The ways of transfer into Russian language of Udmurt place names, mainly the names of settlements of the Udmurt Republic and adjacent territories where the Udmurt people live are considered. The relevance of the study is justified by the fact that the language contacts of the Udmurts with the Russians could not but affect the toponymy of the region, and in the official documents the Udmurt names of settlements are recorded in the form adapted by the Russian language. The analysis of the extinct and currently functioning place names allowed the authors to testify that in the process of historical development and interaction of languages, most of the Udmurt geographical names are subject to various modifications. Different types of transformations are identified and studied: transliteration, phonetic, morphological and lexical transformations, reduction (simplification), translation or calking, rethinking, renaming (denomination). It is shown that these changes are not random, but are subject to the general laws of the language. The authors conclude that the main reason for the modification of Udmurt place names in the transmission to the Russian language is the difference in typological features of Slavic and Finno-Ugric languages. There are many examples to prove that in development of foreign names by the Russian language there is a complete or partial transformation of foreign elements of the source language, in addition, their own elements are added.

The phraseological units characterizing a reliable and unreliable person are analyzed. The material was selected by the criterion of the presence in the definition or in the context of the environment of words reliable or unreliable and related words. The technique of revealing the motivational attributes of different levels is presented according to the criterion of various degrees of abstractness from the figurative embodiment: private motives, cross-cutting motives and motivational dominants. On the basis of the motivational analysis of the phraseological material portraits-meta-descriptions are composed, which include cross-cutting motives: reliable - this is someone who can delegate other people’s difficulties; who is able to protect; who is able to act for another; who belongs to his circle; unreliable - this is someone who cannot delegate other people’s difficulties; who is changeable; who is incapable of acting for the other (cooperate); who is double-natured (double-faced); who cannot protect; who betrays. The author believes that words reliable and unreliable can be regarded as interpretative in the sense in which Yu. D. Apresyan interprets verbs to harm, to sin, to abuse, to punish, to whitewash, to support , etc. The idea is that the revealed cross-cutting motives in this case objectify the content of the concepts “reliable” and “unreliable”, which is hidden behind the definitional semantics “one who you can rely on”.

Hybrid new word formations recorded in the oral conversational speech of residents of the Volgograd region, caused by contacts with foreign people are analyzed in the article. The method of eco-linguistic monitoring is used. The study provides data on the structure and dynamics of the Volgograd region population, migration processes that affect the language situation in the region. The methodology and results of the studies, aimed at fixing hybrid lexical units in the oral speech of the Russian-speaking population are described. The authors identify the main types of spoken word formation in a multilingual environment (affixation, truncation, echo construction). The processes associated with elements of hybridization of colloquial word formation are established. It is noted that the emergence of words-hybrids, the formation of new synonymic rows due to the convergence of new hybrid formations with direct borrowings from non-sister languages, as well as with Russian-speaking dialectic, jargon lexemes is typical for the oral speech of the inhabitants of the region involved in multilingual communication. The appearance of homonymous formations is noted due to the phonetic coincidence of the words-hybrids with extraliterary lexical units and borrowings from other non-sister languages. The emergence of of hybrid formations new values, which are explained by the processes of semantic expansion, is fixed.

The article is devoted to the study of poetic regionalisms as a special kind of regional words. The relevance of the study is due to the growing popularity of regional linguistic research. The author proceeds from the fact that the consequence of the diversity of approaches to the study of material in regional linguistics is the lack of unification in the use of certain basic terms (for example, “regionalism”). It is noted that not all types of regionalisms are identified and described in the scientific literature. The notion of “regionalism” is specified. It is shown that regionalisms can be used by native speakers of different forms of language existence, that is, they function in literary, colloquial language, slang discourses. The definition of the term poetic regionalism is given. Classification of the functions of poetic regionalisms is proposed. The following functions are distinguished: nominative, ethnographic, stylistic, identifying, cognitive, emotional and poetic. It is shown that poetic regionalisms are one of the means of realizing poetic function in texts describing local reality. They are associated with special aesthetic experiences of the writer and his reader, who are based on knowledge of regional realities and words that designate them. As an example, regionalisms selected from the works of poet, prose writer, playwright and journalist V. Goldovskaya are given.

The question about the types of semantic relations extractable by the Web-service RusVectōrēs is considered. The research urgency is caused by insufficient state of knowledge about linguistic potential of this instrument and distributive semantics in whole. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the problem concerning typology of semantic relations extractable on the base of distributional semantics - that is the method that uses automatic processing of big textual data without taking into account linguistic information - is posed for the first time. Classification of semantic relations including eight types of paradigmatic and three types of syntagmatic relations is proposed. It is shown that application of the method under consideration provides the set of semantic associates that consists predominantly of the words that stand in paradigmatic relations with the entry word; and among them hyponyms or co-hyponyms are the most frequent. The question about an effect that the semantic group of the entry word may have on the types of extractable semantic relations is studied. It is shown that the effect can be traced, although it needs additional investigations on more representative data for further specification. The comparative analysis of five semantic groups of the words gave evidence for the abovementioned general trend (about predominance of hyponyms and co-hyponyms) and allowed to produce several specific hypothesis about correlations between the semantic type of an entry word and the types of semantic relations extracted for the word.

The article considers the language image of the intellectual on the basis of the data presented in the explanatory dictionaries, including the dictionaries of jargon and Russian folk dialects. It is noted that the uniqueness of the concept of “intellectual” causes the complexity of the dictionary definition. As a result of the analysis of definitions of the word intelligent it is established that in lexicographical sources there is no uniformity in interpretations: usually the word is presented as a monosemant in which meaning the belonging of the person to a certain social group is fixed, in other cases belonging to group and at the same time some personally significant qualities are specified. It is emphasized that in order to list all the qualities recorded in the dictionaries, it is necessary to refer to different sources, in which complementary information is presented. Summarizing these dictionaries, the author formulates three literary meanings, on the basis of which different images of the intellectual are formed: as a representative of the class of intelligentsia; as a person endowed with positive moral qualities regardless of belonging to a social group; as a person belonging to the class of intelligentsia, but possessing negative characteristics (lack of will, adaptability, etc.). It is shown that according to the materials of dialect and slang dictionaries the image of an intellectual can be interpreted in the aspect of the semantics of exclusivity as a person, for various reasons alien to the society of criminals and traditional peasant society.

The features of the coverage of the issue of national identity in the domestic literary process of the first third of the 19^th century are considered. The relevance of the study is determined by the problems raised. The author’s attention is focused on the analysis of N. A. Polevoy’s story “Krakow Castle” (1829). The work focuses on the methods of creating a national type of character, his role in the organization and development of the plot, the implementation of the idea of the story. The choice of the working definition of the term image-character , used in the identification of the features of the poetics of a romantic composition, is substantiated. To clarify the assessment of the historical image-character, the concept of “national artistic image of appearance” is introduced. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the image of Suvorov, his artistic understanding by Polevoy. Typological similarity with the image of the servant in the Russian literary tradition (speech characteristic of the character, type of behaviour) is revealed. The author believes that the image of Suvorov is a measure of “Russian”: as its stable characteristics are considered “simplicity” of the character, as well as piety, loyalty to duty, wisdom. It is established that the image of events in focus of double optics - of the narrator and the historical character - allows Polevoy to create opposition “own - others”: Russian - French, Russian - Poles. Thus it is possible to identify typological national features inherent in the Russian man, but at the same time to reconstruct a generalized portrait of the Pole, typical strokes of the Frenchman. The novelty of the research is connected with the understanding of the modeling function of the historical character.

The proposed study examines the value components that make up the figurative and semantic complex of a path in the novel by A. Najjar “The Exiles of the Caucasus.” In the context of conjugation of the spatial and spiritual hypostases of a path, the point of beginning and the end, the image of the guide, the intersection, the opposition “friend - foe” and associated with them motive of fate and overcoming are mainly singled out. The role of druidism in preserving the integrity of the space of the Adyghe ethnic group is outlined. On the example of separate episodes of the novel it is shown that the destruction of the native Circassian space is equivalent to its desacralization, and the latter makes the inevitable tragedy of the ethnic group. The proposed prototype of the guide, the Circassian Sheikh Mansur, is indicated. The vector of spiritual transformation occurring within the limits of another’s space is tracked and the symbolic implication of constant accentuation by the author of stability of external appearance is defined. It is proved that the result of the path depicted in the novel acquires any meaning only insofar as it is connected with its Beginning. Special attention is paid to the spiritual prerequisites laid down in the basis of A. Najjar’s creation of this novel, as well as the ability to “preserve the Motherland within himself” as one of the dominants of his worldview. The novelty of the study is that the path as a spatial and spiritual category in the novel “The Exiles of the Caucasus” by A. Najjar is explicated and analytically comprehended for the first time.

The features of the plot behaviour of Maria Kirilovna Troekurova, the main character of the novel “Dubrovsky,” are discusses. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of works explaining one of the main mysteries of Pushkin’s text - the discrepancy between the description of the wedding ceremony and the story of the main character about this event. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that Maria Kirilovna’s actions (and in particular, her refusal to take any decisive steps to upset her marriage with Prince Vereysky) are analyzed in the context of the socio-psychological conditions in which the heroine was brought up and passed her formation. Particular attention is paid to the episodes of the novel, which allow to reveal the motives of the key actions of the main character. In the course of the study, it was found that the central event of the novel - the marriage of Maria Kirilovna with Prince Vereysky - was determined not only by the indecision of Vladimir Dubrovsky and his willingness in no way to contradict the will and desires of his beloved, but also the desire of the main character to radically change hers life, choosing a spouse, although not a beloved, but the most promising candidate. The author comes to the conclusion that the interpretation of Maria Kirilovna’s actions allows to comprehend love conflict of the novel in a new way, to correct essentially representation of characters and motives of behaviour of the central characters.

Based the analysis of narratives about hunger in the rear areas during the great Patriotic war some features of everyday life of rural population in the territory of the Ulyanovsk Area of Volga Region are analyzed. It is noted that the daily life of Russian female peasants is revealed mainly in memories. It is shown that, despite the extreme conditions of life and fundamental change in the composition of the family, everyday life of a woman included the same basic elements as during peacetime: obtaining and preparation of food, raising children, work on the garden plot, the maintenance of family and neighborly relations, the performance of labor and economic duties to the State, including the local authorities. However, as the author of the article emphasizes, the realities of wartime have transformed these components of everyday life significantly, prioritizing the development of a strategy of physical survival and, above all, the overcoming of hunger and its consequences. As is established by the analysis of narratives, that is why during wartime were the diet and those everyday life practices that had been developed by the Russian peasantry to overcome hunger in the XIX century and the first third of the XX century were revitalized. Thanks to the analysis of oral stories about hunger in 1941-1945 it became possible to reveal in detail the emotional and personal perception as well as experiences of Russian female peasants during the wartime. Like any study of everyday life, the analysis may significantly complement and change the historical knowledge of that time.

The article is devoted to the autobiographical prose of Austrian writers Barbara Frishmuth and Thomas Bernhard. The material used were works by B. Frishmuth “Monastery School” and T. Bernhard “Cause”, in which the features of the “biographical author” are clearly seen. The research is conducted in a comparative aspect. It is reported that in these works devoted to the problem of the keeping girls and boys in boarding schools, the issue of the interaction of religion and the school in the education of children in postwar Austria is raised. Particular attention is paid to the fact that both authors have experience of staying out of the family: the life of B. Bernstein is described in bright colors, and Bernhard’s autobiographical prose hopelessness is seen. The selected perspective of the study takes into account women's approach to dealing with problems in the work of Barbara Frishmuth. The relevance of the study is stipulated by the interest of modern Russian literary studies to the trends of development of German-language literature of the XX century, insufficient study of the work of the Austrian writer B. Frishmuth in the domestic literary criticism and lack of a comparative analysis of the autobiographical works of two outstanding representatives of Austrian literature. It is shown that the comparison of the two works may be a part of a more close study of the dialogue between B. Frishmuth and T. Bernhard.

The article is devoted to the analysis of research related to the ritual attributes and symbols of Vajrayāna Buddhism. Urgency of the study is conditioned by the fact that ritual symbolism plays a great role in the life of society, especially where Vajrayāna Buddhism is spread - in the countries of Himalayan region, Tibetan Autonomous region of China, in Mongolia, in among Buryats, Kalmyks and Tuvinians. Classification of scientific research by time periods and directions of research is proposed. A review of the relevant literature published from the end of the XIX century to the present day is made. Special attention is paid to modern scientific works in Ethnography and Art. The author dwells on the analysis of historiography by separate groups of ritual attributes and symbols - altar decorations, the prayer wheel and the Phur-pa - Tibetan ritual dagger. It is proved that until now only certain aspects of ritual attributes - external form, function in ritual, symbolic load - were studied by scientists. It is shown that today there is no full - value complex research devoted to Buddhist ritual subjects. The question of the need to develop a special method of ethnological analysis of ritual attributes, which should include a linguistic analysis of the name of the object, its iconographic characteristics, ways of functioning and the historical context of its existence is raised by the author.

The historical significance, character, content, target orientation and principles of exarch Anfim I (the first head of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church) activities at the final stage of the Bulgarian national liberation movement in the 1870s are analyzed. Characteristics of the charismatic qualities of the exarch Anfim I as a national spiritual leader, a deep patriot and a true fighter for the Bulgarian national idea, repeatedly risking his life are presented. The main attention is paid to his activity in organizing and strengthening the independent national-church organization of the Bulgarians as a key structure that ensured national identification and prototype of the Bulgarian statehood under Ottoman rule. Greco-Bulgarian contradictions are considered as the most important aspect of the struggle to ensure the national qualities of the independent Bulgarian church, headed by the Exarch Anfim I. The social political views of the exarch Anfim I, characterized by pronounced Russophilia, are presented as strict principles that organized his activities. In conditions of increasing oppression by the Turks, the Bulgarian exarch Anfim I is shown as their ardent and active defender in front of the Ottoman government, seeking help from Russia and the states of Europe. It is concluded that the activities of the Exarch Anfim I had an exceptionally important, strategic character during the national liberation movement of the Bulgarians and was aimed at providing the Bulgarian national idea, historically deeply interconnected with Orthodoxy and the Slavs.

The article is devoted to the main issues of expression of the “Russian idea” in the social and political life of Bulgarians in the last quarter of the 19^th century. The relevance of the study is determined by the increased interest in the spread of Russian influence in the modern world and, in particular, within the South-Eastern Europe, which in the 20^th century was the sphere of influence of the USSR. The author analyzes the historical significance, the scope and content of the “Russian idea” in the life of the Bulgarian society and state on the example of the attitudes and activities of the Supreme Church hierarchs (Exarch Joseph I and the Metropolitan Bishop Clement of Tarnovo). “Russian idea” is considered in the work not just as a structural element of a certain system of socio-political views, but also as a way of organizing the historical and political space of Bulgaria, as a special principle in the strategic modeling of the direction of its historical development with a certain geopolitical perspective on the basis of Slavs and Orthodoxy. It is concluded that the “Russian idea” in the last quarter of the 19^th - early 20^th centuries was a key element of the socio-political life of Bulgaria, the most important historical characteristic of its socio-cultural space and national consciousness. However, despite this, the “Russian idea” could not become a political choice of the Bulgarian state, as in the early 20^th century in the political space of Bulgaria prevailed anti-Russianism, supported by a narrow group of the ruling elite.

One of the most difficult topics to be learned by students of Russian as a foreign language is represented by the verb aspects at the imperative mood. In this paper, the authors underline the need to develop a new approach to explain the differences and the correct use of imperative aspects used at the imperative mood, starting from the analysis of the directive speech acts linguopragmatic characteristics and based on the algorithmic learning method. The authors here present their algorithm, the aim of which is to make it easier for students to choose either the imperfect or the perfect aspect of an imperative verb in different communicative situations. The structure of the algorithm is defined on the base of three main factors: (1) the presence of the word “ ne ” (do not) which makes the sentence negative; (2) situations when, due to the action nature (repetitive or long-term procedural action), only the imperfect aspect must be used; (3) situations when the choice of the aspect relies on the pragmatic characteristics of the causative action, the more relevant of which authors identified in the expectedness / unexpectedness of the causative action. The algorithm developed by the authors was successfully implemented during a pilot experiment held at the Insubria University (Como, Italy) with students of Russian as a foreign language. The results of the experiment showed that algorithmization is an optimal method to train students in the correct use of the imperative aspects, since it allows to take into account at once the totality of linguistic and extralinguistic communication factors and to structure and better control the mental steps students have to make towards the correct solution.

Techniques and methods of teaching architectural and town-planning terminology at the lessons of Russian as a foreign language is presented. The authors believe that, despite the large number of works devoted to the problem of terminology, the field of architectural terminology and the language of architecture is not sufficiently studied. The article summarizes the experience of teachers of Russian Language Department of Novosibirsk state University of Architecture and Construction (sibstrin), where pedagogical techniques have been developed for many years, and textbooks and teaching materials on the formation of communicative competences in the field of professional communication for foreign students of different levels of education are published. This article examines and analyzes the complex terminological system of sub-language of architecture and urban planning. Methods of teaching foreign students of architectural direction of special vocabulary of the studied disciplines is proposed. Proposed is the model of education, which involves the acquaintance of foreign students with architectural and urban planning terms, taking into account their form, semantics and peculiarities of functioning in the scientific text. Classification of architectural and urban planning terms is presented. Productive types of tasks for independent work of foreign students are considered. The expediency of drawing up educational thematic mini-dictionaries of basic terms on the main studied disciplines is proved.

The specifics of the teaching of home reading in a non-linguistic university at the junior Bachelor’s programs (German as the main language) using information and communication technologies are characterized. It is noted that the classes within the framework of this course are aimed at the formation of a communicative foreign speaking competence. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of development of monologic speech and the primary skills of conducting discussions on the problems of reading texts in international students at early stages of studies. Attention is also given to the students mastering the elements of text analysis. The author dwells on the principles of selecting literature for home reading (authenticity, accessibility, relevance). The review of works and didactic materials which are involved at the organization of classes on home reading of 1-2 year Bachelor’s degree students of non-language high school is presented. Particular attention is paid to the use of information and communication technologies in teaching for the effectiveness of the learning process of foreign language and the development of foreign communicative competence. Examples are provided on how innovative approaches to the organization of classroom and independent work on the home reading of Bachelor’s degree students used at the MGIMO, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, who study German as the main language.

The problems of optimization of the educational process of physical culture in a higher educational institution are considered. Attention is paid to the development of professionally applied physical qualities of students in building specialties. The question of professional training with means of orienteering is being raised. The authors proceed from the assumption that the use of means and methods of orienteering in the classroom will lead to an improvement in the indexes of physical qualities, functional training and the working capacity of the civil engineer. It is noted that orienteering, as a sport, has a direct applied transfer of motor and associated skills. It is emphasized that the competences formed at students can find application in labor activity of the building specialist. The conclusion is made that the technique used leads to changes in the morphofunctional and motor components of physical readiness for labor activity. The results of a comparative analysis of the experimental and control groups on the indexes of physical development, functional state and physical qualities peculiar to builders are presented. The authors dwell on the development and approbation of the methodology used directly in the physical training classes for building students. It is proved that orienteering is an applied sport for the building specialties of the university, the means of which lead to the development of the physical qualities of a civil engineer.

The article considers the prospects of using the innovation proposed by the authors to improve the level of safety and comfort of the school educational environment. The relevance of the study is due to the law “On Education in the Russian Federation,” aimed at further humanization of the educational process. The characteristics of the author’s project - “rooms of temporary solitude,” which are designed as locked from the inside single cabins with a chair and a pull-out table, where any student can retire during the break. It is noted that these rooms should not be confused with the so-called “sensory rooms” (or “relaxation rooms”), which perform more functions and do not require the presence of only one person. In the practical part, the results of a written survey of students in grades 7-9 are analyzed, allowing to see the needs of students in solitude between the lessons and their attitude to the proposed innovation. It is shown that “temporary privacy rooms” in Russian schools is supported by more than half of the test participants - 53.3 %. The share of respondents seeking or at least inclined to visit such booths is 46.4 %. The reasons why students want to make a change alone are given.

The problem of professional competence of young specialists who have graduated from higher and secondary special educational institutions in the conditions of continuous education is considered. The study focuses on economic education, which is due to the scientific specialization of the first author of the article. According to the authors, the negative results of the majority of economic reforms carried out in our country are determined by the lack of preparedness of the main part of citizens to a new stage of social development, lack of awareness about the basic economic phenomena and laws of social life. The relevance of the chosen topic is related to the role of the federal state educational standards of the third generation, the features of which are analyzed in this work after the review of the key concepts of continuing education: “competence,” “competency” and “professional competence.” The practical part describes the basis of the author’s concept of economic competence of students: a brief description of the economic competencies included in its structure, and their respective levels of professional education (basic, professional, auxiliary). It is noted that the distinguished levels imply a competent change of stages of economic education while maintaining such characteristics of professional education as integrity, openness to all verifiable aspects of human knowledge and reliance on previous intellectual and moral experience.

The conceptual basis of the research project "the Literary process in Germany of the XX and XXI centuries", carried out by the researchers of the Institute of world literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences and leading Germanists of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Germany, is analyzed. Isolation of the German artistic and aesthetic area among the German-language multitude allows to give a clear idea of the uniqueness of a single national literature, to understand the specifics of the formation of German mentality and cultural identity, and also helps to identify possible ways of the development of German literature in the border era - at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries.