The author analyzes the main difficulties researchers may face in studying British and American nominative units (words or word combinations) from comparative perspective, namely: changeability of the regional status of the units in question; inaccuracy of the metalanguage of the research; methods applied; selection of units for analysis; discrepancies in the ways of presenting information by dictionaries. Ways to overcome the difficulties are suggested: applying a wide range of sources for researches (corpora, dictionaries of American English, academic dictionaries, texts from fiction, or from films and plays, questionnaire data collection, monitoring of the information provided by dictionaries; thorough choice of the terms, e.g. using the term “regional variation” or “regional markedness”); employing methods of semantic analysis and comparative linguistics; using certain criteria for determining the fact that a nominative unit belongs to British or American English. Much attention is paid to the importance of researches into the differences between British and American English as the most influential varieties of the English language. The article may be of interest for the linguists studying varieties of English or other polynational languages.

The article is devoted to the study of speech organization of the text of the development program as a strategic planning document. The factors determining features of the text of this genre are revealed. The analysis is carried out from the standpoint of communicative genre approach used in the works of modern researchers. The attempt is made to give a complete characteristics of the text in terms of genre. Parameters caused by both linguistic and extralinguistic factors are taken into account. Basic elements of the genre are described: “communicative purpose,” “image of the author,” “image of the addressee,” “image of the past,” “image of the future,” “dictum contents,” “linguistic embodiment of the genre.” Means of their speech representation in the document of this variety are considered. The analysis of the material at the lexical and grammatical levels reveals the features of the document text. It is established that the function of planning (target setting, forecasting), which is the main for Development Program, determines the updating of genre elements “communicative goal” and “image of the future,” forming a special category of futurality. It is shown that lexical features of journalistic text are present in the texts of development programs. The author explains this feature by the orientation of the document to a wide addressee. The expediency of application of communicative and genre approach to the description of speech organization of documents of strategic planning of other types is shown.

The cases of the particle by use in sentences containing conditional relations are considered. The relevance of the study is determined, on the one hand, by the current state of study of function words, which provides a comprehensive description of each function unit; on the other hand, by the need for a multi-faceted approach, primarily constructive and semantic, to syntactic phenomena. The novelty of the study is seen, firstly, in the systematization of different manifestations of participation of the particle by in expression of the condition; secondly - in identifying special cases where conditional relations are implicit, in particular at the semantic level. Three main types of participation of particle by for the expression of the condition are revealed: (1) conditional constructions with particle by , (2) constructions with other meanings and implicit manifestation of the condition, (3) non-constructive expression of conditional relations manifested only at the semantic level. In each of three main types there are particular manifestations. In a special constructive expression of condition there are conjunction constructions, in which by becomes a component of conjunction yesli by (constructions with subjunctive mode, infinitive, nominative, etc.), and two non-conjunction conditional constructions with different ratios of modes. Among other constructions with the meaning of alternative motivation (with conjunctions inache , a to , ne to , which can add by ) and adversative construction are mentioned. Special attention is paid to the non-constructive expression of conditional relations contained only in the propositions ratio.

The article is devoted to the problem of spelling adaptation of the words borrowed from the Russian language in the Yakut language. The aim of the research is to analyze the peculiarities of the Russian consonants transmission in the beginning of borrowed words by means of the Yakut language. The study is based on the material extracted from modern lexicographic sources: published volumes of “The Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Yakut Language” and “Spelling Dictionary of the Yakut Language.” The theoretical basis for the study are the methodological provisions of N. D. Dyachkovskiy on the description of the system of Yakut language consonants. The main methods of work are the continuous sampling method, lexicographic analysis method, descriptive method. The results of the analysis of spelling changes of Russisms that have undergone phonetic development are presented. It is shown that at the stage of adaptation, the stems of borrowings can maintain the original spelling or undergo various transformations in accordance with the principles of writing, prevailing in the theory and practice of Yakut writing. The author explains that the changes are determined by the difference in the phonetic systems of the Russian and Yakut languages. The obtained results can be used in the practice of compiling “The One-Volume Explanatory Dictionary of the Yakut Language.”

The article is devoted to the comparison of plant names of the Finno-Ugric and English languages. The basis for the analysis are the plant names of the Finnish language and Karelian dialects, including the characteristic of the form of any part of the plant. The comparison of these plant names with the names of the same plants in the English language is made. The article analyzes the names of 8 plants, such as bindweed (Convolvulus L.), reedmace (Typha L.), club moss (Lycopodium clavatum L.), marigold (Calendula L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), couch grass (Elytrigia Desv.), fern (fam. Polypodiaceae), fuchsia (Fuchsia L.). In each case, information about the motivation of the plant names is given and nominative features that determine the names are pointed out. According to the presented material, Finno-Ugric and English plant names can be motivated by the form of stems, inflorescences, fruits, shoots, leaves and flowers of plants. Attention is also paid to the etymology of the analyzed lexical units. The author considers the plant names of the English language in the dynamic aspect, indicating the names of the plants in Old, Middle and Modern English. On the basis of the material presented in the paper, conclusions are made about the similarity and difference in the nomination of the same natural objects in typologically different languages.

The functioning of the word vprochem in the text is considered. The description of this word is analyzed in various lexicographical sources, as well as in research literature. On the basis of procedural approach to the description of functional words the classification of contextual modifications of the word vprochem is presented. The relevance of the study is determined, on the one hand, by the wide prevalence of text bondings in different functional styles and the lack of their special descriptions in scientific literature and lexicography; on the other hand, by article inclusion in the study of the theory of text. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that an attempt is made to determine the general patterns of functioning of the word vprochem based on the analysis of various contexts with this unit and identification of typical modifications. Totally 16 modifications were found out. This article presents five most characteristic context modifications of the word vprochem , which are designated as “Termination of the description / discussion,” “Important clarification,” “Correction,” “Return to the beginning,” “Focus on the new” and are commented. To identify the features of the functioning of the word vprochem the examples of its use in various texts, such as journalism, modern and classical fiction, are analyzed.

On the material of the corpus of English-language texts of articles informing about military actions, armed conflicts and defence issues, the analysis of metaphors and their translation into Russian is carried out. The main types of metaphor in military discourse are identified: metaphorical phraseological units, worn out metaphors and metaphors-cliché, terminated metaphor, recent metaphor (neologisms), non-deployed speech metaphor. It is indicated that the most frequent translation techniques used for translation of metaphors in military discourse are demetaphorization, calques, remetaphorization, translation by equivalent metaphorical expression in the target language with the use of translation transformations (addition, omission, antonymy translation). The article focuses on the technique of demetaphorization, which text realizations form 50 % of the total number of cases examined. It is shown that demetaphorization may be accompanied by a combination of translation transformations (generalization, adequate substitute, descriptive translation). It is established that the choice of translation technique depends on the type of metaphor and its structure (component composition). The analysis revealed that the result of the use of demetaforization is the replacement of more expressive, pragmatically loaded lexical units of the original text with neutral equivalents, that is motivated by the norms of the language of translation: Russian military texts are characterized by lexical and stylistic uniformity and much less saturation with stylistically coloured elements in comparison with English texts. However, despite this, the use of demetaforization technique makes it possible to convey the necessary element of the original content, the preservation of which in translation is a minimum condition for providing the recipient of the expression of the translation language with a pragmatic impact, for which the sender of the original language is seeking.

The article considers peculiarities of linguistic expression and textual realization of the category of attributive. Certain semantic regularities of attributive word combination are investigated from the point of view of the presence of the action component in the structure of meaning of substantive and factors of its actualization. The question of the fruitfulness of semantic atomization to identify the nature and success of the process of matching attributive and substantive is raised. Special attention is paid to the ways of semantic inventory of components. It is emphasized that the discourse-speech actualization of attributives undergoes various modifications, manifested in the diversity and ambiguity of semantic links of interacting words. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the perspective of consideration and scientific approach to the analysis of semantic relations arising between adjective and substantive word may vary. The novelty of the study is seen simultaneously in the proposed systematic approach to the interpretation of principles of actualization of semantic features of the members of the adjective-substantive phrase, and in the provision of evidence base that demonstrates and confirms the conditions of implementation of the action component. The determinism of functional-semantic diversity by factors associated with the characteristics of the component structures of the matched tokens is proved. It is concluded that it is possible to identify the relevant mechanism of actualization of actionality / non-actionality in an attributive phrase under the condition of semantic atomization not only at the level of a substantive element.

The article considers syntactic functions and grammatical status of non-finite forms in the English language. The author notes that this is a field of grammar that presents challenges for both studying and learning. As the analysis showed, one of the most difficult and controversial issues is the opposition of ing -form and inflectional infinitive (infinitive with particle to ). There are opinions that these two forms, which have universal functionality and valence in the history of the language, can have the same function of complement in modern English. The paper shows that the choice of form (inflectional infinitive or ing -form) in this case is a very difficult problem. The article analyzes such examples, provides the authors’ views on their differences and offers the authors’ possible explanation of this phenomenon. The novelty of this study is seen in the proof that the combination of the personal form of the verb with the ing -form means in general one action with some additional connotation. The author argues that this combination forms an analytical construction, the meaning of which is perceived as a whole. The presented results have practical application, namely, they allow to solve the problem of choice of ing -form or inflectional infinitive when used after a personal verb.

The article is devoted to G. V. Zotov’s Dictionary of Regional Lexis of the Far North-East of Russia. The relevance of study is determined by the need to study the linguistic facts of dialect and regional character. The novelty of research is seen in the fact that earlier G. V. Zotov’s Dictionary of Regional Lexis of the Far North-East of Russia has not become the object of special linguistic description. The paper provides an overview of the main studies related to the study of Russian speech in the Far North-East of Russia in the 18^th - first half of the 20^th century. Attention is paid to the history of creation and publication of the dictionary. The questions related to the structure of the dictionary, the construction of the dictionary article, special lexicographic marks, presentation of illustrative material are considered. Special attention is paid to the glossary representing the centuries-old complex of knowledge and ideas of the Russian old-resident population of the North-Eastern regions of Russia. The classification of the main lexical-thematic groups of units fixed in the dictionary is proposed. On the example of fishing terms it is proved that the fragment of the language picture of the world reflects the features of the Russian old-resident population in this territory. The author raises the question of functioning of borrowings from the languages of indigenous population of the Far North-East of Russia, testifying to the various contacts of the alien Russian and autochthonous population. The article provides examples of dictionary definitions, justifies the value of the lexicographical source.

The issue of formation of Dargin surnames and patronymics, which is one of the topical problems in the onomastics of the Dargin language, is considered. Attention is paid to the history of the formation of surnames and patronymics in the Dargin anthroponymic system. The results of the research review on this topic are presented. The question of the role of the Russian language in the formation of the Dargin anthroponymic system is raised. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that this issue has not yet been the subject of a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of researchers. Variants of Dargin names and patronymics are given - traditional and Russified, established during the period of implementation of the Russian official name model. It is proved that in the early 1930-ies in connection with the introduction of passports Dargin names and patronymics appeared, corresponding to the Russian three-member model names, which is actively used now in the Republic of Dagestan. Despite this, there is an oral existence of Dargin traditional model of the name; it is sometimes used on a letter, for example, the traditional national name can be seen in the tombstones. It is proved that this contradiction characterizing speech practice creates difficulty and requires elimination. The author speaks about the expediency of the development of the law on personal names, which can be prepared by joint efforts of linguists and legislative bodies of the Republic of Dagestan.

The article is devoted to the study of literature of Russian Far Eastern emigration on the example of the works by Boris Mikhaylovich Yulskiy (1911-1950?), whose life and fate were linked with the Far Eastern emigration. The relevance of the study is determined by the interest of scientists to the ancient and completely unlike Chinese culture. In 2012 in Vladivostok the only book by Yulskiy “Green Legion” was published. It is noted that the collection of stories is edition that includes the writer’s works collected on the pages of the Russian-language periodicals of China (mainly Harbin magazine “Rubezh”). It is stated that merit of Yulskiy became the work with regional material, that gave his prose “Far Eastern” flavour. The object of study in the present article is the work of art “The Way of the Dragon.” The novelty of the article is seen in the fact that the image of the dragon from this work has not been investigated before. On the example of the Chinese mythological image of the dragon-Ouroboros, the category of “Dao,” as well as the motives of non-doing, contemplation, opium smoking, hermit the reflection of the perception of the elements of Chinese culture in the work of the Russian writer is revealed. It is concluded that Yulskiy who belonged to the “younger” generation of Harbin emigrants and had being living in Harbin with parents from his boyhood, fully embraced the surrounding Chinese culture and rather originally reflected it in his “Russian” stories.

Autobiographical motives in the novella “Death in Venice” by German writer Thomas Mann are considered. The author and his family’s trip to Italy, the history of creation of the work and the relationship between personal experiences of Th. Mann, on the one hand, and the thoughts and feelings of the hero of the novel, on the other, are described. The memories of the writer’s wife Katia Mann about some of the travel experiences in Italy and about the people who have served as prototypes for the characters in the novel are presented that, among other things, confirms the autobiographical character of the work. Critical studies of the novel “Death in Venice,” which mainly had a laudable character, are considered. The influence of the work on the works of other writers is noted, among which there are the works of Wolfgang Copens, Max Frisch, Philip Roth, etc. It is shown that the novel “Death in Venice” formed the basis of opera and film and is one of the most famous works in the world. The phenomenon of spiritual kinship between two great representatives of German literature of the first half of the 20^th century Thomas Mann and Hermann Hesse is considered, certain similarity of their works “Death in Venice” and “Klein and Wagner,” mainly in representation of images of their main characters is analyzed.

Russian-Turkish relations within the framework of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization (BSEC) is considered. It is shown that the Black Sea states have a need for cooperation. The main directions of the Russian-Turkish partnership within the BSEC are presented. The author notes the high interest of the participating states in the forms of cooperation in different areas, for example, in energy. Examples of certain activities within the framework of Russian-Turkish cooperation are given, which demonstrate the participants’ understanding of the need to develop subregional cooperation. It is established that Turkey is particularly interested in the energy resources of the region. The implementation of large-scale joint projects related to the increase in natural gas supplies from Russia to Turkey is presented. It is noted that the participants are looking for mutually acceptable solutions in the field of energy policy. It is concluded that the current foreign policy of Turkey in the Black Sea-Caspian region assumes the preservation of the role of a mediator in the implementation of Western initiatives, taking into account its own interests. It is emphasized that mutually beneficial economic cooperation is the basis for all types of partnership. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that cooperation between Russia and Turkey within the framework of BSEC should contribute to the stable development of bilateral good-neighbourly relations. The author argues that BSEC can strengthen the stability and economic development of the countries of the Black Sea region.

The features of the coverage of the mores of factory workers of mining and military departments in the regional press at the turn of the 19^th-20^th centuries are considered. The study is based on the materials of the official edition - “Vyatskiye gubernskiye vedomosti.” Special attention is paid to the opinion of contemporaries who published essays, notes, correspondence on acute public topics in the newspaper. It is shown that the term morals in the study period, as a rule, was used to refer to local customs, the specifics of behaviour, illustrating deviations from the norms of morality, respectively, the publications were characterized by an accusatory tone. A review is made of journalistic materials reflecting the problems of the plant society during the crisis of the Ural mining industry on the example of Izhevsk, Kamsko-Votkinsk, Omutninsk, Peskov, Klimkovsk, Shurminsk and Glavnokholunitsk plants. It is concluded that the periodical press focused attention on topical social issues: level of crime, imperfection of justice, drunkenness, low cultural level of working youth, lack of educational and leisure institutions, etc. As a result, the reader formed mainly negative view of the daily life of industrial workers. Nevertheless, the messages on the topic of the day not only supported interest of the public, but also offered ways to solve the problems and exit from the crisis.

The article is devoted to the emergence of national theaters in the cities of the North Caucasus, which grew out of local amateur societies. The paper shows the role of public authorities, who concentrated in their hands the management of theaters and controlled all the spectacular productions in the cities. The author traces the process of formation of theater as a tool of Soviet propaganda. The great role of theatrical performances in the formation of the outlook of urban residents is noted, the degree of their involvement in theatrical culture is characterized. Special attention is paid to the conditions, including domestic, in which the first Soviet theaters in the Caucasus worked. Attention is paid to the quality of the organization of the national theaters: lack of permanent professional troupes and unconvincing repertoire against the background of the economic situation in the country and taking into account the ongoing regime of saving were the reasons for low fees. Relevance and novelty of the study is that the focus of the researcher is the process of creating national theaters and their impact on formation of theater culture of ordinary citizens of a particular region. Methodological basis of the work is the principle of historicism, historical-comparative and historical-system approaches, as well as the principle of objectivity.

Activity of the Ufa governor Pyotr Alekseyevich Poltoratskiy is considered. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the activities of the governor are covered on the basis of the analysis of unpublished archival sources. The author comes to the conclusion that by the efforts of the Ufa governor P. A. Poltoratskiy and local authorities a complex of measures was implemented, most of which had a positive impact on the socio-economic development of the region. It is shown that much attention was paid to the organization of resettlement of peasants, that led to the construction of the Samara-Zlatoust railway in the province. It is emphasized that the governor made efforts to the state protection of the Bashkir woods. Activities in the social sphere are characterized: in the province a night shelter for orphans and the blind was established, almshouses and nursing homes were built. It is reported that with the assistance of the governor several dozen churches were built, schools and parishes were opened with them; fire safety of the population was ensured; sanitary and preventive work of bodies of Zemstvo medicine was organized; measures were taken to reduce the number of deaths on the water, swimming in the Belaya river, etc.

The article is devoted to the subject insufficiently developed in the national historiography. The study is conducted on materials of State archive of Sverdlovsk region and archive of the Territorial body of Federal state statistics service for Sverdlovsk region with the assistance of scientific and statistic literature. The relevance of the topic is determined by its importance for the social sciences. The study of the level of food consumption by health care workers of the Sverdlovsk region in 1957 is made. Scientific novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the new materials discovered by the author in mentioned archives are introduced into scientific usage. It is noted that proposed work continues the already published author’s article devoted to the monetary income of health workers. It is stated that for the “minor” categories of the population (primary and secondary school teachers, doctors, nurses and others), the statistical authorities usually propose low-representative samples. It is emphasized that neither people under studying, nor their family members were not abusing alcoholic beverages. It is stated that there was a rather serious differentiation of the surveyed health workers in terms of food consumption. It is argued that the level of their food consumption, taking into account the situation in the country, should be assessed: for physician - as generally sufficient, for other respondents - as insufficient. It is concluded that the level of consumption of food was significantly lower than scientifically based standards.

The article is devoted to the analysis of judicial functions of military and civil governors of Orenburg governorate in the late 18^th - first third of 19^th century. The novelty of the research is determined by the introduction of new materials of record-keeping into scientific usage, which characterize the judicial practice of Orenburg military and civil governors. The author paid special attention to the problem of legislative differentiation of judicial powers of military and civil governors of the Orenburg governorate, which was completed by the early 1820s. It is shown that the model of the judicial system, which developed in the Orenburg governorate in the late 18^th - first third of 19^th century, had a number of features associated with the presence of the power of military and civil governors, as well as a significant proportion of the indigenous non-Russian population. Particular attention is paid to solving court cases against the Bashkir and Mishar population, which were associated with service orders, criminal offenses committed during the service, abuse of officials. It is shown that the military and civil governors could not change the decisions of the judicial bodies of the governorate. The author comes to the conclusion that judicial functions occupied a significant place in the activities of the supreme administration of the region and provided for a sufficiently effective implementation of the legislation of Catherine II and Alexander I.

The article is devoted to the description of living conditions of the population of North Ossetia in wartime. The authors use Republic and Russian archival materials to present system of food supply and catering, housing and medical care of Soviet citizens during the Great Patriotic war. It is emphasized that in difficult wartime conditions the state was forced to introduce a normalized supply of food and industrial goods as an emergency and necessary measure. The description of the differentiated principle of distribution of food among various categories of the population is given. It is noted that the measures taken by the party and state bodies of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to improve the social security of the population of the Republic, were aimed at ensuring the necessary minimum to maintain the viability of citizens. The authors emphasize that in general the normalized supply played an important role in providing the Soviet population with a minimum of food and consumer goods, but a large number of people experienced hunger during the war, which became one of the main causes of high mortality. The article attempts to explore various aspects of life of the population of the North Caucasus during the Great Patriotic war: housing and household problems, food supply, issues of preserving the health of citizens and health care.

The article analyzes the experience of teaching the love for a small motherland by means of local history in Perm region preschool educational institutions in the late 20^th - early 21^st century. The forms, technologies, directions of interaction with social partners are described. The main sources for the analysis of valuable pedagogical experience in teaching the love for the small motherland by means of local history were the memories of managers and teachers of preschool educational institutions, annual plans of kindergartens and institutions of additional education, protocols of pedagogical councils, methodological developments of teachers and specialists, products of creative activity of children and adults. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the study of the experience of teaching the love for a small motherland by means of local history on the materials of the Perm region allow to reconstruct regional educational practices, to translate valuable pedagogical experience in the new time conditions and to determine the strategy for their further research. Based on the analysis of the materials received the pedagogical ideas relevant to the modern preschool education are revealed. The author emphasizes the idea that the study of pedagogical experience of kindergartens of Perm Krai will allow to focus on the ideas of sensivity of preschool childhood in the formation of value attitude to the small motherland.

The problem of identifying and correcting language errors in the translation from a foreign language (German and English) into Russian in written works of students is considered. The question of one of the controversial problems in mastering foreign language speech, namely the attitude of teachers and students to grammatical, lexical and stylistic errors, is raised. It is noted that foreign and domestic methodologists have proved the position of error correction as an important element of foreign language teaching methods. The authors of the article pay attention to the work with errors at such a stage of learning as written speech. The article describes the importance of the analysis of language errors in written foreign language speech, as it allows to increase the level of literacy of part-time students in the performance of written tasks. Typical communicative mistakes of Russian-speaking students studying foreign languages are revealed. The article describes the long-term experience of foreign language teachers of a technical University with part-time students, which allows to assert that the work on errors is important not only for improving the language level of students, but also for the teacher. It is argued that the teacher should use error analysis for methodological and didactic developments intended for students.

The problem of training of teachers for educational and career-oriented activities in modern conditions of constant changes in the socio-economic situation and the growth of social self-organization is considered. The relevance of the study is determined by increasing demands of society and state not only to narrow professional, but also to general cultural level of a teacher; presence of a contradiction in the expectations of society and state of his / her skill, manifested in the effective educational and training activities, and the real state of affairs. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that employees of modern educational organization are offered to update such resource of educational space development as self-organizing constructive communities practicing non-formal education. It is proved that the trends of modern socio-cultural development indicate the importance of their form of educational interaction (“personal meeting”), the environment unfolding in them (“event community”), the type of continuous education (non-formal). According to the author, in modern pedagogical education special attention should be paid to conceptual work, which is demonstrated in the article on the example of the interrelated principles of continuity and openness. The author describes the aspects of understanding the term informal education in foreign and domestic educational discourse, reveals the essential characteristics of this phenomenon. The author’s development of a step-by-step scheme of actions is presented aimed at establishing interaction between formal (school) and non-formal (non-system) education.

The study deals with the problem of the perception of a foreign culture text by students-bilinguals. Special attention is paid to the fact that when teaching Khakass students the Russian literature, it is necessary to take into account their bilingualism - the ability to use two language systems for communication, as well as the features of national psychology. It is noted that Khakass students communicate in their native language mainly in ethnic group (family, relatives, friends, etc.), all the rest of their communication is in a non-native language. It is emphasized that in this regard, the study of Russian literature should take into account the specificity of the perception of the literary text by students-bilinguals. It is proved that such a student can become a qualified reader of the works of Russian literature on the condition of teaching reading skills and comprehension of the foreign culture text. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that the authors rely on data of the associative experiment conducted on the basis of ethno-cultural vocabulary on the works of Russian classical literature. It is concluded that the differences in perception of Khakass students in comparison with Russian students appear not only to the reactions on the Russian stimulus word, but in the main directions of the association. The article proposes a classification of reading skills, taking into account the peculiarities of perception of the literary text by students-bilinguals.

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of strengthening the needs of people to master the history of art, mentioned by UNESCO. The questions of studying art history by all comers both independently and in the system of additional education are considered. The definitions and explanations of the International standard classification of education of UNESCO 2011 are involved. The possibilities of studying the history of art and contemporary art through non-system education, informal education, non-formal education and formal education are analyzed. The relevance of the study is determined by the wide interest of people in the formation and improvement of competencies in the field of art history. Numerous examples demonstrate the intertwining and integration of types of education in the study of art history. Examples of possible risks are given, accompanying the informal education despite its special role in the self-actualization of the individual. The concepts of levels of mastering the history of art - interested person, non-specialist, expert and professional - are introduced. The evolution of the concept of “knowledge” is presented from the origin in Antiquity and the Middle Ages to the heyday and filling with a special meaning at the turn of the 19^th and 20^th centuries. The modern interpretation of this concept is considered. The analysis of the characteristics of the levels of development of art history is made, on the basis of which the model of the relationship of types of education in the teaching of art history is proposed. The author introduces possible options for the application of the model in coaching and personal counseling.

The article is devoted to the study of the degree of formation of professional self-consciousness of students of psychological and pedagogical areas of training, the third year of study. The relevance of the study is determined by the search for approaches that contribute to the effective formation of general professional and special professional competencies, development of professionally significant qualities, development of professional self-consciousness. The article contains a review of scientific results aimed at the study of “self-consciousness” and “professional self-consciousness” of the person. Definitions for such phenomena as “vocational teacher education,” “identity,” “professional identity” are given. Special attention is paid to the structure of professional self-consciousness, the content and specificity of each component is considered in detail. An important part of the article is the analysis of the content of reflexive essays by students, future teachers, psychologists, on the topic “My life in the profession as I see it.” Excerpts from the essay illustrating the manifestations of cognitive, affective, behavioural components of professional self-consciousness are given. Much attention is paid to the consideration of the elements of the cognitive component, namely professional I-image, transformed by the time criterion - past, present and future. The conclusions fix the relations between the experience of teaching at the stage of self-determination, confidence in own capabilities in the learning process and motivation for positive professional changes in the future.

The actual problem of development of creative abilities of students in the context of project and educational activity is considered. It is emphasized that the solution of the problem is reflected in the current legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of education. From the authors’ point of view, educational project is a didactic tool, student activities of cognitive, creative or game character, carrying out at a collective level and involving a common goal and a coordinated methodology. Based on the works of modern researchers, the levels of disclosure of creative abilities of students are determined, representing the degree of independence, mobility, adaptive resources of intelligence and other individual properties essential for the full development of the student. It is noted that the most productive vector of work for the disclosure of students’ creative potential is the formation of a system of psychological and pedagogical factors that allow the student to take a firm individual position in overcoming the difficulties that occur in the context of design activities, and solve them in a creative way. Based on the study, the authors argue that the conditions have a positive impact on the improvement of mental, social, creative potential of the individual, lead to improved self-esteem, student’s understanding of independence, not only in the framework of design and educational activities, but also in future profession.

The question of the subject difficulties arising among teachers of biology is considered. Difficulties are revealed as a result of diagnostics of knowledge of students and teachers of KhMAO - Yugra on biology. For this purpose the test tasks formed on the basis of unified state exam and basic state exam (the same for teachers and students) were used. The themes and sections of the school biology course (grades 9 and 11), causing the greatest difficulties for teachers and students, are revealed. A comparison is made between the levels of subject training of teachers and students on the materials of the state final certification of basic general and secondary general education. Special attention is paid to the training of students of pedagogical universities - future teachers of biology. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to effectively organize the training of students of general education institutions to pass the unified state exam and basic state exam on the basis of system-activity approach as a methodological basis of the FSES. The idea is substantiated that during the training of future teachers of biology at the University, during the training of working teachers, special attention should be paid to strengthening the subject and methodological training, as well as strengthening the competence component of the content of biological education, its practical orientation, formation of universal and subject-specific ways of activity.

The monograph by M. Yu. Mikhailova is considered, which became the result of a serious study of the semantics of inexpressible as an independent functional-semantic category in the aspect of functional grammar. The methods and material of the study, its results and prospects are characterized.

The results of the II International Forum of teachers of Russian language and literature organized and held by The Iranian Association of Russian Language and Literature are presented. It is reported that the International Forum topical issues of comparative literature, comparative and comparative linguistics, functional grammar, linguodidactics and translation studies were discussed; the main trends in the development of Russian studies and methods of teaching Russian literature and Russian as a foreign language were considered. The content of scientific reports made during the Forum is covered. The main results of the authors’ research are presented.