The article is devoted to the development of the concept of the “Ideographic dictionary of Anglo-American ethno-cultural collocations.” The research urgency is caused by the introduction of the concept of “ethno-cultural collocation.” The term designates the type of collocations with syntactic and semantic unity of combined words linked by a tradition of native speakers and reflecting elements of reality significant for a particular society. Lexicographic description of word groups into combinations unique to a specific language, with the national-cultural specificity, raises a question about the criteria underlying the selection of lexical units for inclusion in the dictionary. It is proposed to take into account criteria of sustainability, non-equivalence, cultural specificity, etc. The principles of representation of lexical units in the dictionary are characterized. Special attention is paid to “user’s queries” of the dictionary. The need to take them into account is stated to develop the optimal composition of the dictionary. The examples of dictionary entries are given. The preparation of this ideographic dictionary is an experience of systematization of the ethno-cultural collocations, namely their representation in thematic groups. The relevance of the work is determined by the fact that it is carried out in accordance with modern lexicographical concepts. The novelty of the research lies in the methodological development - the definition of megastructure, macrostructure and microstructure of the dictionary.

The article describes the combinatorial potential of the formulas of speech etiquette in the context of the situation “response to gratitude” in the English picture of the world. The research is conducted in the framework of combinatorial linguistics that studies the linear relations of language units and their combinatorial potential, and more precisely in the framework of combinatorial syntax, studying the combinatorics of units of language and speech (words, phrases, sentences, statements) in a specific situation of communication. Material of the research were the dialogues from the films and life of native English speakers, collected using the method of linguistic observation. The urgency is determined by the relevance in the current study of functionally-speech aspect of language in general and syntactic transformations of the units of etiquette with identical function and semantics in particular. Special attention in article is paid to the combinatorial nature of the formulas of speech etiquette in English language. The author’s purpose of the study is to determine the set of formulas used in the situation of communication “response to gratitude.” For its implementation specific problems are put and solved that include identifying features of the formulas of speech etiquette, as well as determining the number, shapes and additional functions of formulas in this situation of communication. In conclusion, the results of studies are given concerning the language specifics of units of speech etiquette and their national culture specifics.

The question is raised about the type of text “analytical article.” The definition of the notion “type of text” is given. The place of analytical article in the system of journalistic genres is commented. Analytical article is considered in the framework of non-classical text classification, the differentiating criterion of which is the paradigm of thinking. The paradigm of thinking is understood as type of mentality typical to certain era, which corresponds to a certain type of mass text. These text types and trends of their development in connection with the change of paradigm of thinking in society are described. The author believes that this classification of text types allows for a fresh look at the genre of the article. A review of the text types most clearly correlated with the analytical article is made: persuasive text, pragmatic text, meaning deducing text. The author comes to the following conclusions. A distinctive feature of the meaning deducing text lies in its essential inderectiveness, while persuasive and pragmatic types of text are potentially manipulative. Persuasive and pragmatic types of text tend to have a certain effect on the addressee and to have a certain relevance to current events. The meaning deducing text enables the recipient to realize his/her right to free choice and independent opinion.

Transformations of the semantics of nouns market , package , portfolio , product , formula , care , protection in modern varieties of Russian-speaking discourse associated with commerce and advertising are analyzed. The choice of lexical units is dictated by the frequency of their use in figurative meaning in the advertising and commercial texts. The research urgency is caused by necessity to clarify and supplement the existing lexicographical descriptions in accordance with the continuous process of semantic extension, which is typical to Russian language of early 21^st century. By matching vocabulary definitions with usage and with the help of the context analysis the directions and mechanisms of formation of new lexical meanings of the mentioned nouns are traced, many of which were fixed already in the common language, while others represent specific features of the language of advertising. The author comes to the conclusion that some mechanisms of the formation of new meanings in the language of the commercial sector differ from mechanisms typical to the language of advertising, despite the fact that extra-linguistic factors contributing to the formation of these meanings (the strategy of influencing the consumer) have a lot in common.

The relevance of the study is determined by the rare appeal of onomatologists to studying two-stems anthroponomical units, which in turn is due to their low quantitative representation in the texts of the mass census and act materials of the epochs before national period. The written sources of a peripheral region of Russia - the Republic of Karelia of 15^th-17^th centuries - are chosen for the analysis. By the continuous sampling the names are extracted out of these texts and divided into two groups: composites (for example, Yaroslav ) and two-stem nicknames (for example, Batonogiy ). They are marked by their social and genetic heterogeneity. Semantic and motivational features of words, cultural and historical information within them, anthropocentric potential are characterized. It is shown that after the baptism of Rus the representatives of the peasant society were named by the ancient princely names-composites. Composite names, remaining in the circle of non-calendar personal names, subject to various structural changes. It is assumed that the motive of naming could have high politely meaning inherent in the mythological consciousness of the pre-Christian society, and a set of elements distinguished Slavic composites from Indo-European names of this kind, as well as from the Russian two-stem nicknames, the main function of which was the explicit characterization of the physical data and (rarely) the inner qualities of a person.

The functioning of epistemic modal modifiers in Internet discourse is covered. The epistemic modal modifiers are defined as words, phrases and grammatical constructions indicating speaker’s attitude of the content of statement to reality set in terms of the authenticity / inauthenticity. The novelty of the work is seen in the research material: the online discourse appeared and became the subject of research relatively recently. The research urgency is caused by the fact that it is performed in line with such areas as the theory of modality and discourse analysis. The results of the quantitative analysis of the use of epistemic modal modifiers in texts of Internet forums are presented. The comparative analysis of the frequency of different grammatical forms of epistemic modal modifiers in the forums and fiction is made. The conclusion is, therefore, a high frequency of epistemic modal modifiers in texts of Internet forums with such characteristic of the online discourse, as a high degree of personification. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the pragmatic functions of epistemic modal modifiers in publications on Internet forums. Among them there are the function of indicating the subjectivity of the opinion, functions of expression of courtesy and support of the interlocutor. The hypothesis is developed about the influence of national and cultural specificity on the frequency of epistemic modal modifiers that perform specific pragmatic functions.

Non-usual nouns are considered - names of persons and groups that are created and used in the speech of users of a number of thematic Internet forums, specifically car forums, forums for cat lovers and dog lovers. These units are part of a dynamic verbal system, which, on the one hand, is able to reflect the latest trends in language development because of the weak normalizing, and on the other hand, potentially is able to have an impact on contemporary speech practices that determines the relevance of the study because of the wide coverage of users. The groups of considered derivatives are briefly presented in terms of their derivational structure. The typology of ways of word formation typical for the surveyed segment of forum discourse are suggested. Their most significant varieties and manifestations are noted. The focus is on “pure” (I. S. Ulukhanov) ways of word formation. Typical derivational formants are distinguished and characterized in the semantic and stylistic aspect. The thematic specificity of the derivatives formed in certain ways is identified. Attention is paid to structural, semantic and stylistic deviations from norms and rules that are acceptable in the formation of new words. The ambiguous approach to the consideration and interpretation of some items in the literature is noted.

The features of formation of idyll genre theory in Germany in the first half of the 18^th century in the works of I. H. Gushed, S. Gessner, I. A. Schlegel and M. Mendelssohn are considered. The results of comparative analysis of the concepts of German theorists are presented. The novelty of the research is seen in the system covering the approaches to the study of the idyll genre, which have developed in German literary criticism. The research urgency is caused by the consideration of the basic stages of development of idyll genre: (1) utopian modality (the search for “the golden age”) in the concept of I. H. Hatched, (2) social orientation of idylls by S. Gesner, (3) raising the status of the idyll in the genre hierarchy (from the lower to the middle) to the concept of I. A. Schlegel, (4) the rejection of normativity of the genre of idyll in the concept of M. Mendelssohn. The definitions for the terms idyll , eclogue , pastoral are given. The author dwells on the results of the studies described in the major works of these theorists. The fragments of the works inaccessible to the Russian reader are cited and commented. The article represents a synthesis of the experience of the author’s work on this topic. It is concluded that in the writings of literature theorists from I. H. Hatched to M Mendelssohn it is possible to note the rationalistic tendencies and the desire to see in idyll genre the reflection of the ideal (“reasonable”) nature.

The artistic relationships of landscape space and national character in the novel by a French writer of the 19^th century G. de Stael are examined. The research urgency is caused by the interest of representatives of different areas of the humanities, including literary critics, to the comparative study of peoples in the context of the rapid development of intercultural communication. It is shown that nature as a whole as “the phenomenon of the poetic image” is of great interest from the point of view of analysis of its impact on the character and emotional state of the characters of the novel. Not less important role plays the analysis of specific natural images of Sun, Moon, Earth, Mountains, Water and Fire that are the deepest archetypes, rooted in the collective unconscious. The author comes to the conclusion that these archaic concepts are reinterpreted by the writer under the influence on the formation of national identity, character and habits of the individual, therefore, it becomes possible for the reader to understand the national mentality through the natural archetypes of the novel. It is shown that in the novel the author creates a verbal-based acceptance of “collateral characteristic of mood,” which will then be actively used in the cinema. It is noted that the functions of the landscape in the novel by the French writer would later become the example for the following generations of authors in the description of the southern Italian landscape.

The article presents two views on the image of the addressee of the letters from “The Journey in Tauris” by I. M. Muravyov-Apostol. The study notes that the author of “The Journey...”, without specifying a particular person, creates an image of a reader poetically minded and interested in history, who tends to collect and analyze the information, knows (or at least interested in) ancient languages and culture, and dreams of his / her own journey in search of ancient artifacts. At the same time, having analyzed the text of the work and highlighted some facts from the author’s life, we see that the author’s compellation points to a concrete person - K. N. Batyushkov, friend and relative of the writer. In addition, these provisions help to recreate the image of the writer himself - scholar, great connoisseur of antiquity, rigorous researcher of antiquity, scientist seeking in his work to encompass all areas of knowledge; man who can impress the readers with his narrative. Given the fact that we have few memoirs of contemporaries about I. M. Muravyov-Apostol, this kind of material is of interest to create a literary portrait of the writer.

The works by Barbara Frischmuth - known master of contemporary German-language literature - are considered. Her works are in tune with time, so in her works it is easy to find the “problematic theme” of our time. It is shown that Barbara Frischmuth creates highly individual art world, she includes, following Austrian tradition, a fantastic item and philosophical reflections in the narration. It is indicated that the author of numerous novels and books for the younger generation relates to the questions of the relationship between East and West in her works. It is noted that Barbara Frischmuth is able not only to convey to the reader her ideas, but to force critical thinking about life. The author explores the features of Barbara Frischmuth’s multiculturalism as an aspect of tolerance, that consists in the possibility of parallel coexistence and mutual enrichment of cultures, by the material of the novel “The Disappearance of the Shadow in the Sun” (“Das Verschwinden des Schattens in der Sonne,” 1971). The relevance of the study is dictated by the need of rethinking of the relationships between representatives of different religious faiths (Islam and Christianity) that have been forming in European society for decades, taking into account the changed geopolitical situation. The author gives a generalized characteristic of “multiculturalism” and considers the work of the Austrian writer in this context.

The article is devoted to insufficiently studied in local literature aspect in the work of Franz Kafka (1883-1924), the German speaking writer, representative of “the Prague circle,” one of the outstanding masters of European literature. In the context of the changed geopolitical situation, the problem of the relationship between East and West is in need of further interpretation in the light of the world literary experience. The material is Kafka’s short fiction, which is devoted to the topic of China. It is shown that the personal Kafka’s “Chinese discourse” is ambivalent to the image of China, which was formed in the early 20^th century in the European consciousness. Special attention is paid to the story “How the Chinese wall was built” (1917). Various approaches to the interpretation of the work were involved in consideration. The article focuses on intertextual comprehension of the story. The relevance of the study is seen in that by the material of short fiction of Kafka it is possible to trace the evolution of the image of China in Europe and to determine Kafka’s contribution in the formation of the European “Chinese discourse” the first half of the 20^th century.

Based on archival materials of the Fund the Nizhny Novgorod Theological Consistory the process of formation and development of the practice of non-liturgic colloquies in the Nizhny Novgorod diocese is examined. The subject and methods of colloquies, number of them, number of attendees are considered. The diocesan administration controlled the organization of non-liturgic colloquies in parishes, recommendations for their implementation were developed. The author identifies problems in the organization of colloquies involving the selection of subject and methods for their implementation, the lack of attendees because of the temporal affairs, the spread of old-belief ideas, the lack of motivation, etc. The role of conversations in the sphere of religious and moral education and upbringing of Nizhny Novgorod governorate Orthodox residents is determined. Even the first year of colloquies resulted in the form of more diligent visitation of churches in less than half of the parishes in the diocese. The comparative analysis of data on the number of persons involved in the main sacraments of the Church in the period of Lent before and after the non-liturgic colloquies is made. It indicates a slight increase in the number of communicants of the Orthodox after the implementation of the colloquies into Church life. During 10 years (1887-1897) most of the temples of the Nizhny Novgorod diocese started to practice colloquies. However, they resembled religious readings more by their nature. The author comes to the conclusion that in general readings and colloquies contributed toward religious education, raised the moral level and the returned part of the congregation of the diocese to the official Orthodox Church.

The formation of a road industry in the Bashkir ASSR in the first decade of Soviet government are discussed (1917-1927). Attention is paid to the road system, sources of its support, construction, financing and supply. The results of a comparative analysis of statistical indicators of road construction in BASSR and the whole country are presented. The question is raised about the readiness of BASSR road management to implement the first five-year plan. Special attention is paid to the issue of classification of roads, determining their traffic density, the material-technical base and personnel potential of road agencies. It is shown that these actions of the road authorities were undertaken partially. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that for the first time on the basis of not published earlier archival data the main problems of road affairs in Bashkiria are revealed, as well as their solutions at the local level. The regional specificity in the process of implementation of construction works are identified. The relevance of the study is determined by the large scientific and public interest in the history of road construction as a complex socio-economic and political phenomenon. The study of the road sector as a major socio-economic phenomenon in the history of our country allows to trace the complex social, economic and political relations on the example of the Bashkir ASSR.

The article is devoted to problems of Russian-Chinese border demarcation. Russian-Chinese relations, with all its positive dynamics, are characterized by the presence of a number of acute problems, although somewhat moved “by the wayside” because of the more important bilateral priorities, have objectively high “destructive” potential. The research urgency is caused by the fact that the most complex, sensitive and explosive issue, until recently, remained border and territorial issue. Its decision in 2004 was a historic event in Russian-Chinese relations. This problem requires further research into the complex of relations between two great states. It is emphasized that the Soviet-(Russian)-Chinese border disputes are not the new trend of the time. In different historical stages of the Soviet Union the preservation of the existing borders was always important for the structures involved in the solution of border issues. The aim of Soviet government was to preserve the contractual framework, carrying out clarification of the boundary in certain areas, their redemarcation. Since the middle of 1960-ies, the Soviet government approved the conclusion of a new Agreement on the border, its demarcation, with the exception of the Islands near Khabarovsk. In making this decision the representatives of the Central office of the border police took part. The article is devoted to one of the episodes of cooperation with the People’s Republic of China in establishing boundaries.

The article is devoted to the interesting subject relatively little developed in the national historiography. The study is conducted on the material of several archives: State Archive of Sverdlovsk Region, Archive of the Territorial body of Federal State Statistics Service and the Center of documentation of public organizations of Sverdlovsk region. This allowed the author to develop and present his own concept of the research topic. The topic urgency is due to its high relevance to the social siences, primarily to history, economics, sociology and political science. Scientific novelty of the work is seen in the fact that the new material discovered by the author in these archives is introduced into scientific usage. It is stated that the analysis of money expenses of citizens is an important direction of research in the sphere of material conditions of their lives. It is alleged that during the whole researched period, the leading role in the structure of costs of family budgets of the population of Sverdlovsk oblast played the costs of purchasing food, and expenditures on the acquisition of clothes and shoes were the second in importance. It is proved that the expenditure on cultural and educational needs during this period were negligible in the workers and employees. It is emphasized that the highest level of expenditure (and income) had families of engineering-technical workers of the regional center. It is declared that the class of industrial workers officially positioned in the country as hegemonic class according to its actual position in the USSR actually was not a class of such kind, judging by the level of its expenditures.

The origins of the formation of the Italian model of self-organization of the scientific community and their perception by Italian scientists are covered. In the course of critical analysis the contentious issues of mapping the early stages of development of Italian science with the traditions of the Pythagoreans are revealed, which, in turn, has had a significant influence on the work of the Athenian Academy of Plato. Attention is drawn to such peculiarities of the Pythagorean Union as its secret nature (a contradiction to the ideals of transparency and openness), the lack of reliable primary sources describing his existence, the existence of contradictory and somewhat unflattering legends around the Pythagoreans. On the other hand, positive characteristics are noted that justify the consideration of the Academy of Plato as the source of origin the scientific community, such as a form of training - a dialogue between teachers and students, the transition to the latter to the first category during the accumulation of knowledge and experience, the presence of the head (scholarch), democracy in respect of the admission of new members, formal lack of property and sex qualifications. The novelty of the study lies in identifying and justifying the fact that from the point of view of institutional self-organizing community the modern Italian research personnel perceive themselves as successors of the traditions of the Academy of Plato, raising to it their roots. It is proved that the cultivation of this concept plays an important role in education of modern Italy and to a large extent forms self-identification of young scientists.

The historical analysis of “Horatius Flaccus in the works of the Moscow prisoner” is made, the outstanding work of Polish Renaissance era, written by Dr Sebastian Petritsi - Professor of Krakow University and the doctor of the family of Marina Mnishek. Biographical information about the scientist’s life and the circumstances in which he had been staying in the Moscow state for a year and a half are covered. Political motives are characterized, based on which Petritsi translated the odes and epodes by Horace. On the one hand, this work had as propaganda and urged the Poles to start a war with Muscovite state. On the other hand, it once again “raised from the dead” the Tsar False Dmitry I killed by a boyar conspiracy and gave the reader hope that he still could be saved. Thirdly, the work had a psychological impact - stilled captive Polish aristocrats, who came to the wedding of Marina Mnishek. Attention is drawn to the fact that the first in the history of Slavic literature complete translation of the lyric works of Horace was carried out with the support of the family Mnishek and dedicated to them by the author. It is concluded that it can serve as a valuable historical source for the psychological characteristics of the Polish participants in the events of the Time of Troubles.

The article deals with methodological principles and practical issues of education in the Russian language in Azerbaijan. Russian speaking is considered as an integral part of the public education system and a component of multicultural education. Socio-cultural factors of the wide spread of Russian education in the Republic and its functional aspects are generalized. Special attention is paid to the state support, status and methodological principles of education in the Russian language. The author emphasizes that the mass character of Russian speaking and education in Russian language in Azerbaijan is a clear indicator of the multicultural nature of Azerbaijani society. List of socio-cultural factors that led to the active functioning of the Russian language in the education system of the Republic of Azerbaijan is given. Academic and methodological support of the educational process in Russian in the Republic is characterized. The author claims that Russian-language education in the Republic of Azerbaijan successfully contributes to formation of civic identity, tolerance, training of highly qualified personnel, characterized by openness to other cultures and civic responsibility, and, ultimately, to deepening understanding and cooperation between Russia and Azerbaijan. The proposals of the author regarding the organization of multicultural education in the Republic of Azerbaijan are given.

The article is devoted to the problem of forming of self-identity in Nenets adolescents. The relevance of the study of self-identity of adolescent of indigenous peoples of the North is determined by the ambiguity of the influence of social factors: on the one hand, macrosocial factors related to socio-political and socio-economic situation in the country, and on the other hand, microsocial factors as ethnic and national characteristics and the microenvironment in which a teenager is growing up. Attention is paid to analysis of peculiarities of formation of self-identity in the juvenile period of ontogenesis, related to the assimilation of values, life orientations, a picture of oneself, future goals and ways of professional and personal development. The problem of formation of ethnic identity of Nenets adolescents is considered from positions of influence of those socio-economic and political processes that led to the loss of language, traditions and customs, that are the important component of ethnic identity and self-determination. The article focuses on the initial marginality of self-determination of Nenets adolescent. Attention is paid to the problems of socio-cultural deprivation and uncertainty of further professional self-determination (after finishing school), faced by Nenets adolescents living in nation villages.

The article is devoted to the unexplored and actual problem - the concept of the educational process as a set of sociocultural practices. The research is carried out in the context of realization of Federal state educational standards of basic general and secondary education. The brief overview of research on the subject is made. It is proposed to consider the educational process as a practice of socio-cultural projecting. It is proved that the basis of social and cultural practices of students is the social action in the context of age-normative model of development, substantiated by V. I. Slobodchikov. It is indicated that the results of the theoretical analysis of studied problem and practical activity in this area confirm the possibility of projecting socio-cultural practices as basic forms of anthropopractice as part of the educational process in various student activities. The novelty of the research consists in substantiation of the potential of the techniques of social engineering for solving important academic and life tasks. It is noted that the research is based on the methodological foundations of anthropological, pragmatic, sociocultural approaches. The outcomes of the socio-cultural practices as event activities of students based on social sampling, practices, projects aimed at personality development of students in curricular and co-curricular work are formulated, particularly in the form of socio-cultural practices in line of textbooks on geography “Polar Star.”