A cover of a journal is considered as a sample of multimodal text. A theoretical review of the scientific literature devoted to the study of multimodality in the framework of linguistics is given. Definitions of the concept of “multimodality” are given. The article clarifies the terminology, compares the usage of the terms multimodal , polycode , creolized text in modern linguistics. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of a magazine cover as an independent genre. Classifications of cover types depending on the ratio of verbal and graphic components are considered. A brief review of approaches to the study of multimodal text is made. The expediency of applying system-functional and sociocognitive approaches to the analysis of the material is substantiated. The results of comparative analysis of magazine covers are presented. A magazine cover is considered as a multimodal text, i.e. a complex of verbal and visual components. In this case, the verbal component can be represented both explicitly and implicitly, that is, compressed. It is shown that the mechanism of interpretation of the semantic load of a cover can be read by recipient in two ways: either on the basis of a combination of verbal and visual information, or due to the actualization of compressed verbal component with the help of the visual component. The novelty of the study is seen in the demonstration that an image with an implied (compressed) verbal component can be a multimodal text.

The article describes a fragment of the toponymic system of the Yenisei Siberia in the period preceding the appearance of Russian first settlers in this territory. The relevance of the work is determined by lack of research of the initial state of the toponymic system of the Yenisei Siberia, the reconstruction of which is possible only with the help of preserved manuscript monuments, as well as by the need to describe the toponymic space of a single region from the first fixation in written sources to the present state. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the reconstruction of the initial stage of the formation of the toponymic system of the Yenisei Siberia is for the first time carried out on the material of unpublished handwritten documents of the 17^th-18^th centuries, which recorded not only the actual Russian place names, but also the names of geographical objects dating back to the languages of the autochthonous population of Siberia. Special attention is paid to the typical features of place names belonging to different linguistic groups of the indigenous population. It is shown that the presence of pre-Russian toponymy is one of the extralinguistic conditions for the formation of the Russian toponymic system. It is proved that the study of toponymy of pre-Russian origin allows to recreate an objective picture of the formation of the toponymic system of the Yenisei Siberia and thereby expand the understanding of the all-Russian and regional system of toponymic signs from the position of naming resources.

Russian consumer reviews of perfumery products posted on the Internet are being studied. The article considers the components of the concept of “aristocracy” as one of the value orientations of elite consumption, according to the authors. The sample included the reviews that contain both the description of the flavor, naming it “aristocratic” and explicit verbal approval or rejection. The author believes that the essence of such an ephemeral product (aroma) is manifested in a special form of expression of the consumer’s opinion about it. A characteristic feature of the perfume review is proposed to consider the appeal not to any objectively measured features of the product, but to the associative image caused by the aroma of the commentator. It is established that despite all the variety of associations, they all follow a common motif of exclusivity, one of the aspects of which is aristocracy as the quintessence of elitism. It is shown that according to the degree of severity of the normalizing force there are three models of reviews that form the world of aristocracy: stating (describes the world), prescribing (adds a motif of conformity to this world) and allowing (allows to observe the world without being a part of it). Thematic units are revealed that organize a kind of scale of material purity and external attributes of a life of leisure to cultural behaviour and the natural simplicity of self-esteem.

The results of two associative experiments are presented. Russian-speaking respondents were presented with the word-incentive predatel’ ‘traitor,’ Chinese respondents - with the word-incentive 背叛者 (bèipànzhě / traitor). The psycholinguistic experiment involved 300 subjects aged 18-45. The aim of the study is to compare the ways of linguistic representation of the concept of TRAITOR in the Russian and Chinese linguistic cultures. The associative fields of the Russian concept of TRAITOR and the corresponding Chinese concept are modelled. The interpretation of the results of the experiment in the Russian-speaking audience shows that the core of the associative field of the concept of TRAITOR is formed by the symbols of values and military vocabulary, and its near periphery consists of semantic groups “violation of norms,” “historical memory,” “religion.” Based on the data of the experiment conducted with Chinese informants, the associative field of the TRAITOR concept was modelled, the core of which includes associates representing the conceptual features of “historical memory” (names of parties, names of politicians, designations of events) and “war.” It is found that the basic layer of the concept, relevant to the Chinese linguoculture, is formed by the concepts of “anti-value” and “violation of norms.” It is reported that the near periphery includes associations of semantic groups “feelings and emotions” and “a bad person.”

The features of tropes functioning (metaphor, comparison and allegory) are considered on the material of patristic heritage of saints Tikhon of Zadonsk and Ignatius Bryanchaninov. The relevance of this study is determined by the need to study the expressive means of language in the Church-religious style and religious communication. Classification of language models of comparison in the spiritual prose of Saint Tikhon of Zadonsk is given: (1) the model of “secular / spiritual”; (2) the model of “Christ / Christians”, representatives of which are the tokens God , heavenly Father , Christ / children ( Christians ); (3) the “heart / vessel” model by which a human heart is compared to a corporeal image of a receptacle. The following functions of tropes in the works of saints Tikhon of Zadonsk and Ignatius Bryanchaninov are distinguished: sense-forming, helping to create a coherent picture, bringing reader to a better understanding of the deep moral and spiritual meanings laid by the author; text-forming, which is manifested in the conceptualization of the biblical image. Grammatical means frequent in patristic text are described: imperative and etiquette formulas of address. The novelty of the study is seen in the author’s appeal to the insufficiently studied in the linguistic and stylistic aspect texts of patristic literature of the 18^th-19^th centuries. The most important stylistic feature of the authors’ creativity - theocentrism - is revealed. It is proved that metaphor and comparison in religious discourse act as a means of translation of fundamental spiritual values for the Russian national consciousness.

The article is devoted to the role of statements with the meaning of conditionality in the creation of the conceptual sphere of a literary work. The relevance of the study is determined by the attention of modern philological science to the essence of the individual author’s concept, as well as the growing interest of linguists in the text functions of language units. The material of the study was K. Simonov’s trilogy “The Living and the Dead,” in which syntactic constructions with conjunctions of conditionality group are the dominant linguistic means. It is hypothesized that conjunctions that provide links meaningful for the overall content of the text are actively involved in the construction of key artistic meanings. The components of the artistic concept of WAR, modeled on the basis of statements with conjunctions if and though , are presented. It is shown that constructions with relations of conditionality participate in the formation of conceptual and emotional components of the artistic concept of WAR. The study contributes to the expansion of ideas about the functions of functional parts of speech and helps to present the prospect of their further study in the textual aspect.

The influence of the social factor “gender of speakers” on the semantic structure of spontaneous monological texts generated by them is considered. A review of sociolinguistic studies on the influence of this social factor on the processes of text formation is made. The conclusion is made about the expediency of applying the methods of sociolinguistics and cognitive linguistics in the study of the problem of gender conditionality of the generation of oral spontaneous texts. The authors highlight the existing linguistics views on the text and its structure. A new understanding of semantic structure of a text is proposed as a set of semantic components of a text at different levels (micro-topics of a text and lexical units, semantics of which implements these micro-topics), and the hierarchical system of various relations (semantic and grammatical) between lexical units and micro-topics forming a unity deep and surface structures of the text. The author’s method of semantic analysis of the linked text fields is used, based on the method of graphosemantic modelling implemented in the IS “Semograph.” The material of the study was 48 oral spontaneous monologues “About myself,” the sample is balanced in terms of “gender,” “age” and “education.” Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the influence of the factor “gender” on the variability of the semantic structure of the oral spontaneous monologues “About myself,” which interacts with other social parameters of speakers (age and education).

The question of the specificity of text functions of combination tak ili inache ‘anyway’ is covered. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that for the first time this combination is described in terms of its functioning in the text, the types of contexts characteristic of it are analyzed. The analysis revealed that the combination tak ili inache functions as means of text bond with an alternative-concessive meaning. The relevance of the study is determined by a multidimensional approach to the description of tak ili inache textual nature: this phenomenon is analyzed in terms of semantic, syntactic and communicative-pragmatic features. The characteristic of a combination tak ili inache in explanatory dictionaries and dictionaries of functional parts of speech is presented; the concept of a text bond in a circle of adjacent terms is described. It is established that the text bond tak ili inache is a formal means of organizing text constructions, structure of these constructions is described, especially the implementation of the left and right component. Special attention is paid to the explication of the communicative and pragmatic potential of the bond. On the basis of the analysis of the propositions content of the left part of structures with tak ili inache , the contextual modifications of the studied structures are distinguished. The ability of the bond to create typical text constructions characteristic of journalistic and scientific texts is noted.

The features of representation in the spiritual epistolary of Russian writers-monks of the idea of deification (theosis), the statement of which is associated with the development in the Orthodox culture of the ancient religious and philosophical teachings of Hesychasm, are considered. Presenting the Hesychast ideosphere, the author focuses on the content of the idea of deification and its representative images and linguistic units. As the main images the images of Jesus Christ and Christlike people (saints) are distinguished. The most important for the realization of the idea of deification are theonyms (God, Lord, heavenly Father, Holy Spirit, Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior, God-man, God-child) and hagio-anthroponyms (St. Ephraim the Syrian, St. Isaac the Syrian, St. Demetrius, St. Ignatius, St. Theophanes, etc.). The group of representatives of the patristic idea of deification also includes linguistic units related to the corpus of Orthodox vocabulary of spiritual and moral content (Kingdom(s) of God, deification, transformation, rebirth, ascension, love, reverence, God-thinking, knowledge of God, piety, sacrifice, etc.), and language units denoting religious texts (Gospel, Apostle, New Testament, Paterikon, Jesus prayer, life, etc.). In addition, intertexts that contribute to the realization of the idea of deification are revealed. The role of the idea of deification in the life of Orthodox Christians, in particular monastics, its importance in the spiritual and moral development of believers is considered separately.

The features of the usage of word-formative neologisms in the aspect of the implementation of the functions of media text headline (on the material of titles of electronic media texts) are considered. The article presents the results of structural, semantic and pragmatic analysis of the headline neologisms of the usual and non-usual ways of word formation, collected by a continuous sample of the texts of the Russian electronic media of the early 21^st century. It is shown that neologisms contribute to the realization of the nominative, assessment, attractive, informative, contact-establishing, compression, text-forming functions of a header. It is concluded that header neologisms are characterized by synthetism of their functions. It is stated that evaluation, attractive, contact-setting functions become especially relevant in the conditions of modern media communication. Attention is paid to structural-semantic and discursive factors that affect the implementation of functions of a title: the determining factors are the structure of a neologism (presence of evaluation-marked elements, semantics of producing words), the method of its creation (usual / non-usual), as well as usage context. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of applying its results in journalistic practice, since the headlines are studied in terms of the success of their functions and the achievement of communicative goals, including the analysis of possible communicative risks.

The study considers the dominant principle of sense formation in the process of reality perception and conceptualization including the quantitative aspect of being. The individually significant structures of knowledge, i.e. the dominants of the individual’s linguistic consciousness, determine and direct the process of language interpretation. The novelty of the study is seen in the attempt to model the principles of linguistic consciousness in understanding the quantitative properties and relationships. The relevance of the study is determined by the chosen cognitive approach involving the correlation between different mental structures, formats of knowledge and their language representation. The analysis of the empiric material, including the data of English, French, Russian languages, reveals not only the standards of interpretation, i.e. markers of the dominant zones of individual’s linguistic consciousness “exposing” different priority areas, but also identifies cognitive and linguistic mechanisms of meaning configuration. The repertoire of the dominant linguistic consciousness seems to be unique for each individual, because the formation, presence and the degree of certain knowledge structures ‘prominence’ are conditioned by the individual cognitive experience which depends on many factors. The application of the dominant principle allows demonstrating the variability of the cognitive content formatting, the level of linguistic personality development and, as a consequence, the degree of a person’s linguistic creativity.

Travel notes and diaries of Christian pilgrims who visited Palestine in the late 19^th - early 20^th centuries are studied. Text fragments containing references to Jews are analyzed. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that ego-documents are considered not as a source of historical data about the pilgrimage, but as written evidence of ideas about other ethnic / religious groups that existed in the specified period. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the mechanisms of differentiation of “own” and “other” are revealed. It is proved that the Jews are those actors in relation to whom self-identity of Christian pilgrims from the Russian Empire is strengthened if not built. The content analysis is carried out according to the thematic blocks and motives identified in those fragments of diaries and travel notes that contain references to Jews. The author comes to the conclusion that for Christian pilgrims who went to Palestine, Jews played the role of “generalized others.” Significant symptoms of alienation were the distinctive features of the Jews: the attitude to money and the occupied space, the manner of behaviour in public places. It is revealed that religious differences were less important for pilgrims.

Novels by V. Nabokov “Glory” and “Transparent Things” are considered from the point of view of representation of biographical material in them. The references in these novels to the works of Russian and foreign literature, to the biographies of writers and poets (“biographical plot”) speak not only about Nabokov’s cultivation of a new plot on the basis of the combinatorics of borrowed plots and their elements, but also about the meta-literary discussion of these plots, biographies and creative experience of predecessors. The article compares the features of the narrative of A. J. Cronin’s novel “Adventures in Two Worlds” and Nabokov’s artistic principles allowing to combine biographical facts and fiction. Thus, Nabokov’s lineage is considered. It became “plot-genic” - it influenced the emergence of plots of “The Enchanter”, “Lolita” and in collapsed form of “The Gift” and “Transparent Things.” The relationship between the Moliere and Armande Bejart is compared with the line “Armande - Hugh Person” in “Transparent Things.” Links between the novels by V. V. Nabokov “Glory” and “Transparent Things” with the works and biography of Lermontov are traced. In particular, attention is paid to the figures of Lermontov’s fellow students - D. V. Peterson and Ya. R. Gruzinov.

The analysis of the unfinished novel “The Life of a Great Sinner” is presented. It is proved that the religious ideas of Tikhon of Zadonsk about freedom, nobility, humility formed the basis of image of protagonist of the work. The author emphasizes that the novelist outlined a complex structure of image of the hero, whose aspirations are multidirectional: on the one hand, to freedom as power over people and worldly greatness, and on the other - to Christian freedom and humility. Attention is paid to the issue of conditions for finding the Orthodox-Christian faith by the young hero. The author shows that in the process of its consideration the novelist included the figure of the mentor in the system of characters of the work, his the prototype being Tikhon of Zadonsk. The problem-thematic core of the idea is revealed: the literary Tikhon calls the character to humility (to conquer himself with God’s help), but the character does not penetrate the essence of the doctrine and follows the path of false humility, distorting what he heard from the mentor and arming himself with the formula “conquer yourself and you conquer the world” in its exclusively mundane understanding. The author comes to the conclusion that Dostoevsky does not remove the prospect of spiritual transformation of the young hero, but, experiencing difficulties in its artistic disclosure, leaves the idea. The author believes that the plot situation “mentor - student” retains its importance in the problem-thematic aspect in the future work of the novelist (“Demons” and “The Brothers Karamazov”).

Problem of genre nature of short novels by a contemporary Russian author Sergei Ochinyan is discussed. The relevance of the study is determined by the following factors: the genre nature of literary texts in some cases is determined by formal external features, but today the nature of this problem is such that it affects a number of related industries, so that the approach to solving this issue is relevant in interdisciplinary terms. Particular attention is paid to the theory and history of the novelistic genre. The author proceeds from the fact that in order to determine the genre nature of a text, it is necessary to rely on the theory of communicative strategies of their competences, reference, creative and receptive, which are formed by the narrative picture of the world and the conditions of eventuality. Object of study is the collection of stories by Sergei Ochinyan “Cossacks and Mongooses.” It is proved that the title and theme of the collection appeal to the work by O. Henry “Cabbages and Kings.” The results of comparative analysis of the texts of both authors using communicative strategies are presented. It is noted that the analysis of the texts, taking into account the communicative strategies, proves the belonging of the work “Cabbages and Kings” to the genre of a short novel, while “Cossacks and Mongooses” is a collection of stories, genetically ascending to an anecdote. It is concluded that only from the standpoint of the use of communicative strategies a genre becomes what B. M. Gasparov called “communicative contour of a statement.”

The article deals with the economic situation of the Yamal North in Civil war conditions. Based on the analysis of available sources and studies, attention is paid to the analysis of the local economy state. The author raises a question of the adverse effects of wartime factors, which led to the violation of the former economic relations of the region. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that on the basis of new documents (published and archival), the author clarifies statistical data on fish catches and fur production, the number of deer, raw materials, carried out by a cooperation. The author systematizes the available factual material and supplements it with new data. This material shows that as a result of the implementation of economic measures of the Soviet authorities and anti-Bolshevik governments, the economic situation of the region has changed. Special attention is paid to the economic activities of the Soviet authorities in the 1920-ies aimed at creating state fishing industry, factories, cooperatives, introduction of food requisitioning and other duties. The article proves that there was a decline in the development of key sectors of the regional economy, difficulties in food supply of Obdorsk and other settlements of the region, the deterioration of the economic situation of the population.

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the formation of veterinary medicine in the Tobolsk governorate in the late 19^th - early 20^th centuries. The authors use a representative source base of both published and unpublished materials from the collections of the Tobolsk State Archive. The conditions of organization of veterinary service in Siberia as a “remote area” are considered. It is noted that the development of veterinary medicine in the Tobolsk governorate was influenced by the opening of a veterinary and paramedic school. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that for the first time in the national historiography the role of the provincial veterinary inspector in the formation of the Institute of veterinary service is considered. The activity of provincial veterinary inspectors is analyzed: P. Zolotarev, A. Ya. Lempert, L. S. Sumtsov and N. A. Kargapolov, who made a great contribution to the development of the veterinary service of the Tobolsk governorate in the studied period. It is shown that these doctors were highly educated and had an extensive experience in veterinary medicine. It is indicated that, despite all efforts and significant progress in the development of veterinary services, there were objective difficulties in this area, including difficult climatic conditions, long distances between settlements, the beginning of the First world war, etc.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the organization of international activities of the Spiritual administration of Muslims of the European part of the USSR and Siberia in 1945-1953. The issue is how this activity was controlled - primarily by the Council for religious affairs under the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR / Council of Ministers of the USSR. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to comprehend the historical experience of management decisions of the Soviet state in the field of foreign policy, which were made based on the potential of the Spiritual management of Muslims of the European part of the USSR and Siberia. For the first time the archival material devoted to this problem is put into circulation. The content of the activities of the Council for religious affairs is covered, which was the most public body of the Soviet state for interaction with the spiritual departments of Muslims in matters of foreign policy, which determines the novelty of the study. On the basis of the analysis of archival documents and literature the system of activity of the Soviet state directed on interaction with Spiritual management of Muslims of the European part of the USSR and Siberia is reconstructed. The effectiveness of the measures taken is characterized. On the basis of the study recommendations that can be used in modern practice of public administration in this area are given.

The phenomenon of Russian religious identity in Siberia is considered. Religious and secular texts of Siberian authors of 19^th - early 20^th centuries, documents of regional archives are used as a material. Special place is given to the issues of “religiosity” and special “mores of Siberians.” The aim is to analyze the process of actualization of traditional conservative Russian values in Siberia. The author concludes that the transformation of the regional Siberian identity was influenced by the concept of “Russian Palestine.” It was one of the unique “repositories” of national cultural memory and Russian identity. The intervention of the Russian tradition in Palestine was carried out for centuries, as a result of which a unique religious and cultural phenomenon arose thousands of kilometers from the borders of Russia. Despite the changes and upheavals within the country, “Russian Palestine” retained its functions as a “repository,” became a kind of intertemporal field on which the formation, verification and consolidation of new, specific religious and cultural ideas and values took place, through the Holy land the connection of Siberia with Central Russia occurred. The main communication bridge between Siberia and the Holy land were Siberian Orthodox pilgrims. The main purpose of the pilgrimage, according to the Siberian clergy, was to raise the religious feelings of believers, “the improvement of the Orthodox faith.” The way to Palestine for the Siberian Gentiles who converted to Christianity was the way to acquire Russian identity.

The reasons for the shortage and high cost of sugar in one of the rear Russian regions in the First World War are considered. The features of sugar production and trade in the Russian Empire, as well as the causes of “the sugar crisis” in the war period in the country and cities of Eastern Siberia are analyzed. It is shown that in the pre-revolutionary period there was a system of state-monopolistic regulation of the industry. Sugar excise is presented as one of the most important sources of replenishment of the state treasury: legislative retention of high prices in the domestic market provided fabulous profits to sugar producers. It is reported that during the war, sugar production and trade affected the following processes: the increase in excise duty in 1914 and 1916, the reduction in production against the background of a sharp increase in consumer demand from the population and the army, increased speculation. It is reported that the fight against the deficit was carried out through bureaucratic economic measures (introduction of tariffs and fixed prices, centralization of distribution, etc.), which were ineffective. Eastern Siberia is characterized as not having its own sugar production: the region depended on supplies from the European part of the country. The author concludes that the general disorganization of economic life and the disruption of railway communication led to a crisis of supply in the early period of the war. It is noted that a very limited arsenal of actions of local authorities (taxing prices, municipal purchases of sugar, the introduction of card distribution) could not affect the situation as a whole.

The relevance of the study is due to the need to study the historical features of such a phenomenon as “fraud of the disabled,” which arose in the first decade of Soviet power in the territory of the RSFSR and was called “touring,” when persons who did not have the right to receive social security, received it, attributing the merits of a disabled worker, disabled veteran or disabled old-age. The article analyzes the characteristics of “touring,” allowing to consider the specifics of this phenomenon, familiarity with which leads to the conclusion that it was not only a social problem of the NEP period, but also to a certain extent the way of life of many citizens excluded from society. There are cases of “touring,” helping the reader to understand whether it was a conscious fraud or a way of survival. Attention is paid to the activities of social security bodies and committees for the disabled and the red army soldiers to identify cases of “touring” and the implementation of measures to prevent it, among which there were both legislative attempts to limit the right of the disabled to move within the country, and the systematization, ordering of one-time social payments, as well as other non-standard ways to combat.

The fundamentals of the social policy of the Soviet state in relation to women, the mechanisms of formation of the contract of “working mother” are considered. The relevance of the study is determined by the change in the position of women in Soviet society in the war and the first postwar years, when the status of “working mother” is formed at the official level. The authors analyze the system of social and legal protection of working women. Attention is paid to the consideration of key legislative acts: the decisions of the government of the USSR and the leadership of the Stalingrad region, aimed at protecting the rights of working women during the Great Patriotic war, and also shows the specific activities of the authorities aimed at involving women in productive activities. The mechanisms that make it possible to combine motherhood with work in industry, agriculture, construction and economic recovery after the Stalingrad battle are analyzed. The question is raised about the mechanisms of social protection of working women: improvement of living conditions, allocation of places in nurseries and kindergartens, exemption from labour mobilization of pregnant and nursing mothers, training and retraining. The authors draw conclusions about the significant role of “working mother” contract in wartime, analyze the effectiveness of the measures taken by the government on the basis of the study of legislation, a wide range of sources and statistical materials.

The article is devoted to the analysis of counterrevolutionary crimes in 1918-1920 on the basis of the cases accepted for consideration by Simbirsk Governorate Revolutionary Tribunal. The authors introduce previously unavailable archival documents into scientific circulation. Details are given to such aspects of the topic as the jurisprudence of the emergency justice system in the fight against the counter-revolution, as well as the necessary conditions for the final verdict against the accused. The analysis of the verdicts issued by the emergency justice body is carried out. Attention is paid to examples of acts committed by citizens in 1918-1920 and recognized as counterrevolutionary. Statistical data on the activity of the emergency justice body of Simbirsk governorate are given. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that for the first time a large layer of previously classified unpublished archival documents was introduced into scientific circulation. The main conclusions of the study are the following key provisions: firstly, Simbirsk Governorate Revolutionary Tribunal was an effective tool of the Bolshevik regime, and secondly, the emergency justice body in 1918-1920 paid close attention to the investigation of counter-revolutionary cases, which amounted to about 29 %, and thirdly, in sentencing Tribunal staff were guided by the class principle.

The question of changings in a woman’s role in Dagestan after the Great October revolution is considered. It is noted that in the new society gender equality was one of the key problems, the attitude to which in the territory of Dagestan has not lost its relevance for a long time after the establishment of Soviet power. It is shown that women’s participation in the socio-political life of the region was a topical issue due to a variety of objective and subjective factors, among which the factor of domination of the Islamic religious worldview in all social spheres of Dagestan society stood out, taking into account the fact that the power of its influence in the first post-revolutionary years was not lost. With the help of archival materials, the author examines the gender policy pursued by the Soviet government, in particular, the training of Dagestan women in literacy, their involvement in socio-economic and political activities, etc. It is indicated that the policy of increasing the social status of Dagestan women met with misunderstanding and rejection in society up to the use of violence against socially active women. The author concludes that due to the purposeful policy of the Soviet power by the end of 1930s it was possible to achieve significant results in the nomination of women in various structures of power.

The article is devoted to the study of the system of ideas about the liberal reforms of 1860-1870 in Russia, formed in the framework of teaching history in primary and secondary schools. Attention is paid to the official position of the Ministry of education on the basis of the study of catalogs of recommended literature and programs on the history of Russia of the second half of 19^th - early 20^th centuries. The views of the scientific and pedagogical community are analyzed in the textbooks of Russian history of the 1860-1917. The question of the degree of perception by the students of the image of reforms of Alexander II is solved by analyzing the examination answers of graduates of pedagogical courses at the Vyatka city college in 1903. It is shown that in the complex of representations central place was occupied by the abolition of serfdom, which received unambiguous enthusiastic and positive comments. Attention is drawn to the awareness of the close relationship between the peasant and other reforms, among which there are the introduction of Zemstvo and city self-government, new courts, universal conscription and the development of education. The author concludes that the image of the reforms of Alexander II was evaluated first of all morally from the standpoint of the embodiment of the Emperor’s desire for good, justice, improvement of the people. It is proved that this approach is easily found a response in students, which indicates its perception in the people’s environment.