During the pandemic, the German language lexicon was replenished with socially significant keywords, including anglicism ‘Lockdown’. The study of new formations on the basis of socially significant generating bases is important for studying the dynamics of word-formation processes in modern German, which determines the relevance of this work. The analysis of neoplasms with the ‘Lockdown’ component is carried out from the standpoint of the structural and semantic description of lexemes. The material for the analysis was neologisms from German printed online publications, as well as lexemes from the electronic database OWID. It is proved that the dominant nominations with the ‘Lockdown’ component are nouns, this phenomenon reflects the tendency towards substantiation and univerbation in the German language. Some adjectival composites have also been identified. Verbal nominations, represented by two lexemes with a structural feature: lockdownen  and  downlocken  (down locken) are described. It is shown that ‘Lockdown’ anglicism is able to combine with borrowed and native roots and morphemes, forming composites, derivatives and phrases. Examples of the creation of occasional contaminants formed by analogy with the word ‘Lockdown’ are given. It has been established that composites with a metaphorical meaning are designed to express the attitude of a linguistic personality to realities. The differentiation of neologisms-synonyms in semantic and stylistic terms is revealed.

The question of correspondences in the translation of complex sentences from Russian into Chinese is considered. It is noted that at present, translation correspondences in Russian and Chinese, including in the field of syntax, have not been studied enough. It is indicated that the difficulties of translation may be related to the discrepancy between the number of types of complex sentences in Russian, which are more than in Chinese. It is shown that some complex structures do not have an equivalent in Chinese and are translated into simple Chinese sentences. The author shows that complex sentences with explanatory clauses in Russian correspond not only to sentences with an included part in Chinese, but also to two-part and one-part sentences. The correspondence of complex sentences with attributive clauses, with relative clauses and degrees to different members of simple sentences of the Chinese language, as well as to chain sentences is substantiated. It is stated that some clauses of the tense (for example, with the conjunction NOT YET) correspond to circumstances, post-positional definitions of predicates, or one of the verbal constructions of a sentence with a sequential verbal predicate (连动句) in Chinese.

Neologisms that appeared under the influence of the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection Covid-19 are considered, based on the material of English, French and German languages. The basis of the study is formed by neologisms collected by continuous sampling from available lexicographic sources and foreign language Internet resources. The relevance of this work is confirmed by the rapid growth of neologisms in all the languages under consideration. The novelty of the study lies in a comparative approach to the analysis of nomination processes and in determining the dominant areas of semantic attraction in these linguistic cultures. The elements that have shown the greatest productivity and stable functioning are singled out. The author’s classification of covid neologisms is proposed. The question is raised about the susceptibility of these languages to new realities, their productivity in the process of responding to changes in various spheres of society. It is concluded that the number of English neologisms prevails over the corresponding units in French and German. It is confirmed that the structure of the lexico-semantic groups identified during the analysis is heterogeneous and in some cases has a lacunar character. It is suggested that the reason for this may be both the specificity of the word formation of languages, and the peculiarities of the mentality inherent in a particular linguocultural community.

The features of modeling a graphic-verbal polycode text, including a static image and an accompanying inscription, are considered. The study was conducted on the example of a demotivator dedicated to the problems of mass self-isolation at the very beginning of the pandemic and the introduction of restrictive measures. Significant semantic components, represented as part of only the iconic component, only the verbal component, and also as part of the verbal and iconic components at the same time are established. The semantic relations between the selected semantic components are revealed, the types of these links, revealing the different nature of their correlation are determined. On the basis of the data obtained, a network model of the considered static polycode text in the form of a semantic network was built. Cases of semantic components correlation are considered, reflecting the generally objective aspects of the situation and unrealistic ideas based on irony and hyperbole to create a comic effect. Based on quantitative analysis, representative semantic relations were established: “partitive”, “localization (in)”, “attributive”, “subject-object”. Non-representative semantic relations between the semantic components in the analyzed polycode text are revealed: “coincidence”, “localization (on)”, “temporal”, “subject-instrument”, “subject-result”.

The article is devoted to the study of the principles of the formation of abbreviated words and the establishment of semantic and syntactic relationships between their constituent parts using the example of new abbreviated words that appeared with the onset of the coronavirus pandemic. The words recorded in the Chinese language in 2020—2021 are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the principle of selecting the first morpheme, in which the first morphemes of the original significant segments are preserved to form an abbreviated form. The relevance of the study is due to the increasing number of new abbreviated words, the complexity of their word-formation structures and the importance of their adequate understanding by both native Chinese speakers and foreign students. 12 compound abbreviated words (4 single-level and 8 multi-level) were analyzed, naming current phenomena in the life of Chinese society in the era of coronavirus. Five types of semanticsyntactic connections have been established: attributive connection, copulative connection, verbal-object connection, resultative connection and subject-predicative connection. It is concluded that among the principles on the basis of which complex abbreviated words are formed in modern Chinese, such as equivalence, distinctiveness, familiarity, etc., the principle of selecting the first morpheme plays an important role.

The lexical level of two parochial chronicles of the Southern Urals of the 19th century is analyzed in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the monuments were created during the period of renewal of the chronicle tradition. The novelty of the work lies in the description of the lexical diversity of two texts of the same genre. The main attention is paid to the peculiarities of lexico-thematic groups: denotation, choice of lexeme, lexical relations between the components of the group. It has been proved that it is the lexical level that most clearly translates the specifics of the picture of the world of the Southern Urals inhabitants against the background of the chronicles of other provinces. It is concluded that six groups are distinguished in the vocabulary of church chronicles as a reflection of significant areas of the life of parishioners: religious life, work, life, education, the world around, social relations. It is shown that the scribe’s speech is not oversaturated with heterogeneous information, therefore the choice of topics and words plays an important role in the research reading of the document. It is noted that the information required by the stencil of the document is transmitted by chronicles using different lexemes. A comparative analysis of the lexemes of chronicles shows that the actual centralization of topics in the chronicles does not focus on religion, although religion is a moral and ethical guide for the layman of that time.

Proverbs and sayings of the Petrine era are considered as an important source for the study of the Russian language and culture. It is emphasized that the time of Peter the Great went down in history as an era of cardinal and great transformations in Russia, which affected various spheres of society. It is noted that many researchers associate the formation of the Russian literary language with the Petrine era. It is argued that the study of the language of the era of Peter the Great is impossible without the analysis of proverbs — such figurative and expressive speech material, which reflects the attitude of the people to science and education, everyday realities, spatial facts, etc. The importance of the paremiological heritage of the Petrine era for the study of its language and culture: collections of proverbs and sayings by P. K. Simonyi, A. I. Bogdanov, V. N. Tatishev, Petrovsky Gallery, a handwritten collection of proverbs, sayings and sayings of Peter’s time by A. A. Barsov is emphasized in the article. The special significance of the handwritten collection of P. K. Simoni is proved, proverbs and sayings from which reflect many details of the life of this period and capture the history of Russian colloquial and dialectal speech. Examples of this kind are subjected to linguistic and cultural analysis in the article.

An experimental research of the reception features of socially significant concepts in the linguistic consciousness of modern native speakers of the Russian language is described on the example of the concept DEMOCRACY. The results of a comparative analysis of the semantic content of this concept based on the materials of dictionaries and the results of a chain associative experiment are presented. It is shown that on the basis of lexicographic interpretations of the word democracy as a basic representative of the concept of the same name, eight significant cognitive features of the concept can be identified. The procedure for verifying the identified cognitive features through a chain experiment made it possible to detect significant conceptual and connotative-evaluative innovations in the semantic content of the DEMOCRACY concept in comparison with the results of the analysis of lexicographic sources. Reflexes of the negative-evaluative perception of this concept were found in the linguistic consciousness of the speakers of the modern Russian language, associated with ideas about the imaginary nature, the illusory nature of this concept for the Russian world, the manipulative nature of its discursive implementation, etc. It is concluded that the negative-evaluative reception of this concept in the modern Russian linguistic consciousness is associated with its inorganic nature, with psychological and cultural alienation in relation to the traditionally Russian models of linguistic conceptualization of the world.

The article deals with the problems of classification of verb phraseological units and their variants in the Russian language. Formalized criteria for the differentiation of phraseological variants depending on their syntactic and derivational structure are presented on the example of Russian verbal phraseological units. The criteria are based on the grammatical features of verbs, which are the core component of phraseological units, such as aspect and phase, taking into account the theoretical provisions of modern Slavic aspectology on the correlation and derivation of verbs. The work was done at the intersection of phraseology and aspectology, its results have both theoretical and practical significance, in particular, for clarifying the lexicographic description of Russian verbal phraseological units. More than 4,000 verbal phraseological units and more than 10,000 actual contexts in which these phraseological units and their variants are used served as the material for the analysis. The authors proposed criteria for distinguishing phraseological variants (grammatical, lexico-grammatical and lexical) and phraseological synonyms based on the morphological features of verbs (the semantics of aspect and phase), lexical composition and syntactic structure of phraseological units. The phase valence and “creative potential” of verbal phraseological units are shown, which serves as a potential source of replenishment of the phraseological fund of the Russian language.

The article is devoted to the consideration of pragmatic potential as a peripheral aspect of the meaning of foreign words denoting ancient Egyptian realities. The material for the study was publications in modern Russian media. The total array of the considered lexemes is 25 names and 280 examples of their use. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time the pragmatic zone of the meaning of words, that call the ancient Egyptian realities. Particular attention is paid to identifying the evaluative variability of their semantics, due to the informant’s communicative strategy and contextual word usage. Their structural classification into two main groups has been developed: 1) appellatives; 2) onyms. It is shown that the first group consists of those ancient Egyptian realities that are included in the vocabulary of the Russian language: pharaoh, sphinx, papyrus, etc., and the second group includes onomastic realities, which are divided into anthroponyms, egronyms and pragmatonyms: Ramses, Nefertiti, Horus and others. It is proved that appellatives have a high frequency. The largest proportion of units are lexemes with a positive pragmatic assessment.

The image of the target audience of training courses advertising is considered. The authors set a goal — to characterize the speech modeling of the addressee of advertisement on the basis of advertising discourse. The object of the study is the private discourse of Spanish courses advertising, the subject of the study is the language and speech units of the advertising text, which create a psychological and speech portrait of the addressee of the advertisement. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that, on the basis of advertising texts, the communicative features of not their authors, but their addressees are analyzed. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of advertising discourse in modern mass culture, in particular, the interest in its influencing function. The authors dwell on the properties of the advertising text as one of the targeting tools, which is carried out due to the positive tone created by the system of language and speech units. The most active language and speech means of creating a positive tone in the text of advertising training courses are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the vocabulary of different thematic groups. The authors conclude that the lexical composition of advertising training courses makes it possible to reconstruct fragments of the psychological and speech portrait of advertising recipients (students), to model their psychological characteristics, their range of interests and preferences.

The features of the implementation of the recreational function through metaphorical vocabulary in the information television discourse are analyzed. The means of nomination of several metaphors associated with art and culture. The metaphor of magic is also considered, since its use in informational discourse is based on an indispensable emotional contact with the viewer, designed to evoke an impression. The author argues that such metaphors realize a recreational function, which is reduced to a complex of functions: hedonistic, creating a certain emotional and psychological tone, relaxation, escapist. It was revealed that metaphors with source spheres “Artistic and figurative forms of mastering the world”, due to the brightness and emotional potential of the images they create, construct significant events or phenomena for a certain moment by fixing the addressee’s attention on their spectacular characteristics. Frame-slot structures, representing events of social significance, from the life of the city as a performance; breathtaking, full of various colors spectacle, etc. are established. It is noted that the skill of professionals in various fields in unusual images is designed to simulate an impression, a distraction (escapism) from everyday life, filled with difficulties and not always successful overcoming obstacles. The key units with the analyzed spheres-sources, which form the space of television information texts, are identified.

The graphic novel is considered as a multimodal text — a complex of verbal and visual components. The differences between comics and graphic novels are explained. The definition of the concept of “multimodality” is given, and the main approaches to the study of a multimodal text are described. Attention is paid to the issue of identity in a multicultural aspect. On the example of a specific autobiographical graphic novel, the discursive construction of identity by visual and linguistic means is analyzed. The expediency of using critical discourse analysis to understand verbal and non-verbal connections, visual images and communications, as well as text and context is substantiated. To study the linguistic modality of the graphic novel, the methods of linguo-stylistic, lexico-semantic and contextual analysis of the literary text were used, while the iconic components were considered using the methods of observation, interpretation and comparison with the text. The sociocultural dominants of food and appearance were revealed in the novel, which contributed to the convergence of stylistic and iconic means of expressing meaning. Examples of combining linguistic, metalinguistic and visual aspects of expressing aspects of identity in the space of the American graphic novel as a multimodal text are given. The novelty of the study is seen in the demonstration of identity markers in a multimodal text.

The article is devoted to the problem of identifying the competitive advantages of journalistic TV works. The analysis technique is based on a comparison of the format-forming features of two TV programs that are similar in terms of display subject, subject matter, functions, genres, and other features. The issues of current trends in the television industry are considered. The author focuses on the specifics of the development of criminal journalism on Russian television. The material of a comparative analysis of the programs “The investigation was conducted ...” with Leonid Kanevsky (NTV) and “Legends of the Soviet detective” (TK “Zvezda”) did not become the subject of wide study, despite the rather long existence of the projects. It is argued that due to the fact that on domestic television today there are a large number of programs that are largely identical in terms of format-forming features, it becomes important to understand the benefits that further provide the viewer’s attention and the rating of the TV channel. It is shown that a comparative analysis allows understanding the needs of the audience, based on which in the future it is possible to model the conceptual features of programs. It is concluded that journalistic projects develop according to the laws of marketing: those products that have the following advantages are “sold” more successfully: emotional values, functions unusual for journalism, art values, etc.

The subject of the study was the content of Lermontov’s autograph “Russia has no past...” from the “Notebook donated by V. F. Odoevsky” in the aspect of the poet’s historical views. The purpose of the article is connected with the establishment of the historical and cultural genesis of the text and the clarification of its meaning in the context of Lermontov’s work, Russian-Caucasian interaction, as well as the historiosophical concepts of the first third of the 19th century. The research methodology is connected with textological, historical-genetic, cultural-historical, comparative-historical approaches to text analysis. The specific tools are the description of the autograph, as well as the preparation of a textological passport that reflects the technical aspects of the handwritten text. Lermontov’s note is presented in the context of a dialogue with contemporaries and folklore tradition. The historical and literary context of Lermontov’s note, its allusions to the facts of sociohistorical thought and images of Russian literature emphasize Lermontov’s patriotism. As a result of the study, Lermontov’s protoPan-Slavic concept was reconstructed, which correlates with ideas about the ways of Russia’s development as a great power. The conclusion of the study was the understanding of Lermontov’s sketch “Russia has no past...” as an emanation of the poet’s reflections on relations between Russia and the Caucasus in the aspect of the “Eastern question”.

The issue of understanding the theme of the Great Patriotic War (1941—1945) by modern Russian playwrights is raised in the article. The novelty of the study is due to the appeal to little-studied plays by the authors of the 21st century. The purpose of the article is to trace the specifics of the author’s individual variants of the artistic representation of the war theme on the material of the works of modern times and to give an idea of the discursive potential of this theme for modern dramaturgy. The evidence base is the analysis of three works written by different playwrights, which present the perception and living of military events and their consequences by a woman, a man and a child. These are the plays “Frontovichka” by A. Baturina, “Seven Trophies of Private Shapkin” by V. Tkachev and “Cannibal” by N. Vorobieva and K. Zhurenkov. The results of the analysis allow us to draw a parallel between eras and show that playwrights, through the prism of war, turn not so much to the past, but to the pressing problems of the present and future. It is concluded that this indicates the key nature of the military theme for modern Russian literature and its enduring significance both for each individual and for humanity as a whole.

The ideological and political context of M. Prishvin’s views on the life of Soviet society and his assessment of the activities of N. I. Bukharin after the October Revolution are studied. The study of Prishvin’s diary works will contribute to an unbiased and objective idea of the writer’s ideological position and of his artistic heritage as a whole. It is shown how, in the course of applying the artistic images and ideas of F. M. Dostoevsky to the analysis of the leaders of Bolshevism activities and destinies, Prishvin comes to the conclusion that the organizers and inspirers of social violence against people will inevitably die, becoming victims of their own destructive ideas. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the 18-volume “Diary” of the writer, previously unpublished due to censorship restrictions, which became available to readers only in the post-Soviet period. It is shown that the fanaticism of serving the idea of the class struggle gives rise to the moral inferiority of the party-state elite, from whose midst come Stalin’s rivals — “pretenders for power”. For the first time in Prishvin studies, an attempt was made to show how, using the example of the fate of Bukharin, a typical representative of the BolshevikLeninists, the writer reveals not only the tragic inconsistency of his beliefs, but also draws historiosophical conclusions about the internal flaws of the revolutionary ideology.

The travel notes of three Austrian writers of Jewish origin: “New people in the old land” by F. Salten, “Egyptian diary” by F. Werfel and “Voices of Marrakesh” by E. Canetti are considered. Based on the comparison of texts, typological similarities are distinguished at several levels: firstly, the meaning of travel as a return to the origins in the biographies of writers; secondly, the structural similarity of the motives, composition and chronotope of the notes; thirdly, the repetitive narrative structure of the texts. The fundamental differences revealed in the course of typological analysis are shown, which are associated with the reflection of political events by modern authors, each of them connects the geocultural image of space with its own interpretation of history. It is noted that myth and language are the connecting link of the times for all three, the messianism of the poet is emphasized. The article focuses on the selfdetermination of the narrator in relation to the described world. Overcoming the prejudice of European Orientalism, the authors come to an interested-mentoring (Salten), detached-objective (Werfel) or indifferent position of a flâneur (Canetti). It is concluded that the movement from the enthusiastic utopianism of Salten to the disappointment of Canetti is accompanied by a change in the cyclical concept of history by the idea of eternalism.

The process of formation of the Soviet dissertation system (1920 — early 1940s) is considered. Attention is paid to the discussion of the degree of doctor of science in the 1920s, as well as the status of the doctoral dissertation in the regulations of the 1930s. It is hypothesized that the Soviet dissertation system grew out of the pre-revolutionary experience of awarding scientific degrees, but in the process of its formation it developed its own specific rituals. The hypothesis was tested on the example of dissertation disputes by M. D. Priselkov and A. I. Andreev — historians, whose entry into the scientific community began in the pre-Soviet period, and the achievement of the highest academic degree of Doctor of Science occurred at the turn of the 1930s—1940s. An assessment of the degree of continuity/gap of the Soviet dissertation system in relation to the pre-revolutionary experience has been carried out. The conclusion is drawn that the content of the disputes in the pre-war period was focused on the prerevolutionary traditions of the university system. It is argued that the scientific component of dissertation disputes at that time determined their atmosphere and content of discussions. The authors believe that the detailed transcripts of dissertation defenses in the Soviet era are an underestimated source for studying the Soviet dissertation system.

The forms and practices of interbudgetary relations in the USSR in the 1950s and early 1960s are considered. It is noted that the term interbudgetary relations in its broad interpretation can be used to describe the processes that took place in the budgetary system of the USSR. But, with one amendment: interbudgetary relations in the period under review should be understood as relations between the levels of the unified budgetary system of the Soviet Union, and not relations between equal subjects, as is interpreted in modern scientific literature. Record keeping materials of organizations, institutions and departments involved at different levels in the regulation of interbudgetary relations were used as sources. It is shown that interbudgetary relations took place in several forms: 1) the formation of th regulatory part of the revenues of lower budgets from tax deductions and revenues received by higher budgets; 2) implementation of interbudgetary transfers in the form of grants, subsidies and subventions; 3) implementation of the mechanism for settling budget disagreements. The authors come to the conclusion that each of these forms contributed to the achievement of a balance between the incomes of individual levels of the budget system and the expenditure obligations assigned to them.

The attitude of Russian right-wing parties and unions to the problems of combat readiness, recruitment, organization, training and education of the contingent of the armed forces of the Russian Empire is considered. Attention is paid to the place of the armed forces in the program settings of right-wing political movements, to the identification and interpretation by the Black Hundreds and nationalists of crisis phenomena in the army and navy, their attitude to the politicization of command staff. Particular attention is paid to the attitude of the right to the issues of modernization of the army and navy. New sources are being introduced into scientific circulation, allowing a more complete picture of the views of the right on the country’s armed forces. It is noted that the right saw in the armed forces not only a guarantor of the security, sovereignty and power of the empire, protection from external and internal enemies, but also the most important institution designed to preserve and transmit military traditions, which for the Black Hundreds and nationalists were inextricably linked with loyalty to Orthodoxy, autocracy and Russian people. It is shown that monarchism, conservatism, nationalism and anti-Semitism, characteristic of the right, are also reflected in their views on the armed forces.

The features of the “white-green” rebel movement in the Crimea in the first half of the 1920s are considered. It is indicated that a comprehensive study of its national, ideological, structural features is of fundamental importance for a comprehensive scientific understanding of the characteristics of the final stage of the civil war in Russia, as well as for the projection of the historical situation on the recent history of the Crimea and the south of Russia as a whole. The materials of five collections of the State Archives of the Republic of the Crimea, the data of the periodical press of the period under review, published documentary and narrative sources are analyzed. The causes of the genesis, the main stages, national, ideological, structural features of the insurrectionary movement are revealed, the reasons for its final defeat are characterized. The conclusions obtained by the author in the course of the work make it possible to designate a new vector in the understanding of social movements that directly affect the nature of the ethno-national development of the post-revolutionary Crimea and southern Russia. It is noted that this study can be legitimately considered in the light of studying the history of the civil war in the south of Russia, which continued after the liquidation of its “external” fronts. The author offers a systematic approach to the study of the insurgent movement in the Crimea.

The author explores the causes and manifestations of Tibetan neutrality in World War II, based on reference materials, diplomatic documents and correspondence, program documents, memoirs, journalism. Evidence is given that Tibet, which was an autonomous state (with the status of political autonomy) under the suzerainty of China (according to the Simla Convention of 1914), aspired to independence. Lhasa aimed at the international recognition of the sovereign status of Tibet and its separation from China. It was revealed that the adoption of strict neutrality by Tibet in 1941 was due to the fact that the anti-Chinese abbot of the Taktra monastery Agvan Sungra took the post of regent under the young Dalai Lama. It is noted that the position of strict neutrality of Tibet was contrary to the Simla Convention of 1914, according to which Tibet recognized China’s suzerainty over itself. It is shown that Tibet’s refusal to let US and British Empire military supplies to China through India was a serious help to Japan, since in 1942 the Japanese army captured Burma, and Tibet became the only military supply route for China. It has been proven that Tibetan neutrality significantly limited the possibilities of China, the British Empire and the United States in the war against Japan.

The activity of the inhabitants of the Sverdlovsk region in identifying, studying and preserving the monuments of the industrial past is considered. The author limits the chronology of the study to the 1960s—1980s, when objects of the industrial past of the country were also affected in the framework of security activities in relation to the historical and cultural heritage. The material for the study was both archival documents stored in the Center for Documentation of Public Organizations of the Sverdlovsk Region (Yekaterinburg) and published sources. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the activity to preserve the industrial heritage in the Sverdlovsk region has not yet been sufficiently developed, so the study of previous experience may be useful for intensifying this type of activity now. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time on the material of the Sverdlovsk region an attempt is made to analyze all aspects of security activities in relation to industrial heritage monuments. The author distinguished and considered six directions of this activity on specific examples, the most successful of which turned out to be the direction of identifying monuments of the industrial past and putting them on state records. The reasons for the subsequent stop of activities to identify, study and preserve industrial monuments are indicated.

The features of the formation and conduct of direct nation-wide elections of senior officials (governors, heads of administrations, presidents) of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the reasons for their temporary cancellation are considered. The relevance of the study is due to the significant influence of gubernatorial election campaigns (however, as well as the subsequent abolition of electivity) on the formation of the domestic political system, new democratic institutions and federal relations in Russia at the turn of 1990—2000. In preparing the article, a large array of regulatory and judicial documents and statistical data was used, which makes it possible to comprehensively characterize the process of applying the provisions of the electoral legislation and the trends in the development of the electoral system. It was found that the regions were more willing to defend the election of governors, while the federal center, declaring its commitment to democratic reforms, made efforts to slow down the decentralization of state power. The transition to widespread direct elections in the second half of the 1990s, in the face of the weakness of the central state apparatus, contributed to the strengthening of the political positions of regional leaders. The conclusion is substantiated that the reforms of the federal center in the first half of the 2000s, aimed at strengthening the “vertical of power”, strengthening federal control, compromising the institution of gubernatorial elections with falsifications and the use of aggressive political technologies led to a relatively quick cancellation of popular elections, which was met with restraint by the elites and the population.

The article discusses the activities of the NKVD and the prosecutor’s office to ensure the mobilization and suppression of desertions from the construction of the Kuibyshev defensive line. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the experience of the activities of the NKVD structures and the prosecutor’s office, aimed at ensuring defensive construction in the extreme realities of military operations, is an indispensable source for military engineers of the Russian Federation. Based on the introduction into scientific circulation of previously secret archival documents from the funds of RGASPI, SOGASPI and GANI UO, they paid attention to the process of building a defensive line, the situation of the mobilized and analyzed the problems of the activities of the NKVD and the prosecutor’s office. It was revealed that the employees of the internal affairs bodies and the prosecutor’s office, in order to prevent desertions, first of all sought to normalize the supply of workers with food, clothing and equipment, the establishment of exact production standards, based on the gender and age characteristics of the builders. In the course of the work, it was proved that by mid-December 1941 the repressive policy had been curtailed, and local authorities took measures to improve the food supply for workers.

The activities of the Taurida Scientific Archival Commission for the preservation of the cultural heritage of the Crimea during the First World War was discussed in the article. The study was carried out using the principles of the procedural approach and is based on the office materials of the commission, which were not previously involved by the researchers. The relevance of the work is due to the need to analyze the historical experience of organizing the protection of cultural heritage in the context of military conflicts. The author found that in the conditions of the First World War, Taurida Scientific Archival Commission carried out diverse work in the field of protecting cultural heritage. It is shown that the commission successfully replenished its own archival collection and museum collection, commission monitored the state of architectural and archaeological monuments, identified and preserved random archaeological finds. It is noted that the commission carried out work to preserve the historical memory of the events of the First World War, participated in an international campaign against the vandalism of the German army. The author concludes that during the war years, commission remained highly active in the field of cultural heritage protection, but the difficulties of wartime did not allow the full implementation of many significant projects to preserve the cultural heritage of the Crimea.