia and Great Britain during the period under study. The novelty of the research lies in the placement of the problems considered in the article in a broader research context, as well as in the use of the methodology of critical conventionalism in the analysis of the role of the press and political clubs. Particular attention is paid to the presentation in the Russian press of the political situation in Great Britain in the first half of the 30s of the XIX century. The author’s vision of the role and place of the press in shaping public opinion in Russia in relation to the policy of the Tory party in 1831—1834 is presented. It is shown that the ideas of the Russian  educated class about Tory politics during this period were fragmentary and poorly understood from the point of  view of understanding British political realities. It is emphasized that the correctness of the assessment of the political situation in Great Britain in the first half of the 30s of the 19th century raises reasonable doubts in the Russian press.

The issue of the activity of the system of medical and paramedic travel migrant station in Siberia during the Stolypin agrarian reform is considered in the article. The author has made a general review of the historiography of the issue, showing its insufficient study and controversial nature. The object of the research is medical assistance to peasants-migrants in 1906-1914. Legislative and regulatory sources on the sanitary legislation of Russia at the beginning of the XX century are analyzed. It is concluded that the system of measures developed by the state was designed to prevent the spread of epidemics by migrants to areas of agrarian colonization.
The reasons that impeded the effective operation of this system were identified. It is proved that, despite the existing shortcomings, during the period of the Stolypin resettlements, the state as a whole was able to cope with the provision of medical care to the migrants during their travelling. The author comes to the conclusion about the social nature of medical assistance to migrants. The relevance of the work is due to the need to use historical experience both in the field of state regulation of migration processes and in the provision of medical care in conditions of increased epidemiological danger. The importance of research on this topic is determined, firstly, by the growth in the dynamics of migration processes in the modern world; secondly, the relevance of using the  historical experience of providing medical care to migrants in a pandemic.

The mechanisms of regional cooperation of the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean on the development of the system of reception of refugees and protection of their rights during 1984—2014 are considered. Attention is paid to regional traditions, the dualism of refuge models in Latin America is noted. The issues of legal regulation  of the institution of refuge in regional documents are touched upon. It has been established that the evolution of the refugee reception system in the region took place in the framework of the convergence of international law governing human rights, international humanitarian law and international refugee law. It is shown that the improvement of the institution of refuge was not limited to the instruments of classical diplomacy. It is reported that through the efforts of nongovernmental organizations, academia and official diplomacy in the course of negotiations at regular regional forums, a common system of sharing joint responsibility for the protection of refugees in Latin America and the Caribbean was created. The author defines this cooperation as multilateral humanitarian diplomacy aimed at protecting persons displaced as a result of armed conflicts and massive violence in the region, mainly in Central America. The main milestones in the development of regional humanitarian diplomacy related to the establishment of principles and standards for resolving crisis situations with refugees are highlighted.

The ancient ritual clothing of the Sakha tangalai son people in a broad historical retrospective through the prism of “remembering culture” (according to Ya. Assman), based on a wide range of folklore, linguistic and ethnographic materials, is examined in the article. For the first time, a detailed historiographic review of works devoted to the ritual clothing of the tangalai son was made. The main goal of this study was the reconstruction of archaic  elements associated with the historical memory of the ritual. The interpretation of the semantics of the word is proposed. The analysis of the semiotic code of this garment is carried out. It has been established that in this ritual clothing, through a symbolic code, totemistic views associated with the archaic worldview of the people are clearly expressed. Semantic analysis of the name tangalai son showed that the Turkic-Mongol peoples had similar ideas associated with the bird cult and originating in ancient totemistic and shamanistic ideas. The image of a white bird / totem was revealed, which found expression in the symbolic design of the tangalai son, and the “fur code” was analyzed as an element of the ritual of the symbolic rebirth of the bride.

The problem of the two Mongol states in the early XIII century, which is little researched in Mongolian studies, was reported about in 1216 in the work “Jianyan yi lai chao ye za ji” by the South Sun scientist Li Xinchuan. It is noted that one state founded by Genghis Khan was located in Mongolia, the other in the lower streams of the Amur. The results of the latest studies of the ethnogenesis of the Mongols and the history of the names of the r. Amur are used in the article. The issue of the original homeland of the Mongols is being considered. An assumption has been  put forward that this is the Ergune-kun area, located on the right bank of the Argun. As an initial variant for the name mongol, the form of mangol is reconstructed with the semantics ‘those who live on the river “Mangu”. It is proved that since ancient times Argun and Amur were represented by different peoples as one river, called Mangu. It is reported that the Tungus-Manchu tribes of the lower stream of the Amur, by the collective nickname received from the outside, were known as manguni — “people of the Mangu River”. It is determined that the Chinese of the community of mangol and manguni called the same name — mengu, which designated the Mongols. It is emphasized that they also applied a common name to the polities that existed among them — Da mengu go. It was established that these facts and a number of other external coincidences in both groups misled Li Xinchuan, forcing him to consider the polity of the Lower Amur Manguns as a Mongol state. It is stated that this was reflected in his work, forcing modern researchers to make mistakes.

The article is devoted to the formation and development of zemsky rural folk libraries in the Kursk province in the late 19th — early 20th centuries. The documents of the State archive of the Kursk region and materials published  in the “Current school statistics” of the Kursk provincial zemstvo are analyzed. Information about the founders of free public libraries is presented. The factors that influenced the formation and development of libraries are identified. Attention is paid to the age and sex of the readers, their education and occupations, reading intensity, reading preferences and requests. The relevance of the study is due to the need to comprehend the social and cultural significance of the activities of zemsky rural libraries. The dynamics of growth in the number of rural folk libraries and their distribution by counties are traced. Attention is paid to the subject of books and authors, preferred by the villagers. It is concluded that thanks to the joint efforts of the zemstvo, public organizations, local intellectuals and the initiative of peasant communities, rural national libraries have become a viable social institution and played a significant role in introducing peasants to the book.

This article is a continuation of the work “The Polish Vector in the Politics of Vladimir Monomakh and His  Successors: from the Lyubech Congress to the “Pereyaslavl Crisis”, published in the previous issue. The question of the system of Russian-Polish relations during the period of the onset of political fragmentation of Russia (since 1132) and a radical change in the balance of power relative to the Kiev principality is considered in the article. It is proved that the thesis of the religious factor as decisive in Russian-Polish relations does not correspond to the realities of the 30—90s of the 12th century. It is shown that the internal and external political circumstances of the 30—40s of the XII century forced Kiev and Krakow to come closer. It is emphasized that the trend towards rapprochement continues throughout the second half of the 12th century. Particular attention is paid to the nature  of Russian-Polish relations at the turn of the XII-XIII centuries. The authors note that the situation in Russian-Polish relations begins to change dramatically in the first decade of the 13th century. Evidence is given that the reasons for the cardinal changes were associated with the political course of the Galician-Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich and the results of the IV Crusade, which marked the beginning of the civilizational split in Europe.

The issues related to the financial income and expenses of the families of collective farmers in the Molotov region are considered. The relevance of the study is due to the public interest shown in the study of various aspects of  the material living conditions of the population. The scientific novelty of the work is seen in the fact that previously unpublished archival materials stored in the Russian State Archive of Economics (RSAE) are introduced into circulation. The results of a comparative analysis of the average per capita financial income of collective farmers in the Molotov region and other territories of the Ural region are presented. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the tables presented by the author containing numerical data on the topic of the article. It is stated that the progressive improvement of the quality of the material living conditions of citizens today is one of the priority goals of the policy of any state that positions itself as social. Attention is focused on the fact that in the first post-war five years, the income of collective farmers was influenced by two main factors: the consequences of the Second World War and the attitude of the authorities to the collective farm peasantry. It is proved that the incomes of collective farmers in the Molotov region were lower than those of collective farmers in the economically more developed Sverdlovsk region, but were quite comparable with the incomes of collective farmers in other regions of the Urals.

The features of the reflection of the ruler of the Turks Shatuo Li Keyong (856—908, ruler in 887—908) activities in the Chinese literature of the Song era (X—XIII centuries) are examined in the article. It is shown that the deeds of Li Keyong found a detailed reflection in the historical chronicles and treatises dedicated to the period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907—979), primarily “Jiu Wu-dai shi” and “Zizhi tongjian”. It is noted that the author of the most famous art-historical work “The newly compiled pinghua on the history of the Five Dynasties” describes in detail the activities of Li Keyong: he shows the Shatuo Turks as a people supporting Chinese cultural and political traditions and in many respects defending the Chinese traditional statehood. It is indicated that Li  Keyong actually became the founder of the Turkic-Chinese empire of the Late Tang and was considered in the historical and fiction literature as a consistent defender of the Chinese statehood. It is proved that Li Keiong was perceived by the author of pinghua, following the authors of the historical work “Zizhi tongjian”, as a defender of Chinese statehood and Chinese political tradition, and not as a stranger, despite his Turkic origin.

The activity of Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko as the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU is analyzed. The author reveals the objective and subjective factors that influenced his coming to power. The relevance of the study is due to the need to obtain objective knowledge and understanding of the content of Chernenko’s internal policy at the highest post in the party. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that, based on an analysis of various historical sources, the question of which areas of the CPSU policy was focused on Chernenko’s attention as General Secretary for 13 months. It is stated that Chernenko left a noticeable mark on politics, despite the fact that he was unable to propose a policy that could be identified with his name and defined as “Chernenko’s policy”. It has been proved that he, on the whole, continued the policy pursued by Andropov, and did not seek to “freeze” the ongoing reforms. It is shown that he had a clear understanding of the need to reform not only the economy, but also some spheres of society, especially education. It is emphasized that he also raised the issue of the need to enhance the role of the Soviets. It is shown that in the top leadership of the USSR  Chernenko was perceived as a temporary leader, which exacerbated the struggle for power within the Politburo.

The question of the periodization and establishment of the chronological framework of the first stage of the work of J.M. Paez de la Cadena as head of the Spanish embassy in St. Petersburg after the Restoration of the monarchy  in Spain in 1823 is considered. An analysis of the available materials, during which it was revealed that there was  no exact dating of accreditation and the assumption of office of the named diplomat as a full-fledged member of the diplomatic corps, was carried out. It is shown that a number of humanitarian studies date the beginning of his mission to 1825, while in Russian historical works this issue is poorly and lapidarily covered. In order to clarify this information, work with the documents of the state archives of Madrid and Seville was carried out. By analyzing the dispatches stored in the corresponding funds, which have not yet been put into circulation within the framework of the Russian scientific discourse, it was established that Paez de la Cadena arrived in St. Petersburg no later than 1824. It is proved that by the beginning of 1825 he had already arrived to the Russian capital and corresponded with the central office of the Foreign Ministry in Madrid. Key issues that this correspondence dealt with are highlighted.

The dynamics of quantitative and qualitative changes in the rural population of the Yenisei region is revealed from the standpoint of the theory of demographic modernization. The stages and features of demographic processes in the subregion, due to its geo-economic position, the influence of the colonization factor on fertility, mortality, nuptiality, population growth rates, changes in the demographic behavior of the peasantry, and its ethnic composition are revealed. Based on the analysis of the current administrative statistics published by the provincial statistical committee in the annual “Reviews” of the province and “Commemorative books”, as well as the materials of the First All-Russian Population Census of 1897, the author comes to the conclusion that agrarian migrations in the region at the beginning of the 20th century acquired an explosive character, in contrast to a similar process in Western Siberia, which was extended over time. This led to the fact that the formation of a new demographic model, characteristic of modern society, took place in a specific way, since the features of the traditional model dominated in the resettlement environment: high birth rates and mortality, a large population of the peasant family, a younger age composition, intensive marriage, rare family divisions.

The features of the ethnocultural landscape of the Anabar national (Dolgan-Evenk) ulus of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are considered. Attention is paid to the main components of cultural landscapes: local communities and traditional economy. In the study area, the retrospective analysis made it possible to identify the dynamics of the  number and settlement of residents, to state the modern functioning of two rural local communities: Saskylakh  and Yuryung-khainsky. It is argued that the sustainability and preservation of traditional sectors of the economy are due to the adaptation of the local population to natural landscapes. It is noted that during the XX — early XXI centuries, the traditional economic activities of the indigenous population, represented by different ethnic groups  that originally inhabited the territory of the ulus, remained unchanged and, despite all the socio-economic transformations, remain vital and common for the Anabarians. The article presents the results of the analysis of a sociological survey and an associative experiment, which revealed the features of the linguistic landscape of the area under consideration, depending on different layers of self-awareness: external, with a predominance of Russian-language text in the linguistic appearance of the settlements under study; individual, with a predominance of the Yakut language in intergroup communication; and the subconscious, which revealed the dominance of the Dolgan cultural codes. It has been established that the cultural landscape of the Anabar ulus is the result of  centuries-old interaction of indigenous ethnic groups inhabiting this area: Dolgans, Evenks, Yakuts and Russians.