The designations “groups” and “communities” are examined as those given to associations of communicants on the Internet. The author states that the names of these associations have certain pragmatic tasks, since they are attracting the attention of Internet users and work on the expansion of groups. It is proved that the solution of such problems led to social semes in the names of unions. The author believes that the onomastic linguistic material (proper nouns) is also the part of social vocabulary. Social lexis refers to many words and expressions that serve as the designations of objects and phenomena of the life of society and a man because of his social characteristics - status, roles, etc. The relevance of the study is justified by the fact that there are no ideographic description of the social vocabulary in the Russian language and the concept of such a description. Analysis of the composition ofthe names of Internet communities allows to draw some conclusions regarding the features of group Internet communication. It is shown that the names of Internet communities are their hallmarks, that indicate the range of interests of participants of virtual communication in each group and the perception of social realities. The classification of categories depending on the method of education is given. It is concluded that many of the names include lexemes that characterize man from the standpoint of his social function.

The article is devoted to the understanding of the term derivational potential of a word or word-formation possibilities of a lexical unit . The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the authors of modern works on derivatology do not always draw the reader’s attention to the difference between such concepts as derivational potential and implemented derivational potential , especially in the cases of description of constraints on the implementation of derivational potential. With the aim of identifying variants of interpretation of the term in the article a review of the research is made, the authors of which pay attention to the derivational features of words and problems of realization of these possibilities. The results of the analysis of scientific works indicate that there can be several interpretations of the term word-formation possibilities . Some researchers understand derivational potential as possibility of a specific word to form lexical units, others - as a set of word-formation possibilities that characterize a particular class of words. It is assumed that the reason for different understanding of derivational potential is that there are two ways to interpret the composition of the derivational paradigms of the lexical units in determining word-formation possibilities of producing word. The author, basing on the previous experience of researchers, formulates an elaborated definition of the term derivational potential .

Еhe results of the lexical-semantic explication of a universal concept of DEATH in the Yakut language picture of the world are presented. The relevance of the work is determined by the fact that the study of concepts, occupying a significant place in the Yakut linguistic culture, is not currently completed. It is also noted that linguists have always shown interest in the content of the concept of DEATH and peculiarities of its lexical representation by means of different languages, because it belongs to the universal concepts. Euphemization in of death designation is emphasized. The material of the research were sustainable verbal complexes of the Yakut language, signifying death. Prepared by the authors the literal translations of collocations are presented. For example, the expressions are given which literally can be translated as follows: “to disappear from white sun world,” “to go into the pit,” “to go out on the hillside,” “soul became cold” etc. The analysis involve phraseology with other meanings: ‘to deprive of life, kill,’ ‘to go on a deadly risk’ etc. They confirm and clarify the metaphors identified in the primary material. Vocabulary is analysed with respect to ethnographic background information about the traditions of the Yakut graves, about the attitude to suicide and others. Following models of ideas about death are revealed on the Yakut material: “death is a transmigration to another world,” “death is the end,” “death is darkness,” “death is sleep” etc.

The article is devoted to a selective component, which is a part of the syntagmatic component of lexical meaning of a word and has its purpose - to elect and to restrict the combinability of words considering the subject and logical links in extralinguistic reality; to elect and restrict the combinability of words that express human feelings, and to waive the requirement of a certain functional style. It is shown that the selective component of meaning has an impact on a number of important semantic functions: firstly, it contributes to the differentiation of lexical-semantic variants of polysemantic words; secondly, it allows to identify variations and nuances of the same meaning, to combine them into a single meaning in case, if a word shows similar use; thirdly, it contributes to the reflection of the typical notions about the objects and phenomena that exist in reality. It is noted that the selective component has the meaning of a word specifying the rules of using it in the speech circuit, and outputs the meaning in syntagmatics; in addition, it may be determined by the denotation, connotation or stylistic affiliation of combined words. It is indicated that the study is conducted in the framework of combinatorial semasiology studying the ratio of the semantics of word and its compatibility.

The results of a comparative analysis of the implementation of cohesion in the documents of the same genre are presented. The research material are the military charters of the middle and the end of the 18th century, kept in the Fund “Mikhaylovsk stanitsa ataman” of State Archive of Volgograd Region. It is established that the texts of different time slices have similar amounts of coupling means: repetition, pronouns, conjunctions. It is revealed that the texts of the mid-18th century are characterized by the repetition of certain phrases and larger chunks of text dealing with the evaluation of described event and the rationale of made decisions by appeal to the unwavering authority of the sovereign. It is argued that the absence of such regulating repetitions in the texts of the late 18th century testifies to the integration of the Oblast of the Don Cossack Host in the legal space of the Russian state, and at the level of the text reflects the effects of trends toward standardization and simplicity of the business discourse. The texts of the end of the century are characterized by the use of quantifier pronouns with semantics of inclusiveness that not only serves to provide inline links, but also shows the universal validity of judgments for execution. It is proved that the dynamics in the representation of the means of cohesion is determined by reasons connected with change of system of management of the Host and the development of official-business style.

The article is devoted to analysis of Russian personal pronouns ya ‘I,’ my ‘we,’ vy ‘you’ and personal possessive pronouns moy ‘my,’ nash ‘our,’ tvoy , vash ‘your’ as components of sustainable and declining phraseological units in the Russian speech in terms of expressing their culturally-important meanings. The purpose of the study is to describe the semantic properties (including the evaluation component of the semantics) of Russian phraseological units, incorporating these pronouns from the point of view of their expression of cultural information. The research is based on material extracted from phraseological dictionaries. The theoretical basis of the study are the methodological statements by A. Wierzbicka about description of culture through natural language, the idea of linguistic and cultural description of phraseological units by V. N. Teliya, the principles of linguistic conceptualization of the world, etc. The methods of the communicative-pragmatic analysis, cognitive analysis of the “language of culture,” referential analysis, conceptual analysis, functional-stylistic analysis of phraseological units are used. It is proved that the analyzed pronouns in phraseological units express a complex of national cultural-value meanings associated with particular prominence of the world of “our own” (circle “ours”) and its opposition to “other.” The practical significance of the work is related to the use of its results in teaching Russian as a foreign language and in the practice of compiling dictionaries of the “language of culture.”

The question of ethno-cultural identity of contemporary ethnic Germans living on the territory of Republic of Tatarstan, Udmurt Republic and Kazakhstan and repatriated to Germany is raised. The article is a description of a two-year research work of the authors in the collection of empirical material, that is able to provide analytical and statistical data obtained as a result of a linguistic experiment based on the questionnaires and interviews. The research urgency is caused by the phenomenon of “Russian Germans” itself (they are representatives of two distinctive ethnic cultures). The specificity of their linguistic and ethno-cultural self-presentation and identity was studied. The study of the ethnic Russian Germans can be considered as a contribution to the study of the capacity for integration. Scientific novelty consists in the fact that this finding is intended to reveal the cultural and linguistic characteristics (involving linguistic and extralinguistic information) of Russian Germans and to answer the main research question: if the modern representatives of ethnic Germans are the “capsule” or “open” community. Special attention in the article the authors also give to identification of differences between Russian Germans from Kazakhstan and those of the Russian Federation (on the example of two republics). In addition, the so-called “Kazakh-German,” “Russian-German,” “Tatar-German” cultural and language areas are revealed in the migrant communities mostly of the 3rd, 4th, 5th and later generations.

The conditions (extra-linguistic and, as a consequence, language) and ways of forming the original ethnolingual culture “Russian Germans” are revealed. The authors believe that it comprises “the culture of the host country” and “home culture” different from each other, and occurs through cultural exchange and “occurrence” in Russian-speaking environment. A prerequisite to the formulation of the question is a special assessment of bilingualism and bicultural organization, which is not reducible to considering them as “the linguistic and cultural areal” of the titular nation, which is put in conditions that force to integrate. Source of information were the texts of special articles (as well as little notes, comments) by historians, government officials, auditors, journalists, writers, etc. about the life of the German colonists in Russia, published on the pages of Russian literary and political journal of the second half of the 19th century “Russkiy Vestnik.” Texts touch upon phenomena such as life, education, manner of dress, food and work culture, holidays, preservation of the original traditions of the native country after moving. Analysis of magazine discourse aims to characterize the degree of sustainability of tradition with the change of cultural-language environment (experience gained in “the old” Homeland and migrated to “the new” place of existence), ethno-cultural combination dominant of personality and type of diaspora (“capsular” and/or “open”) of “Russian Germans” in Russia in the 19^th century.

The article describes the principles of modeling the conceptual field of “SIN” in the context of studying national language according to the mentality of the Russian language. The purpose of the study is description of content and structural features of the language organization of conceptual field as a basic combat unit of language mentality. The research centers on language and text features of syntagmatic, paradigmatic and associative relations between the words sin , repentance and virtue - the representatives of the conceptual field of “SIN” identified through the analysis of the data extracted from dictionaries and also from the National corpus of the Russian language. Theoretical framework of the study is based on the principles of analysis of ways of conceptualizing the world as a source of formation of the phenomenon of “linguistic mentality.” The study uses the methodology of conceptual analysis developed at the Department of Teaching the Russian language in Other Language Environments, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod. The authors prove that the original basic structure of the conceptual field of “SIN” forms a multicomponent conceptual bunch of SIN - REPENTANCE IS -VIRTUE. In this case, the conceptual field of “SIN” is structured differently in relation to religious and non-religious, secular layer of this conceptual content. Practical significance of the research is that the main results can be used in University teaching of disciplines of the cultural linguistics cycle and in the practice of compiling dictionaries of concepts and of linguistic thesauri.

The study introduces into scientific usage and for the first time analyses from the perspective of a linguistic source study several translations of diplomatic letters of the Chinese Emperor to the Russian Tsar of the late 17th century, written in Cyrillic cursive and translated from Chinese into Latin and then from Latin into Russian language. The aim of the study is the consideration of their genre and stylistic specifics and defining linguistic characteristics. This seems relevant, because it allows to add to and refine scientific knowledge regarding the development of the Russian national language on the periphery of the Muscovite state. Analysis of the language of the monuments evidence of a consistency in deliberate archaization by the use of Church Slavic words and forms by scribes, which probably was a token of diplomatic documents. Meanwhile, the texts reflect both life forms and pronunciation variants of spoken Russian usage of the time, which may indicate that the interpreter dictated the text to the scribe, translating orally from Latin. The study shows that the translated Latin documents are interesting linguistic source from the point of view of linguistic phenomena reflected there - phonetic and morphological systems, the vocabulary of the period of formation of language of the Russian nation.

The article is devoted to peculiarities of the particle kak ras ‘just; exactly’ in the modern Russian language. The topic urgency is determined by the recently increased interest of linguists in the functioning of function and discursive units. In the theoretical part of the paper a comparison of the concepts of “discursive words” and “particles” is provided. The conclusion about the intersection of these two categories is made. The choice of the term discursive particles in relation to the particles performing the functions of ensuring coherence of the discourse is proved. Next, using the methods of contextual, lexicographical and transformational analysis, the use of the particles kak ras mainly in literary texts (including imitating spoken language) is examined. Analysing the data of dictionaries, the author clarifies the principles of distinguishing the functional-semantic variants of the studied discursive particle. The author comes to the conclusion that the prototypical function of the studied particle is an indication of a temporary coincidence of two events that the particle is able “to fill” the position of absent temporal circumstance. With temporal circumstance or other component of the utterance, which is composed of anaphoric pronouns, the particle kak ras becomes synonymous with a particle imenno ‘exactly,’ distinguishing the object from others. In addition, this particle can act in enantiosemy function of indicating the underlined mismatch, contradiction.

The article is devoted to the linguocultural analysis of communicative values of harmonious communication presented in Russian phraseology and seen against the background of the Chinese communication culture. The relevance of the study is determined by increased conflictness in modern communications and the need to reflect national cultural traditions of communication. The material for the study are collocations with the meaning of “communicative behaviour,” extracted by the method of continuous sampling from the Russian and Chinese phraseological dictionaries (over 300 units). Phraseological units contain specific requirements prescribing the necessary communicative behaviour of addresser and addressee, who are equally responsible for the development and successful completion of the communicative interaction. The author identified the linguistic means characterizing a harmonious communication (evaluative adjectives, comparisons, direct prescriptions). Based on linguoculturological interpretation of phraseology, the author defines prescriptive standards and values for harmonious communication in Russian culture - politeness, sincerity, absence of conflict. The results of comparative analysis of the maxims of benevolence, sincerity and tolerance are presented. Similarities of the communicative requirements of the Russian and Chinese cultures are shown. The author dwells on the specific qualities of sincerity and truthfulness, determined by the Russian mentality. Special attention is paid to restraining communicative actions hindering the communication process, which are registered in the national phraseology. It is proved that a harmonious communicative behaviour is governed by the rules of speech etiquette, based on the norms of morality and national cultural traditions.

The results of the analysis of syntactic constructions based on the contact location of conjunction da and double conjunction ne… a… are presented. The relevance of the study is determined by the active interest of modern linguistics to function words and, more generally, to means of communication, functioning in different semantic structures. The purpose of the study is to identify and describe semantic and syntactic nature of the structures formed on the model da ne … а ... Material source is National Corpus of the Russian language. Scientific novelty consists in the fact that at this moment there are no studies about the ability of the conjunction da to be combined with double or multiple conjunctions. Practical significance of the research is that the results will be used to create the dictionary of function words of the Russian language, as well as in teaching Russian as a foreign language. The article discusses some cases typical to the structures with da ne … а ..., which include pronominal words with the postfix - nibud’ , adjective prostoy and particle prosto , and counting-pronominal adjective odin . It is stated that using typical lexis and semantics of the components of the complex da ne … а ... forms connecting-graded-lookup relationship in the structure of a sentence.

Specifics of the syntactic functions of phraseological combinations exemplified by the combination khochesh ne khochesh ‘like it or not’ is discussed. Novelty of research consists in that the studied combination is for the first time described in detail from the standpoint of the functional-semantic approach. The topicality of research is determined by happening in the Russian language active process of significant vocabulary being drawn in the composition of service vocabulary and, consequently, is determined by the need of expanded study of the syntactic functions of phraseological combinations as a means of formalizing syntactic relations. Description of studied combination in the dictionaries is presented. A review of scientific studies on syntactic phraseologization is made. The work focuses on the description of semantic structures in which there is the combination khochesh ne khochesh ‘like it or not’. The results of the analysis of the specific environment of combination within its scope in the text are shown. Also particular syntactic relationships, which are expressed by this combination, are commented. Special attention is paid to the analysis of explication of semantic structure of the text. It is emphasized that the analyzed combination is involved in the expression of subjective modality meanings. The author determines that the combination khochesh ne khochesh ‘like it or not’ indicates the presence of two situations, one of which is represented as necessary, having no alternative.

The possibility of speech genre consideration in the paradigm of linguistic variantology is proved. The author argues that the extrapolation of variant-invariant relations in genres studies allows to present a speech genre in the form of the opposition “invariant : variant.” The thesis is that the speech genre invariant is a mental schema (prototype), represented by means of genre-relevant features, integral to the speech modifications of this unit. It is proved that variants of the speech genre are regularly reproducible modifications of the same speech genre. Maintaining identity of illocutionary-intentional, thematic content, formal compositional frameworks, they differ by a series of communicative-pragmatic properties: area of operation, nature of interaction between author and addressee, process of communication (its spatial and temporal characteristics), substrate (e.g. letter on paper or electronic one). Develop theoretical propositions are considered on the material of the variable functioning of the speech genre “personal letter” in different communicative spheres (natural written, electronic, art). The study establishes the invariant features of studied genre (predominant mono-authorship, alter-addressing, dialogism, narrative subjectivity, realism, authenticity, three-part structure) and its variant signs (electronic substrate of network version of a letter; public sphere of communication, formal communication, complex system of addressing letters to the newspaper; artistic letter’s fiction).

The results are presented of the study of the mechanisms of realizing the communicative strategies and tactics in Russian advertising discourse, the language representative of which is auto-ethnonym Russian and corresponding derivatives. The interest to the phenomenon of discourse is linked both with the need to study linguistic phenomena in close connection with communicative, cognitive and sociocultural factors, and with the need to bring linguistic research beyond the study of traditional units of sentence and text. The need for a theoretical understanding of the specificity of advertising discourse is linked to the active development of this type of discourse and its increasingly prominent place in the modern communicative space. The novelty of the research is to analyze the functioning of auto-ethnonymic lexis in advertising discourse, which until this time was not the object of researchers in this aspect. The material were taken from advertising slogans and texts of Russian advertising discourse. Peculiarities of advertising communication is described, main positioning of communicative strategy: auto-presenting, evaluative, targetising, mitigative, value-oriented - are analyzed. Some optimizing communication strategies are discussed: the strategy of recognition and the strategy of increasing attractive strength of the advertising message. The practical significance of the research is connected with the possibility to apply its results in practice of creating advertising messages and in judicial and non-judicial linguistic expert investigations in cases of improper advertising and extremism.

The article is devoted to the problem of the relationship between postmodernism and classical literature. The question is considered on the example of works by the Victorian writer who anticipated many of the trends of development of the English literature of 20^th century. The article focuses on the works by Thomas Hardy. He was one of the first in the English literature of the 19th century who began to reflect on about tradition, turned to nature and unconscious in man. It is shown that the Victorian writer has created a gallery of characters, whose personal dilemmas are quite existential. It is noted that in the English classical tradition John Fowles is particularly attracted by the “crisis” authors, including Hardy. Special attention is paid to the influence of “historical” Hardy on the life and work of Fowles. The author dwells on the main stages of Fowles’ meeting with the life and work of a Victorian writer. The question is raised about the presence of Hardy’s intertext in the novel “Daniel Martin” on the plot, motif, imagery and spatial-temporal levels. The author notes that intertextual dialogue with Hardy in the works of Fowles is a special manifestation of intersubjectivity. It is concluded that among all Victorian writers, Hardy was “his own” for Fowles, however, the author of the 20th century rejects the gloom and despair of the writer of the 19th century.

The article covers the history of theoretical views of Internet literary community “Network literature” to their own work. Special attention is paid to literary and critical works on the literature network that were written by members of the community. A review of the parts of theoretical works of the authors of “Network literature” is made. The description of the borders of e-literature is discussed on the basis of the views of “Network literature” authors. The author dwells on analysis of the largest debates of 1997-1998. Attention is paid to the description of the experiments of network authors in the field of multimedia. The question is raised about the reasons for the loss of interest to the “Network literature” by both readers and authors, and a possible solution is proposed. It is shown that the emergence and spread of literary sites with the free publication has had a decisive influence on the way of development of literature in the Internet. The novelty of the research lies in addressing the critical and scientific texts, while the authors of the currently available research publications have analysed the literary works of network authors. The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing importance of Internet literature in the contemporary literary field.

The article is devoted to historicism of Yesenin’s poem “Pugachev” (1921) in the light of A. S. Pushkin’s concept of national history, where there are his works in the foreground, united by “Pugachev’s” topic. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the first attempt of understanding of polemical dialogue between Pushkin and Yesenin from the point of view of literary study was made, reflected in the idea of the “Pugachev” poem and determined the ideological and philosophical constructs of Yesenin’s historicism. Special attention is paid to the role of legend in historiosophical position of Pushkin and Yesenin, and their relationships with Christian axiology, and also to the place of Yesenin’s treatise “Maria’s Keys” in the artistic philosophy of its author, expressed in the dramatic poem “Pugachev.” It is concluded that Yesenin’s historical event becomes the auxiliary material for the creation of a new legend, by its values being out the principles of Pushkin’s historicism. The author argues that in a polemical dialogue between Pushkin and Yesenin, expressed in a declarative treatment of the later poet to one of the most important predecessor in ethical and artistic terms, one should see defence of his own positions in contemporary literature, typical for Yesenin’s works of these years.

The article identifies key problems of modern genology, such as the lack of unified criteria for the definition of the genre as an aesthetic category, subjectivity of genre relatedness in new concepts of the genre, the lack of a widely acceptable genre classifications and genre systems. Relevance of the study of a unified genre model of literature of 20th-21st centuries dramaturgy is proved with categorical position of dramatic genres transformation, synthesis / syncretism of homogeneous and heterogeneous form-and-content units in the whole structure of the dramatic text. Prospective directions of this study are designated. The definition of the category “meta-genre” is given. New principle of construction of genre models in latest domestic dramaturgy built on the basis of transgressive compounds-mates is demonstrated. There is an increase in the proportion of subjective principle in the artistic modeling of the present. The newest Russian dramaturgy is primarily considered as a dialogical zone of aesthetic experimentation and sustained literary traditions. At this, the integrity of the ontogeny of dramatic text in Russia, the continuity of stages of development and typological intersection of the “new drama,” “new wave,” “new new drama” with the dramaturgic heritage of the 19th century are emphasized. All marked characteristic features of the considered dramatic material are based on the realities of the complex socio-cultural construction and paradoxes of the metaphysical existence of 20th-21st centuries.

The article is devoted to investigation of the role of the semantic opposition “sky - earth” in the novel by B. L. Pasternak “Doctor Zhivago.” The relevance of the topic is justified, firstly, by the need for a more thorough study of the peculiarities of the artistic space of a literary text; secondly, by the importance of the study of the influence of the author’s philosophical and religious views on the peculiarities of the art world of the works, on the specifics of the image of literary heroes, their images and personalities, interactions with each other. The contexts are analysed that contain the words nebo ‘sky,’ zemlya ‘earth,’ and other lexical representatives of the relevant concepts: verkh ‘top,’ niz ‘bottom,’ pole ‘field,’ les ‘forest,’ zvezdy ‘stars,’ etc. On the basis of the conducted analysis, the author argues that the semantic opposition “sky - earth” is one of the most important semantic elements of literary text of the novel. Images of sky and earth in the novel are interpreted with the aim to discover in them the Christian and pagan motifs. It is argued that these images participate in the organization of vertical and horizontal space of the novel. It is shown that the earthly and the heavenly in the novel are in dispute, constantly collide with each other. The author comes to the conclusion that however, despite the apparent opposition of these images, the protagonist of the novel does not seek to choose between the life of heaven or earth - he takes all aspects of life.

The problem of literary traditions continuity, namely the influence of the literary heritage of A. P. Chekhov on contemporary Russian women’s prose is examined. The women’s prose in this article is considered as a literary and social phenomenon, which has some peculiarities in the artistic depiction of reality. In particular, women’s prose is characterized by accentuation on spiritual qualities of character, his / her inner world, feelings, inner struggle. It is noted that in the constant treatment of women writers to A. P. Chekhov’s works the author of the article sees gender base: contemporary writers are close to the topic of the origin of the feelings against the background of everyday hustle and bustle in his works, misunderstanding of the characters and, as a consequence, their loneliness. In addition, women writers often turn to books with memorable female characters, having typical features. Material for the study were the works by the famous contemporary Russian women writers: L. Ulitskaya, L. Petrushevskaya, T. Tolstaya, V. Tokareva, D. Rubina. The author concludes that the obvious intertextual links with the Chekhov’s pretext can be traced in their works, shows the influence of Chekhov’s ideas on the works of representatives of Russian women’s prose of the present time, and at the same time notes that women writers originally interpret the eternal themes of love and loneliness.

The article is devoted to development of natural resources of Yakutia in the first decades of the 20th century, when under the influence of political change and the growing crisis in the economy the issues of use of local raw materials to meet the needs of the population have become more relevant. The steps are discussed, taken in the early 20th century by private entrepreneurs, cooperative bodies and government organizations for scientific and engineering research of mineral resources of Yakutia, examining the prospects of their extraction and further processing. It is shown that in the period after the revolution of 1917 the role of private business initiatives for development of mineral resources began to decline significantly, the initiative in this direction passed into the hands of rural and cooperative bodies. It is noted that with the establishment of the Soviet power in Yakutia in December 1919, all the initiatives of the private and cooperative sectors in the development of handicraft production from local raw materials was terminated. It is emphasized that the state concentrated in its hands all the activities, including scientific research, in searching, exploration and industrial processing of mineral resources of Yakutia. The authors conclude that in the studied period the study of natural resources increasingly was not only of scientific, but above all of practical interest, which was linked with the need to find solutions to the economic crisis caused by the war and revolution of 1917.

The history of creation and development of national-cultural associations of the peoples of Yakutia on the turn of 20th-21st centuries is described. It is noted that the preservation of the stability of ethnic relations in the multinational republic is the most important task of domestic policy carried out by local authorities. Information about the most important and most active public organizations representing different ethnic groups in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is provided. The author discusses the Yakut national organizations “Sakha omuk” and “Sakha keskile,” played a significant role in the political development of Yakutia in 1990-ies. The article highlights the activities of associations of indigenous peoples of the North. The major public enterprises of the Russian population of the Republic and the Diaspora of various ethnic groups are described. It is shown that, despite the different scales and different degree of influence, national-cultural associations of the peoples of Yakutia played a significant role in the development of statehood of the Republic. The recognition of the sovereignty of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), as well as the preservation of interethnic peace and unity in it are the result of the active position of independent public-political organizations. It is noted that national-cultural communities and associations remain an important and stable part in the political processes in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

The main aspects and directions of the regional policy of the European Union in the countries of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) in the beginning of the 21^st century are examined. The author analyses the socio-economic development of territories, explores the condition of such areas as environmental protection, culture and innovations support, development of international relations with countries and regions of the Middle East and North Africa in the framework of the neighbourhood policy. The problem of the effectiveness of the implementation of regional programmes in Spain and Portugal is raised. The programmes “Madeira - Azores - Canary Islands,” “INTERREG MED,” “Southwestern Europe,” “Programme of Cross-border Cooperation in the Mediterranean Basin” are characterized. The success of regional cooperation in this area is assessed. Projects and initiatives implemented by the European Union in the Spanish and Portuguese regions are listed: project for the development of Porto-Gondomar, project “CypFire,” project “MedPAN,” projects “МЕЕТ: the Mediterranean experience of ecotourism” and “SLOWMED: “slow” food as a means of dialogue in Mediterranean contexts.” Their impact on the socio-economic development of the area is analysed. It is concluded that Spanish and Portuguese regions are interested in achieving results within the framework of regional policy implementation and the strengthening of relations in the context of European integration.

The article is devoted to identification and characterization of regional particularities of social transformations of the dependent categories of the population in free rural inhabitants in the post-reform period. The main material is a wide range of sources in the form of legislative acts and statistical materials, as well as works by “pre-revolutionary” (D. A. Ponikarovsky, N. M. Zobnin), and “Soviet” authors (A. P. Borodavkin, A. T. Topchy). The work reconstructs the transition from “compulsory” to “civilian” employment relationship of the factory craftsmen, mining workers and bonded peasants of the Cabinet on the example of Kuznetsk district of Tomsk governorate. It is proved that the mining workers of the Salair region and peasantry of the Cabinet village actually received liberalization and capitalization of labour relations as a result of the 1861 reform. The author argues that in the first half of the 1860-ies in the Cabinet village of Kuzbass region a new socio-production relations were formed, involving the free choice by the population of its economic activities. It is established that the corresponding reform was spread on category of state peasants of Kuzbass region later by the law of 18 January 1866: the unification of the system of local peasant self-government was held.

The article is devoted to the subject insufficiently developed in the national historiography, especially in regard to its regional dimension. The study is conducted on archival materials with the assistance of the scientific and publicistic literature. The relevance of the topic is determined by its importance for the social sciences, especially for history and economics. The purpose of the article was a study of incomes and expenses of single women farmers of Sverdlovsk region in 1965. It is noted that cash incomes and costs of these category of citizens have practically never been investigated by domestic social scientists. It is stated that in the structure of monetary income Soviet statistics considered not only the cost of products produced in personal subsidiary plots, but also obtained by gathering, hunting and fishing. It is emphasized that there was a pretty serious differentiation of monetary incomes and charges of the surveyed women farmers. It is stated that single women farmers were in a better position compared with family farmers. It is proved that the leading costs of single farmers was the cost of food. It is concluded that most of participants could only rely on their own strength, because state pensions and benefits, as well as cash income from the farm as a whole were negligible.

The status of the dynasty and Empire of the Qing in China after the Xinhai revolution is discussed. It is reported that in accordance with the terms of the Emperor Pu Yi’s refusal of the throne of China, he retained the Imperial title and the historic centre of Beijing - Forbidden city - as a possession. It is noted that the Republic of China recognized the Emperor Qing as the “foreign monarch.” The article shows that the document “Preferential terms” containing information about the special conditions provided by the Chinese Republic to the Emperor Qing, is in much the same with “Guarantee Act” - a document issued by the Italian government in March 1871 after the army of the Kingdom of Italy in September 1870 occupied Rome and was eliminated the temporal power of the Pope. It is proved that in many respects the Qing Empire in 1912 acquired the actual status of the microstate, when in fact this status is not sought. The authors argue that the Qing Empire in the years of 1912-1924 actually remained a quasi-state and did not realise a political possibility of transformation in the microstate. The reason is the unwillingness of the leaders of the Qing monarchy to abandon the idea of the restoration of the monarchy in China and to create miniature state. It is concluded that for these reasons the final destruction of the Qing Empire in 1924 was the natural result of its existence.

The history of diplomatic struggle of Italy for the recognition of Italian control over the Dodecanese Islands is examined. It is emphasized that the archipelago, captured by Italy during the Libyan war of 1911-1912, had strategic importance as a natural centre to establish spheres of influence in the Eastern Mediterranean. It is noted that Italy had not originally sought the inclusion of the archipelago in its own land, but quickly showed interest to establish its power over the Dodecanese Islands and refused to implement the international agreements providing the evacuation of the Italian occupying forces from the archipelago. The article proves that the difficult diplomatic struggle in which, along with Italy, Greece and Ottoman Empire, the great European powers - France, Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary - took part, did not led to the return of the disputed Islands to the Ottoman Empire or to their transfer to Greece, demanding these Islands on the basis of ethnic principle. The author argues that the persistence, under various pretexts, the Italian occupation of the Islands was as a result of significant diplomatic victory of Italy and subsequently allowed them to be Italian possession.

The results of comparative analysis research of the first Russian soil scientists, held in Borovichskiy uyezd of Novgorod governorate in the late 19th century, with the materials of General land surveying of the late 18th century are presented. The relevance of the work is determined by insufficient knowledge of the topic and by the parameters of fertility of the land changing during the centuries. The author reveals the peculiarities of soil research in this region since the late 19th century, focuses on typical features of their description given according to the scientific achievements of that time. Special attention is paid to the comparison of the results of field researches of soil scientists in the area of certain villages with an electronic database compiled by the author, that characterizes the soil in the materials of the general land surveying. It is proved that the ranking of soil types by soil scientists in the late 19th century coincides with information about soil in the materials ofgeneral land surveying of the late 18th century. The wide use of soil descriptions in the subsequent rural studies is highlighted. Scientific novelty of the work consists in the fact that it for the first time systematized, summarized and mapped field survey results of the first Russian soil scientists and general land surveying by the example of Borovichskiy uyezd of Novgorod governorate.

Syria’s role in regional security in the period of 2000-2011 is discussed. Special attention is paid to the coming to power of Bashar Assad, marked by attempts to soften the confrontation of Syria with regional and extra-regional powers, while simultaneously building a flexible system of situational alliances. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that an independent foreign policy of Syria have angered the US, which during the presidency of George W. Bush sought to establish a doctrine of American leadership in several regions of the world. It is proved that the aggravation of contradictions with the USA and Israel objectively was promoted by the Second Intifada, since Damascus has traditionally supported the Palestinian people’s struggle for national self-determination. Special attention is paid to the fact that Syria made a “turn to the East,” was to improve relations with Iran and Russia. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the reasons are shown for the uncompromising attitude of the West towards the fate of the Syrian political regime in the civil war in the country, namely that the government of Bashar Assad has intensified confrontation with the West.

The relevance of the study is determined by insufficient exploration of the problem of the formation of the cooperative policy of the Bolsheviks in the difficult conditions of finding ways of building fundamentally new social, political and economic structure of Russia. The complex and contradictory process of forming a cooperative policy of central authorities and top officials of the state is examined. The question is raised about the strategy and tactics of cooperative policy of the Soviet government in the first years after the revolution. Special attention is paid to the identification of key areas of cooperative politics in the civil war and “war communism.” Key factors that influenced the position of various authorities in determining their relationship to the societies are established. The main priorities in the implementation of the cooperative policy are identified. The characteristics of cooperative policy implementation by the authorities are examined. The author comes to the conclusion that in the first months of Soviet power its actions gradually manifested two main directions in the formation of a cooperative policy. The first direction was characterized by the involvement of cooperative workers aimed at collaboration and the gradual transformation of societies in a form that would meet the ideological views of the Bolsheviks. The second movement is distinguished by the pursuit of power to capture the cooperation by administrative means, forcing it to fulfill the state order. Subsequently (over the entire study period), these two directions interacted with each other, forming in their unity cooperative policy which, in turn, was a part of the government’s economic policy.

The article justifies the urgency of development of lectures-conversations when presenting the theoretical material of the training courses to foreigners. Attention is drawn to the difficulties of foreign students in listening the lecture in its traditional understanding as a monologue of the teacher. The importance of a methodical understanding of the theoretical presentation of the material in question-answer form is emphasised. Scientific novelty and practical significance of research results is seen in the fact that the issues are described from the point of view of the purpose of their performance to the students, the positive effect of the issue, the shortcomings of the question. It is assumed that within this form of classes the teacher can introduce new material, systematize theoretical information studied by students, consolidate students’ knowledge in the subject area, take into account communicative and personal aspects of adaptation of foreign students in Russian educational environment. On the original author’s material of lecture-conversation on theoretical grammar the kinds of questions are demonstrated that are appropriate to use in dialogue with foreign students. Methodological training for teachers in the formulation of various types of questions is proposed. It is concluded that the systematic use of lecture-conversation in teaching practice will contribute to overcoming the communicative and psychological difficulties of foreign students listening to lectures in a foreign language (Russian) that meets the modern trends of multicultural education.

The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the formation of a subject of professional activity at the present time becomes nonlinear, multivariate. The question is raised about personal and socio-psychological measures of self-actualization in terms of professional dynamism and uncertainty of post-industrial society. Special attention is paid to professional transpective of the subject. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that transpective is a result of culturally assimilated and actualized in society methods of implementation of the potential in the professional sphere. A review of the concepts of self-actualization, conceptions of psychological time and approaches to the description of personality is made. It is shown that self-actualization is carried out against the background of stable set of psychological characteristics through reflection and design of way of life pattern. It is proved that the model of professional development in the logic of post-industrial society should include self-actualization, personality factors and the parameters of psychological time of personality. Empirical study is made of the links between levels of individual self-actualization, parameters of the subjective picture of way of life and psychological time, as well as indicators of cross-culturally validated five-factor model of personality. The results of a comparative analysis of the levels of severity of psychological time parameters and personal factors of students with different levels of self-actualization are presented.

The article is devoted to the usefulness of including the exercises based on texts of intra-company written communication in a professionally-oriented textbook for undergraduate students of engineering specialty. The issues associated with the methodological potential of exercises, designed on the basis of this texts, are discussed in terms of the most complete implementation of conditions to ensure the communicative orientation of the textbook and the principles of contextual learning. The possibility of using some of the functions of intra-company communication texts, such as organising and regulatory functions, as a way of structuring communicative activities in the manual is proved. The author argues that it provides a context-due alternation of oral and written communication and representation of the types of discourse key for the manual. It is demonstrated that this approach is more effective when creating the training model of professional activity in each section of the manual where the exercises, designed on the basis of intra-company emails and documents, carry out the deployment professional of the plot, adjust the consistency of the presentation of professional situations involving oral and written communication. Possibility of use of exercises, designed on the basis of reports to optimize preparation for the study of texts representing scientific discourse is considered, since reports have a number of similar functional and stylistic characteristics with scientific articles.

Theoretical and practical issues of implementation of interdisciplinary approach in the system of foreign language training of University students of non-linguistic specialties are examined. The research urgency is caused by necessity of formation of holistic scientific worldview of future professionals on the basis of interdisciplinary integration in the crisis of disciplinary knowledge. Genesis of the interdisciplinary approach to general and higher education is covered. A review of the domestic and foreign psychological-pedagogical and didactic literature covering the experience of application of interdisciplinary approach in University practice is made. Concepts of “meta-competences,” “meta-subject competences,” “over-professional competences,” “soft skills,” etc. are distinguished. The structure of foreign models of the formation of meta-competency of graduates that meet the requirements of employers are described. Organizational-pedagogical conditions of realization of interdisciplinary approach in the system of non-linguistic higher education are analyzed. There is a sample list of meta-competences, which can be effectively formed in the process of foreign language training in higher education. Techniques and technologies of forming meta-competences of specialists of non-linguistic profile by means of the discipline “Foreign language” are classified. The results of experimental work on forming meta-competences in students of the undergraduate training of 06.03.01 Biology field of study are described. The prospects of application of interdisciplinary approach in the field of vocational didactics are examined.

The review of the monograph by T. D. Zelenkina, E. Yu. Pryazhnikova, M. G. Sergeyeva “Parental assistance in professional self-determination of senior pupils,” which became a laureate of all-Russian competition for the best scientific book of 2016, hold by Fund of national education development, characterizes theoretical and methodological developments of the authors. It is reported that the book presents the theoretical aspects of problems in training parents to help in professional self-determination of senior pupils. The results of testing the pedagogical model of training parents to help in professional self-determination of senior pupils in the conditions of organization of additional education of children are positively assessed.

It is reported the monograph “Parent assistance in professional self-determination of senior pupils” (2016), prepared by T. D. Zelenkina, E. Yu. Pryazhnikova and M. G. Sergeyeva, touches upon the problem of effective vocational guidance. The value of the edition is based on the fact that problems of choosing the profession do not lose its relevance. The views of the authors of the monograph on parental involvement in career choice of their children are characterized. For example, it is noted that the family may not only contribute to the process of professional self-determination, but also prevent correct choice. Model of training parents to help in professional self-determination of senior pupils proposed by the authors is briefly described.

The author presents a review on the textbook on legal translation “German Language. European Union Law (General Part)” prepared by specialists of MGIMO-University and published in 2017. It is noted that this publication can be used not only as a textbook on translation, but also as a guidebook for the legal system of the European Union.