The question of irony expression means in the original literary text and the degree of their identity in translation into German by the material of N. V. Gogol’s works and their German translations is considered. Traditional and modern definitions of irony in linguistics are given. The author defines the structural and functional status of irony as an implicit form of expression of the author’s modality that implements intentions, value positions, the worldview of a literary text author. The main linguistic means of its expression are revealed. The problem of identity of the translation of texts containing irony into another language is discussed. The features of the conveying ironic meanings in the literary text are revealed. The equivalent German translations of ironic contexts and problematic aspects of conveying ironic meaning into German in N. V. Gogol’s works are established and analyzed. The causes of distortion in ironic meanings in translations are established. It is concluded that irony realized in N. V. Gogol’s literary texts using a variety of linguistic means is characterized by the complexity of translation into a foreign language and in some cases can be classified as untranslatable.

The article is devoted to functional-semantic analysis of occasional collocations in P. B. Shelley’s poem “Ginevra.” The study is carried out in the framework of combinatorial linguistics, which studies the combinatorial and syntagmatic properties of language units. The relevance of the work is associated with the study of atypical, non-usual phrases, which have a rich semantic potential, so that they are a valuable linguistic tool in the creation of artistic and poetic works. The lexical meaning of such units is not fixed in dictionaries and can be defined only within a certain context. The purpose of this article is to reveal the semantics and functions of occasional collocations in P. B. Shelley’s poem “Ginevra” by means of functional-semantic analysis. Occasional collocations are defined as non-normative combinatorially conditioned, individual-author combinations of words formed on the basis of intentional violation of lexico-semantic compatibility, created by the author once to perform functional and expressive tasks within a particular work. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to study the concept of “occasional collocation,” to identify ways of formation of occasional units and their functional purpose through a comprehensive method of research - functional-semantic analysis.

The question of formation of language image of China in the Russian mass media is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the current political context, in which the creation of a positive image of a country for its residents and for representatives of other cultures is one of the tasks of domestic and foreign policy. The material for the study were the Russian lexemes for China, PRC, Celestial, Celestial Empire, Celestial Oecumene, which are found in publicistic texts extracted from the National corpus of the Russian language, the newspapers “Коммерсантъ” and “Аргументы и факты.” Through the discourse analysis the meanings associated with these proper names actualized in the contexts are identified. On the basis of the revealed pragmatic information, a dictionary entry is compiled in accordance with the principles of lexicographical description of synonymic series presented in the New Explanatory Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language edited by Yu. D. Apresyan. It is noted that the ideas of the Moscow Semantic School (hereinafter - MSS) are very popular in China. It is shown that the integral dictionary description of synonymic series can be applied to proper names, which is not represented in either Russian or Chinese linguistics. The author comes to the conclusion that the image of China as a world leader with specific socio-cultural and political characteristics is formed in the Russian information space.

The article is devoted to the study of verbs denoting ritualized Bacchic actions. The author continues a series of works devoted to the study of Bacchic action in a broad sense in relation to the national picture of the world and mentality. Verbs obmyt’ and sprysnut’ meaning ‘to celebrate any event’, their compatibility are considered, and also frequency of forms is analyzed. Thus, the most frequent form of the designated verbs is the infinitive in combination with the modal-characterizing word nado . The prescriptiveness of the action, its expectation by community is represented in the introductory constructions kak voditsya , po russkoy traditsii , soglasno vekovym traditsiyam , etc. According to the author, use of verbal nouns obmyv , sprysk shows that the actions-rituals are interpreted as “entities” outside of time and space. Attention is paid to the ritual Church verb prichastitsya . The transition of the verb from the sacred to the profane sphere is noted, which is linked with the change of the axiological component. The profanical interpretation of the action, denoted by the verb prichastitsya , becomes possible with the expansion of its valence properties (in combination with a noun in the instrumental case - prichastitsya russkoy vodochkoy ). The material for the study was the examples of modern artistic and journalistic texts extracted from The National Corpus of the Russian Language.

The article considers the phenomenon of multiculturalism in its connection with linguistic imagology. The author describes the differences between the liberal model of multiculturalism, recognized as utopian, and the polycentric model, rooted in postcolonial theory. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the ideas of multiculturalism are considered in comparison with the ideas of imagology, which also focuses on the issues of identity and otherness. Points of contact of two scientific directions are designated. The author shows that the phenomenon of multiculturalism is reflected in multicultural literature, the study of which has become particularly relevant with the acceleration of globalization. The article provides the views of both Russian and foreign scientists on the concept of multicultural literature, for the study of which a linguoimagological approach is proposed, implying linguo-stylistic analysis with an emphasis on the representation of the image of “others,” “strangers” in comparison with the image of “self”. Based on the material of English-language works devoted to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the author analyzes the methods of presenting the tragic events of confrontation through the eyes of the authors- bearers of Palestinian culture: the inclusion of deictic means, symbolic images, militaristic vocabulary, means of imitating broken English speech, etc. in the narration. The author concludes that the studied works provide an opportunity to look at one of the longest conflicts in modern history through the eyes of people constantly living in the conditions of a real military-political confrontation.

The article is devoted to the problem of linguistic variability from the standpoint of naive sociolinguistics. The material is the controversy of American readers about language and cultural contradictions, which are found in the popular novel by British writer E. L. James “Fifty Shades of Grey.” It is shown that the American readers of the novel find British lexical units specific to the British version of the English language in the speech of the American heroes (for example, the nouns pram , rucksack , sidelight , holiday , trousers , the verbs ring , collect , fetch , phrases of everyday communication and speech clichés, for example, be keen on , have a bath , sorted ). It is concluded that these words and expressions are perceived by Americans as facts of foreign linguoculture, lead to distortion of the speech portrait of the characters, destroy the integrity of the perception of the novel. The classification of the revealed metalanguage comments of native speakers of the American version of English is offered. It is shown that the disputes over the novel testify not so much to the mutual enrichment of the British and American versions of the English language, as to their conflict at the level of perception by native speakers. The author concludes that, despite the active interaction of options, reverse mechanisms aimed at building boundaries between options due to the desire to protect national identity continue to operate.

The analysis of word-formation types of verbal vocabulary on the dialect material of little studied in this aspect-Russian dialects of the Amur region is presented. They belong to the resettlement dialects of secondary formation and are characterized by diversity, high variability and peculiarities of functioning in conditions of long-term inter-project contact on a vast territory. The study of verbal vocabulary in the Russian dialects of the Amur region in the word-formation aspect was not carried out systematically. For the first time on this material the group of derived verbs motivated by a noun is considered. The classification of word-formative types and models of dialect verbal derivatives in comparison with literary analogues is proposed, which allows to identify cases of “out-of-type” word-formation determined by the peculiarities of motivating stems and additional components of the meanings of word-formants. It is concluded that word formation in this group of dialects is a peculiar form of manifestation of specific and all-Russian word-formation tendencies. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the study of this group of dialects in the word-formative aspect is necessary for the construction of the typology of dialects of the Far East, their monographic description, identification of the features of the language in the aspect of its regional existence and reconstruction of the structure of the Russian dialect space as a whole.

The polysemy of an adjective as a semantic and grammatical phenomenon is studied. The semantic structure of a polysemantic adjective and the character of motivational relations between its lexico-semantic variants are analyzed. The connection between the method of semantic derivation, the semantic type of lexical meaning generated by it and the lexeme belonging to a particular lexico-grammatical category is investigated. The representation of adjectival polysemy in a dictionary entry is described. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that the author sets the task of inventory and systematization of ways of semantic derivation of an adjective, among which metaphorical transfer, metonymic transfer, specialization of relations are distinguished. It is proved that in the semantic structure of polysemantic adjective two types of motivational relations between meanings are possible: direct motivation and parallel (mediated) motivation. The types of relations between initial and secondary meanings according to their discharge affiliation are revealed: relative - relative; qualitative - qualitative; relative - qualitative; qualitative - relative. Adjectival semantic neologisms are described. It is noted that most of them are not fixed in explanatory dictionaries, only in the dictionaries of the 21^st century it is possible to identify some adjectives formed by specialization, which is an active way of secondary qualitativeness derivation.

The analysis of communication tools of social marketing used for positioning and promotion of products of sports brands such as Puma, Reebok, Adidas Originals is presented. The author proceeds from the fact that sports products are closely connected with sports as a social value system. The author notes that this strategy allows to organically combine commercial goals with socially oriented activities, reducing the criticality of perception of messages of a positioning nature. Within the framework of communicative-pragmatic approach the methods of discourse analysis, linguistic description, intent analysis are used. The author considers the genre specifics of sports brand accounts in Facebook social network. The interaction of advertising and phatic genres of social support, focused on the translation of socially significant priorities and guidelines, is studied. The author states that socially oriented messages occupy almost a third of posts in the text content of sports brand accounts. It is shown that the main trend of positioning activities in social networks is the hybridization of the genres used, involving a combination of genres of advertising and socially oriented nature, which allows to mask the advertising message, veil its manipulative nature. It is emphasized that as a result of this kind of communication policy, users of the social network are transformed into a kind of advertising agents, providing retransmission of information about the company and its products.

The article is devoted to identifying the possibilities of using historical and ethnographic sources for the study of living dialect speech. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study dialect material, part of which today is a fact of the history of the language. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that each written language fact introduced into scientific circulation is valuable, because it allows to characterize the Siberian starozhilchesky speech or to reconstruct dialect phenomena of the past. The paper provides an overview of the main directions related to the study of Russian starozhilchesky speech in the Far North-East of Russia. The author raises the question of the value of the texts of local business writing, allowing to restore the phonetic features of the folk speech of the past. Special attention is paid to both general and specific notes of observers who recorded the originality of the Russian starozhilchesky speech. Some phonetic phenomena of dialect nature, which received repeated fixation in the considered sources, are considered. On the example of separate language fragments the author proves the reliability and content of linguistic material presented in the historical and ethnographic literature about the Far North-East of Russia. The paper gives examples illustrating local phenomena in the starozhilchesky speech, substantiates the value of written sources for the study of living dialect material.

The problem of ecology of a soul in the works by V. Astafyev and modern Chinese writer Zhang Wei is considered. Their common views on the ecological crisis in the spiritual sphere are established. Two lines of the artistic embodiment of the problem of ecology of a soul in the works of Russian and Chinese authors are revealed: an appeal to the motives and images of spiritual wandering and the creation of an ecological utopia. Special attention is paid to the artistic principles of creating an ecological utopia. The difference between these concepts is revealed: Astafyev’s ecological ideal is embodied in the life of the village Boganida (“King-Fish”), while Zhang Wei’s ideal can be comprehended through the philosophical concept of “entering the wild territory.” The relevance of the study is due, first, to the special role of V. Astafyev’s work in Chinese literature of the new era (after the Cultural revolution), including Zhang Wei’s works; secondly, to the importance of the problem of the ecology of a soul for society. The novelty of the study is due to the fact that for the first time the influence of Astafiev’s works on the work of Zhang Wei is analyzed in such detail. The authors come to conclusion that Zhang Wei, largely following the artistic principles of Astafyev in solving the problem of the ecology of a soul, created - on the basis of the tradition of the Russian author - original works taking into account his national culture.

The article is devoted to the study of the features of the hero-somnambulist in V. V. Nabokov’s novel “Transparent Things” and the specifics of the writer’s appeal to the theme of magnetism and somnambulism in his works. The study briefly examines the history of the formation of sustainable interest in this topic in Europe, the United States and Russia in the 18^th-20^th centuries. The review of literary works concerning the theme of sleepwalking in Nabokov’s works and the reasons for the writer’s appeal to it is carried out. The paper shows the connection between somnambulism and ‘automatism,” “mechanicalness,” which Nabokov often refers to romantic tradition and German cinema. The article describes the ways of introducing the “magic” and its functions into the novel. In particular, special attention is paid to the intertextual potential of the fragments associated with magnetism, levitation, sleepwalking, etc. Reminiscences of the works by M. Yu. Lermontov, F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy, F. Sologub are described. The emphasis is on the metaliterature comprehension of a number of fragments related to the motives of sleep and death. The specificity of the implementation in the novel of paradigm of sleep - death - flight - creativity and opposition gravity ( earth’s gravity ) - lightness ( flight ) is revealed.

The composition of the novel by the modern English writer P. Ackroyd “The Plato Papers” in connection with the problems of the work is considered. The review of the last researches devoted to creativity of this author is given. Attention is paid to how the work reveals the problem of interpretation of history, its ambiguity, the concept of the movement of time, progress, the relationship of the past, present and future. The author shows that when shifting the time of the novel in the future, Ackroyd uses the documentary imitation technique, changes narrators and types of narration. The composition of the work consisting of separate small parts connected in a key way by the speaker Plato is analyzed. Such properties of the composition of the analyzed novel as fragmentation and nonlinearity are noted. It is shown how the novel realizes postmodern idea about the relativity of the interpretations of the events of the past. The position of the main character endowed with the gift of insight, able to penetrate into the past, to look from an unusual point of view at the present, to doubt and seek the truth is revealed.

The features of the organization of artistic time in B. L. Pasternak’s novel “Doctor Zhivago” are considered. It is noted that the time in the novel is presented in the form of three models that are correlated and mutually intersect: historical time, time as grammatical category and sacred, “biblical” time. Special attention is paid to the “biblical” time associated with religion. It is proved that the plot-compositional structure and images of Pasternak’s novel - in its prosaic and especially poetic parts - correlate with Evangelical events and the Orthodox calendar circle, the center of which is the Holy week, where every day reminds of the final events of the earthly ministration and preaching of Jesus Christ. An important element of the study is the identification of the dramatic self-perception of the lyrical “I” in the poetic Chapter of the novel, where it acquires a timeless meaning, is projected on the events of the Evangelical history and, above all, on the mystery of the sacrificial feat of Christ. In the process of analyzing the peculiarities of artistic time in the novel, it becomes obvious why references to historical facts are given in the text, as a rule, without specific dates, but in association with certain periods of the church year. It is concluded that in the novel “Doctor Zhivago” the religious perception of time, typical for the author and a number of characters, presupposes the mutual germination of life and existence, history and eternity.

The article provides an overview of the main arguments by which the author defines the key role of the Soviet Information Bureau in the deployment of Soviet information and propaganda activities in the international arena during the Great Patriotic war. The paper contains a detailed description of the leading direction of the impact of this state organization on the public opinion of the alliance and neutral countries; it refers to the preparation and placement on the pages of foreign media of thousands of articles, essays, reports, etc. The author draws attention to the discrepancy between the huge number of texts prepared by the Information Bureau for foreign media and their low quality, that is, having clearly insufficient propaganda impact on foreign readers. Based on the analysis of the documents found in the archives, it was concluded that most of the materials sent abroad were not published. The researcher points to the reasons for the lack of adaptation of articles and essays of the Soviet Information Bureau to the requirements of the Western information market; among them there are ideological engagement of authors, lack of highly professional staff of writers and journalists, formalism in the work of the Soviet Information Bureau. However, the author emphasizes the importance of the initiatives of the Soviet Information Bureau for the international promotion of outstanding achievements of the Soviet people in the struggle against fascism.

The article presents fragments of travel notes of Prince K. A. Vyazemsky, compiled during his trip to the Eastern States and published in the journal “Russkoye obozrenie,” which was published in Moscow at the end of the 19^th century. It is noted that in the 19^th century printed periodicals were the only source of information about the Asian States available to the general public living in different regions of the Russian Empire. The analysis of publications about China allows to judge not only how the Russian traveler perceived the Chinese culture, but also what information was transmitted to the Russian society through the periodical press. The author characterize those aspects of life of the population of the Qing Empire, which attracted the greatest attention of the Russian traveler. The subject of the study is the image of China created by K. A. Vyazemsky. The main attention is paid to the analysis of articles that describe Chinese spiritual and material culture. The relevance of the problem is due to the fact that for historical science it is important to attract the attention of the general public to the characteristics of the everyday life of representatives of different segments of China society (high-ranking official, successful trader, innkeeper, peasant, servant), the rules of etiquette, features of national character. The author evaluates the degree of information content of K. A. Vyazemsky’s travel notes. Specific examples illustrate the Eurocentric views of the Russian aristocrat, which influenced the assessment of what he was able to see in China.

The question of the creation and functioning of special economic zones as territories with special legal status in the USSR and the Russian Federation in the period from the 1980s to the present time is considered. The authors pay attention to the history of development of special economic zones in different time intervals: from 1980 to 1990, from 1990 to 2000, from 2000 to 2005, from 2005 to 2016. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that the attraction of foreign investment is a priority issue for the leadership of any state, in particular, for the Russian Federation in different periods of history. It is noted that the importance of creating special economic zones is due to the need to attract foreign investment in the economy of the regions of the Russian Federation as one of the options for cooperation of the subjects of the Federation with foreign financial groups, since such economic interaction allows to solve many socially significant issues. The difficulties of creating free economic zones after the collapse of the Soviet Union in the conditions of political and economic instability are analyzed. It is shown that in the last few years the country’s leadership is taking measures for the effective development of these zones as a special tool for the successful development of the Russian economy.

The article is devoted to the last commander of a Separate corps of the Internal guard (SCIG) of the Russian Empire, Lieutenant General Vasily Fedorovich von der Launitz. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to understand the historical experience of management decisions on the reorganization of the SCIG in the transformation of internal troops and the creation of Rosgvardia in Russia. A brief biography of V. F. von der Launitz is given. On the basis of the archival material first introduced into circulation, the content of the daily work of the commander of the SCIG is considered, which determines the novelty of the study. With the help of analysis of archival documents and scientific literature the main activities of V. F von der Launitz as commander of the SCIG are identified. The role of V. F von der Launitz in the decision to disband SCIG in the course of D. A. Milyutin’s military transformations is considered. It is concluded that V. F von der Launitz made every effort to ensure order and discipline in the corps entrusted to him, and its disbandment was induced by the general logic of the Milyutin’s reforms and cannot be blamed on the commander of the SCIG. It is reasonably assumed that a number of Milyutin’s reform decisions, including the abolition of the SCIG, were determined by his personal experience of service as chief of staff of a Separate Caucasian corps.

The article is devoted to the problem almost not developed in regional historiography. The purpose of its writing was to study the state of retail trade of the Sverdlovsk region in one of the most difficult periods in the history of the USSR - during the Great Patriotic war and the first few years after its end. The base of the study was archival materials unpublished to date. It is stated that trade is an integral part of the reproduction process. It is stated that the inattention of domestic historians and economists to the problems of the development of trade services was caused by the priority in the scientific research of Soviet social scientists in such areas of the economy as industry, industrial construction and agriculture. It is declared that trade in the Soviet Union under the domination of the planning and distribution economy has never enjoyed the attention of the authorities, and therefore the lag in its development in comparison with civilized standards was impressive. It is argued that the main negative consequence of the war for the retail trade of the Middle Urals was only a slight reduction in its turnover. The thesis is put forward that in the war years the provision of food to the population was entrusted to the departments of working supply and catering enterprises. It is noted that during the war the population of the region engaged in self-sufficiency actively as never before. It is concluded that in the situation of total commodity deficit, the actual absence of a normally organized market and the complete arbitrariness of the authorities, the sphere of trade was doomed to the role of a hostage of an entirely state-owned economy of the planning and distribution type.

The contradictory role of the Komsomol “light cavalry” at the initial stage of the continuous collectivization of agriculture in the USSR is analyzed. The main sources were the materials of the Russian state archive of social and political history and propaganda brochures of the 1920s-1930s. The methodological basis of the study is the classical principles: historicism, objectivity, social approach, alternative. The theory of modernization is used, which is understood as the transition from agrarian to industrial society. As a theoretical platform, the author appeals to the theory of nationalization of the Komsomol: the Komsomol is considered as a kind of Soviet “Ministry of youth”, a link between the state and youth. It is shown that in the conditions of shortage of highly qualified personnel and mismanagement in hastily created collective farms, the authorities had to involve inexperienced boys and girls in the implementation of the function of social control. It is noted that “cavalrymen” watched the condition of working cattle, forges, warehouses, bulk items, even the preparation of production plans. However, as shows the author, useful activities for the elimination of economic disadvantages were accompanied by obvious excesses, search not only for obvious, but for imaginary enemies. Particular attention is paid to the identification of the specifics of the “light cavalry” after the publication of Stalin’s article “Dizziness from success.”

Based on the archival materials, the article studies evacuation processes associated with the movement of the population that took place in the Stalingrad region in the period 1941-1948. The questions of asylum and accommodation of evacuated citizens as a special social group that existed during the Great Patriotic war are considered. The work reveals the labour activity, contribution of the evacuated population to the economy of the region, the mood of evacuees in the rear and their relationship with the indigenous population. The author assesses the activities of the authorities that led the movement and service of the evacuated population at different stages of the stay of refugees in the Stalingrad region. The author emphasizes that the additional sources of food sought in the field have greatly alleviated tensions in the food supply of refugees. It is noted that re-evacuation differed from evacuation in terms of timing, scale and other parameters. The scientific novelty of the research is seen in the fact that new materials discovered by the author in the archives are introduced into circulation. The study was conducted on materials of the State Archive of Volgograd region and the Centre of Documentation of the Newest History of the Volgograd region with the assistance of the scientific and statistical literature.

The article introduces readers to the international collective monograph “Nicknamen international. Zur Namenwahl in sozialen Medien in 14 Sprachen” devoted to the description of nickname corpora from social media in 14 different countries, followed by a contrastive analysis. The article covers the idea and history of the work, its structure, methodology, style, language and features of the presentation, members of team of the authors. The main results, advantages and disadvantages of the study are briefly summarized.