The subject of this research is the justification of the category of “terminology mobility”. The question arises about the need to study the mobility of terminology, which has not been previously analyzed. The authors focus on the characteristics of terminology mobility based on theoretical assumptions related to the concept of knowledge transfer and the dynamic nature of terminology. The authors consider mobility as a complex evolutionary process, which, unlike dynamics comparable to movement or simple replacement of linguistic units, serves as a source of terminology renewal in language. A review of modern terminological studies is carried out in order to identify the theoretical foundations and prerequisites for the formation of the new concept of “terminology mobility”. A significant role is given to discourse and social (extralinguistic) factors. We see a unique cycle of terminology mobility, starting with the identification of a term as a linguistic sign and ending with a metaterm. It is asserted that terminology mobility goes through five stages of development. The multi-stage structure of terminology mobility is manifested in the transition to a more complex sphere (domain) of functioning: from a unit of specialized knowledge, through a specialized form of their organization — a terminological system, through a specialized text, communicative situation, professional activity to the tasks and needs of society.

In this article, we propose an original typology of metaphor transfer techniques based on the analysis of domestic and foreign translation theorists’ experience. The relevance of the study lies in the need to review existing classifications of techniques, unify terminology, identify principles of systematization, and clarify the scope and content of translation operations. The novelty of the research lies in the description of a new developed typology, which structures techniques according to types based on the principle of preserving the original figurative basis, and subtypes depending on the method of transferring form and content, as well as reproducing extralinguistic components. The methodological basis of the study is classification, as well as a comparative analysis of original metaphors and their translations, conducted with the support of a definitional analysis of metaphorically used lexical units, contextual and component types of analysis. The application of the typology on the German translation of A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s ‘The Gulag Archipelago’ (A. Peturnig, 1974), accompanied by translation commentaries, has shown that all examined techniques have the potential to ensure a high degree of adequacy in translation, with the core being the reproduction of pragmatic effect and successful implementation of communicative tasks.

The aim of this article is to describe the mechanism of determining the key parameters of the speech portrait of a mentally unhealthy character in a literary text in terms of achieving pragmatic adequacy in translation. The material used for analysis includes the novel ‘Flowers for Algernon’ by Daniel Keyes, the short story ‘Survivor Type’ by Stephen King, and the novel ‘American Psycho’ by Bret Easton Ellis. The authors utilize a proposed algorithm of pretranslation analysis as a tool. It has been established that specific linguistic markers are employed in creating the speech portrait in literary texts, observed through one or multiple parameters. These linguistic markers accurately characterize the existing facts of altered language consciousness in mental disorders. Components of the character’s speech portrait may include verbal aggression (obscene language), metaphors, specific sentence structures, verbalization of grandiosity, etc. The authors conclude that the proposed algorithm, with the application of psycholinguistics data, allows for tracing the peculiarities of selecting expressive means in the original text and identifying relevant markers of the speech portrait of a mentally unhealthy character for subsequent representation of these characteristics as functional dominants in translation. This will help avoid shifts in realizing the character’s image in translation.

The article examines the structural and functional properties of terms in popular scientific discourse. The authors aim to characterize the orientation of a term as a combination of its linguistic and functional properties, which define the concept expressed by the term, its connections with other concepts, and its place within the terminological system. The object of the study is linguistic and speech units in popular scientific texts, while the subject is the means of expressing orienting properties of terms in popular scientific discourse. The novelty of the research lies in studying the orienting properties of terms in popular scientific style based on their linguistic and speech properties, and providing a classification of these properties according to the scope and content of the expressed concepts. The relevance of the study is determined by the important role of these properties in the process of forming specialized concepts, understanding scientific, popular scientific, and educational discourses, and solving practical problems related to terminology use. The authors focus on the orienting function of a term, which is carried out through linguistic and speech means, with logical definitions, textual explanations, intercategorical connections expressed by elements of word formation and morpho-syntactic systems being the most active ones. The authors conclude that orienting properties of terms play a significant role in terminological conceptualization (formation of specialized concepts).

This paper presents a comprehensive review of contemporary works by Russian linguists on the topic of linguistic variation. The aim of the review is to identify universal foundations for systematizing the diverse manifestations of this concept in language and speech, as reflected in linguistics. The main focus of the review is on two parameters of macromodeling linguistic variability: structural-level and functional-discursive. The first is associated with “enlarging” the subject of variation studies from phonemes to texts, while the second parameter is related to considering various phenomena of speech activity in terms of variation, such as language consciousness, language personality, and formats of speech activity (goals, discourses, speech genres, etc.). The relevance of this research is determined by the context of the emergence of variation studies as a universal direction in language research. A monitoring of linguistic works on variation shows that linguistics in this aspect is developing along the lines of globalization. The material for this study was collected from publications on Elibrary.ru from 2000 to 2023. The focus was primarily on works that explicitly mentioned concepts related to the ontological manifestations of linguistic variation and the epistemological trend towards their metalinguistic globalization.

This article examines the report as a new type of document in the business writing system of the first half of the 18th century. The aim is to identify common and distinctive features of reports from various institutions in the southern region of Russia. The materials used for this study are documents from the Don Army (State Archive of the Volgograd Region) and the Astrakhan Province (National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia). Through a comparative analysis of their content, functions, and speech organization, it is revealed that all reports were submitted from subordinate subjects to superiors, served informative purposes, and occasionally served as accompanying documents. They shared a similar form (addressee, addresser, title, main text, date, place of creation), although there were variations in the placement of requisites, document titles, and addresser formulas. Differences were also identified, such as the larger number of reports in the documentation of the Don Army and their frequent use as accompanying documents, while Astrakhan reports often contained financial reports. In Don reports, the addresser was referred to in the final formula as “about this report,” while Astrakhan reports only included their name (or signature). It can be concluded that reports were increasingly integrated into official communication, becoming firmly established in the military sphere, and their form became more standardized, reflecting the development of common rules for document management.

This study is part of the research on speech acts. The object of description is illocutionary units. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that illocutionary markers play a significant role in oral communication processes. The interest in the examined units is also determined by the fact that certain illocutionary constructions over time transform into metatextual indicators, discourse markers. The main meaning of illocutionary units is the expression of prohibition, prohibition and disapproval, prohibition and threat, disapproval, disagreement, disagreement and objection, refusal, agreement, demand for cessation of action, permission, threat, reproach, surprise, admiration. The aim of this article is to present the mechanisms of formation of non-descriptive use of linguistic units in illocutionary function. The models of formation of illocutionary idioms are identified. Classes of units capable of serving as illocutionary markers are distinguished. Special attention is paid to illocutionary expressions with propositional verbs. Illocutionary markers formed from verbs denoting physical actions, verbs denoting movement, and verbs denoting physical impact on an object are also presented. A comparative study of illocutionary markers in different languages — Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, English, Spanish, Italian, German, Portuguese — is conducted using a large number of examples from literary works. Linguistically specific formulas are presented.

This article presents an exploratory study conducted using functional and sociocognitive approaches in light of the “material turn” in Translation Studies. It provides a review of works that apply actor-network theory (ANT) and the concept of distributed cognition to the study of translation activities. It also explores the possibility of adopting in translation research the data collection, processing and visualization techniques developed to describe activities in hybrid environments combining face-to-face and mediated interaction. The authors discuss a way of including the artifacts in the translation situation model, following the positions of ANT, visual net-work analysis, and M. Zwilling’s concept of a translational constellation. The objective of the paper is to evaluate a complex method-ology aimed at describing translators’ work-place conditions and their network interactions in a realistic way. The study is based on a semi-structured interview (120 min) with a representative of the translation department at a commercial enterprise in Chelyabinsk, Russia. It shows how specific tasks are performed in a distributed cognitive network, what role is played by such artifacts as a server solution, a terminology database, and email; and how the translation commissioners’ intention can be distributed in a network of interconnected entities.

Pauses are one of the most universal markers of prosodic division in different languages. Their duration depends on various factors such as genre, syntax, and punctuation. In poetry, pauses not only help reveal the structure of the poem and emphasize its division into lines, but also reflect the varying degree of internal division within a line. This study presents the results of a perceptual experiment involving 11 participants who evaluated the presence and depth of prosodic breaks in spoken Russian poetry using a 5-point scale, which has been proven effective in previous experiments conducted on prose texts in Russian and Dutch. The experiment showed that native speakers successfully identify pauses in spoken poetry and consistently determine their depth. When evaluating the depth of division within a line, participants tended to use the lowest possible score. Additionally, a correlation was found between the duration of physical pauses in the speaker’s speech and the level of evaluation of prosodic breaks by the participants. These findings fill a gap in understanding the depth of prosodic division in poetry and confirm previously identified patterns of pause distribution in Russian poetry.

The article explores issues related to the lexicographic development of biblical proverbs and phraseological units, which are typically represented in dictionaries solely in their canonical form, without taking into account the peculiarities of their contemporary usage. The aim of the research is to develop a dictionary concept that, alongside traditional forms, reflects the structural and semantic transformations of biblicisms in the media space and live communication. Phraseological units and proverbs, selected from biblical dictionaries and encyclopedias, as well as those documented in internet forums, chats, and blogs (from 2013 to 2023), and recorded in spoken language, have become the subject of structural-semantic, componential, and contextual analysis prior to their lexicographic treatment. Special attention is paid to transformational mechanisms of phonetic mimicry and playful variants of phraseological units and proverbs created on this basis. During lexicographic modeling, parameters for an innovative dictionary entry combining elements characteristic of explanatory and axiological dictionaries have been developed. The implementation of the developed parametric model is demonstrated using the example of the proverb ‘Eyes are the mirror of the soul.’ It is emphasized that the proposed lexicographic concept will allow for the reflection of dynamic processes affecting the corpus of biblicisms in their sociocultural context, prediction of trends in this field, and utilization of dictionary materials for language teaching purposes.

The paper investigates the current development of digital technologies, its terminology, the problems in cross-linguistic terminography and shows that at present terminography becomes an autonomous and leading multidimensional linguistic digital discipline. Its most urgent task is to create effective digital termilonological resources of cross-linguistic correspondences to authentic extended language-specific and idiomatic digital terminology in English, including its equivalents in Russian. A wide collection of corpus data, compiled for the last five years (over 1 mil. words) out of leading authentic journals and books in English on Natural Language Processing (NLP) and corresponding authentic texts in Russian, provided with translation of titles, abstracts and key words from Russian into English, as well as the analysis of computer translation systems, shows that contemporary English-Russian dictionaries and digital lexicographic resources need serious improvement. It can be based on contemporary linguistic knowledge in cross-linguistic English–Russian and Russian–English correspondences, particularly concerning “translation universals”, such as explication, implication and normalization.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Media Communications of Executive Power: An Analysis of Speeches. This study focuses on developing a method to evaluate the effectiveness of communication between Russian executive authorities and citizens. The empirical data was collected from posts on the official pages of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Perm Krai Ministry of Health, and Sverdlovsk Oblast Ministry of Health on the social media platform VKontakte. The relevance of this research lies in the need to establish objective measures of speech performance based on verifiable data. One such measure is the engagement coefficient of users, determined through the online service Popsters.ru. The novelty of this study lies in interpreting effectiveness as a complex characteristic represented by the reactions of recipients — likes, comments, and reposts. The proposed algorithm for evaluating the effectiveness of media dialogue between authorities and citizens includes the following procedures: determining criteria for selecting content, automatic analysis of material, ranking publications, content analysis of publications, and identifying their discursive-stylistic features. It has been proven that the engagement of users in communication with authorities is influenced by the content, thematic, linguistic, and non-verbal parameters of the text (question-answer complexes, evaluative vocabulary, prospective and exclamatory constructions, categorization, emojis, etc.). This methodology can be used to assess the effectiveness of media dialogue between executive power and citizens on other digital platforms.

The present study examines the features of the comedic objectification of the concept of USELESSNESS in contemporary English-language comedic discourse. This concept is considered for the first time as the main utilitarian antivalue in comedic discourse, using an axiological approach. The analysis includes recordings and scripts of over 70 stand-up comedy performances, more than 500 episodes of various sitcoms, and 60 episodes of different humorous shows. It is determined that within comedic discourse, the concept of USELESSNESS is a socially-oriented antivalue concept. It is noted that the main satirized socio-cultural characteristics are professional traits. It is established that the manifestation of uselessness in English-language comedic discourse is evaluated negatively either by the author of the work or by its positive characters. The main ridiculed characteristics of the antivalue concept of USELESSNESS include failure to perform necessary actions (inability to perform simple / basic actions and low quality of performed actions) and performance of unnecessary actions (actions that bring no benefit; accompanying actions that cause harm). It is determined that police officers, politicians, doctors, military personnel, lawyers, and teachers are most frequently ridiculed. The main linguistic means for expressing the concept of USELESSNESS include hyperbole, paradox, and antithesis.

The article focuses on the study of public broadcasting in the Republic of North Macedonia. The key structure of public broadcasting is the representation of civil society. Despite the abundance of scientific literature on this topic, there is still research interest in identifying the characteristics of different public broadcasting systems. The article analyzes the activities of the Macedonian Holding MRT, which produces television and radio content. The results of monitoring the informational and non-informational broadcasting of MRT channels (including educational and entertainment components) are presented in the article. Through content analysis of the broadcasting schedule, the specific activities of MRT are determined: the public broadcaster of North Macedonia broadcasts television and radio programs in 9 languages for all ethnic groups represented in the country. The author concludes that multilingualism gives MRT a certain exclusivity, and ethnic minorities are provided with the opportunity not only to consume television and radio content in their native language but also to be represented in the multiethnic Macedonian society.

Based on the analysis of archival documents and literary texts, a comparative analysis is conducted of the similar ideas expressed by poet M.Yu. Lermontov and General A.A. Velyaminov regarding Russian-Caucasian relations. Their history of interaction is reconstructed through the identification of contemporary witnesses, analysis of the poet's letters, and determination of their shared circle of acquaintances. The hypothesis is put forward that they were acquainted before 1837, when Lermontov came under Velyaminov’s direct command. The influence of Velyaminov on Lermontov’s early works is demonstrated. Additionally, an overlooked essay by A.A. Velyaminov entitled “History of the Caucasus” is introduced into scholarly circulation, which provides a detailed chronicle of the Caucasus from prehistoric times to the present day. Through the study of Velyaminov’s publicistic works, a better understanding is gained of the origins and development of Lermontov’s Caucasian historiosophy in the context of messianic ideas prevalent in society during the 1830s due to Russia’s actions on its eastern borders. The shared belief of both Lermontov and Velyaminov in the peacemaking role of the Russian Empire is revealed. These newly discovered materials contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the formation of Lermontov’s historical thinking in regards to his perception of Russian-Caucasian relations.

The article is dedicated to the interpretation of the phenomenon of women’s writing and its representation in the genre of travelogue. For the first time, the ‘Diary of E.A. Sverbeeva for 1833’ is studied in the context of the evolution of women’s documentary travelogue in the 19th century, focusing on the issue of authorship. It is established that E.A. Sverbeeva’s travel diary expresses the main tendencies of the evolution of ‘women’s writing’ in the 1830s. It is revealed that Ekaterina Alexandrovna’s diary demonstrates a focus on the self, on modes of self-expression, self-analysis, and self-discovery. At the same time, the self is clearly expressed as a feminine self, which is manifested in the selection of objects from real life for describing the journey and in the ways they are characterized. As an individual authorial strategy, a combination of elements of a personal diary and a travelogue can be identified, while more often female travelers differentiated these types of entries, even designating the fundamental difference between them in the text of the travel diary. The analysis of the biographical basis of the diary and the ways in which the self is expressed in the narrative structure allows for the identification of a combination of different perspectives — that of a society lady, a ‘sensitive heroine,’ a mother, a married woman — reflecting the main tendencies in the development of ‘women’s writing’ in the historical-literary process of the 19th century.

This article explores the use of rhetorical devices in the epic imagery of Yakutian epic poetry. The study focuses on the continuity of tropes such as epithet, hyperbole, simile, metaphor, and metonymy, drawing upon various recordings of Olonkho texts from different time periods. The main attention is given to tropes found in the earliest texts (1840-1860s), as this was a period of greatest diversity and variation in their usage. The author proposes a classification of tropes based on their period of usage and spread. It is noted that in the diachronic analysis, there is a demythologization of the image of the “milk lake” and an evolution of the artifact of the “bone bow”. The conclusion is drawn that by the mid-19th century, Yakutian epic art, with its already established regional traditions, possessed a highly developed arsenal of rhetorical devices for epic imagery. It is suggested that the peak of mutual influence among storytellers occurred during the heyday of gold mining in the Bodaiibo residence (1870-1900s), as many Olonkho performers have biographical data indicating their involvement in mining activities in Bodaiibo, where they would have encountered other prominent Olonkho performers. After this period, similarities in the use of tropes can be observed in Olonkho texts. The relevance of this research is driven by the increasing interest in contemporary Russian society towards the ethnocultural diversity and uniqueness of different peoples.

This article explores the implementation of Friedrich Nietzsche’s concept of the Apollonian and Dionysian in the works of M. Gorky. The aim of the study is to analyze the influence of Nietzsche’s ideas on Gorky’s aesthetic pursuits, both in his early and later works. The primary materials for this research are Gorky’s short story “On a Poet” (1894) and his text “Story About a Novel” (1924). The novelty of this study lies in the examination of a unique “dialogue” between these two works, which were written approximately thirty years apart. The focus of this “dialogue” is Gorky’s own aesthetic search and the impact of Nietzsche’s concept of the Apollonian and Dionysian on his development as a writer. The study provides a thorough analysis of both “On a Poet” and “Story About a Novel”, evaluating the extent to which the concept of the Apollonian and Dionysian is realized in these texts. It is shown that these works engage in a sort of “aesthetic dialogue”. The results of the study reveal direct quotations from Nietzsche’s treatise “The Birth of Tragedy” in Gorky’s texts, demonstrating the influence of Nietzsche ‘s ideas on Gorky’s views on the genesis of creativity and the questions of possibility and necessity in the creative process.

The article examines the social response to the introduction of new electric technologies (street lighting and trams) in cities, as well as the limitations on their use during periods of fuel crises. The concepts of “energy transition” and “shift towards consumerism” serve as the methodological basis for the study. The author relies on L.B. Kafengauz’s periodization when analyzing changes in cities’ electricity supply. The research shows that the new electric infrastructure was in demand among city dwellers. The adaptability of power plants to fuel shortages allowed for the maintenance of electricity supply during crisis years. For the first time, city residents faced a shortage of fuel for power plants during the First World War and the Civil War. The fuel crisis of 1901-1908 went unnoticed by urban populations, as power plant operations were more often disrupted due to worker strikes than fuel shortages. The article discusses the public debate that erupted in Moscow in 1909 regarding the acceptability of allowing tram traffic on Red Square. It also reports on the discussion in contemporary periodicals of the phenomenon of “tramvayizatsiya literatury” (the “tramwayization” of literature, “the literature for trams”): more than half of the passengers on tram cars were reading newspapers or books. The author has gathered interesting materials on worker strikes at tram depots, dissatisfaction among passengers with sharp hat pins on women’s hats, and other social issues that arose as a result of electrifying city life during the specified period.

The subject of the study is the cities of Western Siberia, with a focus on socio-economic indicators such as education, demographics, population structure, healthcare, and housing conditions. This research introduces documents from the Russian State Archive of Economy into scholarly discourse for the first time. The influence of natural and geographical conditions on the development of Siberian cities was taken into account. Historical-comparative, historical-typological, and statistical research methods were used, as well as graphical representation of the data. A comparative quantitative analysis of the socio-economic indicators of Western Siberian cities revealed an increase in population with a majority of females over males, as well as a complexity of urban infrastructure due to the growth of medical, educational, scientific, and cultural institutions. The number of newly built residential buildings also increased, although their level of improvement remained low. The overall proportion of industrial enterprises in the cities increased, although the share of large enterprises was small, with only Omsk and Novosibirsk having slightly less than 50 % of them, and an average annual workforce exceeding 20,000 people. Examining the historical experience of development in Western Siberian cities contributes to a better understanding of the region’s settlement system history.

The article examines the regulation of trade in the territory of Bashkortostan during the post-war reconstruction of the national economy. An attempt is made to determine the effectiveness of state mechanisms for regulating trade in the conditions of a planned economy in the Soviet Union. The ability of a planned economy to ensure an increase in the volume of trade turnover through financial and economic activities of trade enterprises on a non-competitive basis and without using the mechanism of free demand and supply formation is one of the controversial issues. The source base of the article was documents from the National Archives of the Republic of Bashkortostan, some of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. As a result of the study, it was established that the Republican Ministry of Trade paid primary attention to increasing trade turnover and consistently eliminating deficits. It was revealed that the nationalization of consumer cooperatives sharply reduced the opportunities for cooperative democracy and led to violations of the legitimate interests of shareholders. The actions of the State Arbitration in conflict situations between trade enterprises in Bashkortostan and suppliers are shown. The results of regulatory actions by Gosbank in reducing accounts receivable and increasing the solvency of trade enterprises are determined. It is concluded that despite all the shortcomings of the existing economic system, trade organizations in Bashkortostan have achieved significant success.

The Sources and Mechanisms of Financing the Social Infrastructure of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant in the 1950s-1980s. This study examines the sources and mechanisms of financing the social infrastructure of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, a large Soviet industrial enterprise, during the period of 1950s-1980s. The research is based on archival documents from the plant and its trade union organization, which are stored in the United State Archive of the Chelyabinsk Region. It was found that the plant had a significant amount of assets, including housing and a network of social, cultural, and sports facilities. Financing the social infra-structure of Soviet enterprises was a complex system that involved multiple independent sources. The plant made direct payments from its economic stimulation funds, covered the maintenance costs of various facilities transferred to the trade union organization, and covered losses from the housing and communal services system. In addition, funding for these facilities also came from the state budget, social insurance budget, trade union organization budget, targeted subsidies from the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, revenues from self-supporting cultural and sports institutions, and others. The Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant was required to allocate up to 10 % of its profits towards maintaining its social infra-structure, while other sources of funding con-tributed comparable amounts.

This article examines the political situation that emerged in international relations after Germany’s remilitarization of the Rhineland on March 7, 1936, and the impact this event had on the development of the Italo-Ethiopian War in both political and military spheres. Published diplomatic documents from Italy, France, the Soviet Union, and the League of Nations are studied. It is argued that the introduction of German troops into the Rhineland significantly diminished the interest of major powers in the Italo-Ethiopian War and brought to the forefront their desire for “Italy’s return to Europe,” as both France and Britain were interested in involving Italy in countering Germany and protecting Austria’s independence. Based on the examined documents, it is concluded that France and Britain sought to resolve the conflict through concessions from Ethiopia, as a realistic approach to international relations led to the belief that Ethiopia could not achieve a military victory, especially after its attempt to strike at Italy’s armed forces resulted in defeat at the Battle of Maychew. The capture of Ethiopia’s capital Addis Ababa and the exile of Emperor Haile Selassie I effectively destroyed any prospects for a peaceful resolution of the conflict, despite Ethiopia’s attempts to act through the structures of the League of Nations.

This article analyzes the economic state of Kalmyk society in the Bolshederbetovskii Ulus of Kalmykia during the intensive process of transition to settled life. This transition led to significant structural changes in the economic system of nomads. The author provides a comparative analysis of the changes in animal husbandry practices among the Kalmyks in the Bolshederbetovskii Ulus during the second half of the 19th century. The gradual development of agriculture in Kalmyk society is also examined. The main conclusion of this article is that throughout the second half of the 19th century, there was a gradual impoverishment of the nomadic Kalmyk population due to changes in their traditional way of life and a decrease in available grazing land, which was a crucial aspect of their economy. As a result, the majority of ordinary nomads became part of the rural proletariat and served as a source of cheap labor in the region. The expansion of the all-Russian market and the inclusion of the steppe regions of the North Caucasus, as well as the settlement of peasants on these lands, along with the active policies of the Tsarist government towards nomads and transition to settled life, shaped significant structural changes in the economic and social structure of nomadic society.

The aim of the article is to reconstruct the history of scientific research in the Arctic regions of Yakutia within the framework of two major research initiatives conducted in the region from 1950 to 1958: the Yakutsk Complex Expedition of the Council for the Study of Productive Forces and the Yakutsk Complex Expedition of the Yakut Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The study is primarily based on the analysis of documentary material collected by the author from Moscow and Yakutsk archives, as well as information gleaned from scientific literature related to the subject matter. The work allowed for the identification of the personnel involved in the expeditions, the geography of the conducted research, their main directions and results, as well as the key features. It is noted that the work carried out within the Yakutsk Complex Expedition from 1950 to 1955 in the Arctic region was primarily analytical in nature and based on materials collected in previous periods. The research conducted by participants of the Yakutsk Complex Expedition from 1956 to 1958 focused on accumulating original field material. It was established that the research within this expedition was solely carried out in the interests of diamond mining industry development.

The newspaper ‘Gazavat’ is considered in the article as a source of printed propaganda by Nazi Germany among the mountain peoples of the North Caucasus in the national formations of the Wehrmacht. In Russian and foreign historiography, the materials of ‘Gazavat’ have been poorly studied and insufficiently introduced into scientific circulation. The aim of the article is to analyze the articles of ‘Gazavat’ for 1943–1944 in order to identify the content of Germany’s specialized propaganda aimed at the peoples of the North Caucasus. Based on content analysis and thematic analysis methods, the author identifies four thematic blocks: national history, political future, fighting spirit, and religion. The conducted research showed that Germany used well-thought-out political technologies to manipulate the real costs of integrating the North Caucasus into the Russian Empire and the USSR. The release of the newspaper ‘Gazavat’ for North Caucasus units of the Wehrmacht was significantly delayed. The specialized propaganda was aimed at converting traditional institutions, national hopes, and historical traumas of the mountain peoples into a call for retribution against the Soviet regime. At the same time, a combination of the potential and expert knowledge of mountain emigrants, German political and military actors was implemented.

This article focuses on the creative activities of the Penza poster workshop “Agit-Window” — a provincial equivalent of the “TASS Window” for creating large-format mass publications during the period of the Great Patriotic War. For the first time, archival documents are introduced into scientific circulation. The creative practices of the group of artists who organized the production of agitational materials in Penza are described. The cultural interaction of the artistic intelligentsia at the level of “union center — province” is characterized. The role of the heritage of the Penza art school in the creation and development of the genre of military-defense posters is highly appreciated, as well as the contribution of those artists who were evacuated to Penza during the war. The author focuses on describing the content of the posters “Agit-Window” published in Penza, attempts to classify and differentiate them from other artistic practices. Based on an analysis of surviving original posters, the narrative and artistic evolution of Penza’s “Agit-Window” is traced through its visual features and methods of creation. The author concludes that despite cyclical periods of liquidation and restoration, the Penza workshop for military-defense posters maintained its distinctive style and contributed to the creation of vivid examples of satirical and patriotic graphics.