The speech genre (SG) “persuasion” is investigated on the material of literary-fictitious dialogues in Russian literature. The relevance of the study is determined by the presence of many unresolved issues in the field of the theory of SG, the existence of transitional and hybrid forms of SG, the need to analyze socio-cultural factors of achieving communicative agreement. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that there is a difference between SG “persuasion” in the narrow sense of the word (as one of the components in the communicative whole of a higher level) and in the broad sense - as a complex dialogical speech macrogenre of everyday communication, including, along with the actual persuasion, imperative statement, primary refusal (one or more) in the response, and the final statement with the final meaning of refusal or consent. Persuasion modelling depends on the initial mandatory subgenre, explicitness / implicitness of optional elements, repeatable structural components, achieving / not achieving illocutionary aims. Special attention is paid to the analysis of sociocultural factors of success / failure of speech actions: status-role relations of communicants, explicit and / or hidden illocutionary goal, the use of emotional and logical verbal means, the inclusion of elements of the related genre of coercion, a set of communicative strategies and tactics.

The phraseological material of the English and French languages that includes appellative derivatives from personal names Peter ( Pierre ) and Paul is considered. Based on the analysis of paremiological, folklore and lexical material, the author draws conclusions about the nature of the microsystem of anthroponymic derivatives of these names. Some features inherent in the image of saints bearing these names in folk culture are revealed. It is shown that the images of Peter and Paul in texts and linguistic units embodied the motive of exchange (the meaning ‘one and /or another’ is realized), the motive of nearness to God, the motive of keeper of the gates of heaven, etc. The author also puts forward hypotheses concerning the motivation of some expressions. In addition, the image of Peter and Paul and the manifestation of this image at the linguistic level are also analyzed on the material of the Russian linguistic culture, in particular, the proverbs and charm text are given. A brief review of domestic research of pairness as a sacred concept is made, in which the author puts the material under consideration. The conclusions of the article are a comparison of the images of Peter and Paul reconstructed on the basis of linguistic data in the English, French and Russian linguistic cultures.

The article is devoted to the structural features of the headlines in the legal text of the 18^th century in connection with their functions. Source of the study was the Draft Charter on Prisons (1787), composed by Catherine II with the aim of detailed provisions of a new device of the prisons in Russia. The relevance of the work lies in the need to study the role of the headline in the text of the document in order to better represent the process of formation of this genre. The novelty of the study is due to the fact that the prescriptive function of the title of the legal text is considered to be dominant in some cases. The author dwells on the specifics of the Draft of 1787 in comparison with other penitentiary documents of the 18^th-19^th centuries. Attention is drawn to the multifunctional nature of the title of legal text and the dominant role of one or another of its functions. Particular attention is paid to the forms of the title depending on the degree of expression of the function in a certain paragraph of the document. The classification of headlines in the legal text depending on the dominant role of a particular function of the headline is proposed. The author gives examples of contamination of informative and prescriptive functions of headlines with indication of cases of such mixing. It is noted that this kind of research complements the picture of the formation of the official business style.

The question of vowel omission in the structure of the word in the subdialects of the Northern dialect of the Udmurt language is considered. The empirical base of the research is the language materials of the author’s dialectological expeditions to the areas of Northern Udmurts. The relevance of the study is determined by the importance of information about the originality of the Udmurt dialects, common in the Northern language area and having insufficient coverage in the scientific literature. Particular attention is paid to the features that on the one hand are peculiar to certain North Udmurt dialects, and / or have limited distribution in the group of subdialects of the studied dialects on the other hand. Typical phenomena of omission of vowels in anlaut, inlaut and auslaut of a word are investigated. It is found that omission of vowels in the absolute beginning of the word in the Northern dialects is slightly represented. The most typical for Northern Udmurt dialects is the loss of vowels in the middle and absolute end of a word. It is stated that this process in inlaut and auslaut is most often exposed to the vowel ы . The territorial prevalence of dialect modifications of vowel omission process in the structure of a word is also revealed. Consistent comparison of the language facts of Northern Udmurt dialects with similar phenomena in other dialects of Udmurt is made. These data show that the contractile trend is typical more to the Northern dialects of the Udmurt language than to the southern dialects.

The author’s attention is drawn to two problem areas of modern linguistics: the study of lexical compatibility and further development of the concept of national variability of the German language. Collocations are chosen as an object of research. They are considered on the one hand as a basic phenomenon of lexical combinatorics, and on the other hand, as a special type of phraseological units, reflecting the features of all system levels of language or language variant. Based on the comparative analysis of Austrian, Swiss and German collocations extracted from lexicographical sources, the author shows that the norms of lexical compatibility in the German language of Germany, Austria and Switzerland in a number of aspects do not coincide. It is noted that national language standards have a significant number of collocations that are unknown and / or uncommon in other regions of the German-speaking area and in many cases have ethnocultural conditionality. As another kind of nationally specific collocations, the author considers the collocations that have common structural and semantic properties in all three national variants of the German language, but differ in the design of the base or collocator. It is argued that the revealed differences are due to either inventory and semantic differences in the lexical content of the phrases, or the variability of the use of general German components. In addition, the author points out that the national features of collocations are also manifested in the specifics of the syntactic organization, especially in the use of prepositions. Thus, it is shown that the peculiarities of Austrian and Swiss collocations are due to the originality of the national variants of the German language at different levels of the language system.

The article is devoted to the syntactic analysis of sentences of isolating languages (Chinese), to the study of possible ways of such analysis based on various linguistic concepts, to the search for the most optimal variants. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the topic strategy naturally becomes one of the leading in the analysis of Chinese language material. The novelty of the work is seen in the fact that the question of the method of application of the strategy / statements of the predication concept of language in practice remains open: in the preparation of educational materials, processing of grammars and their details. The article provides an overview of the methods of syntactic analysis of the constructions in the languages of the isolating type. The algorithms of the analysis of sentences of the Chinese language on topical components are proposed. The author’s development of syntactic analysis of predication chains with the use of graphical method is presented. The author emphasizes that the identification and classification of topic structures is a scientifically sound and practically verifiable (subject to further expansion) analysis strategy that most fully reflects the typology and realities of the Chinese language. The question is raised about the possibility of creating a holistic, systematic and self-sufficient method of syntactic analysis without relying on the concept of European grammatical tradition.

The problem of processing the spoken dialogue material aimed at the identification of the value content of informal verbal communication is considered. The relevance of the research is linked with the growing interest of communicative linguistics and cultural linguistics to the content and ways of expressing the value component of modern Russian speech practice. The author’s development of the procedure of axiological analysis of conversational dialogue is presented, for each stage of which (on the basis of approbation in the field of family and friendly speech communication) a certain theoretically grounded methodological solution is proposed. The auxiliary stage of the analysis is the structuring of the conversation dialogue. The importance of the following groups of elements is substantiated: 1) replica - dialogical unity -speech party; 2) value thematic fragment - value communicative fragment. The author argues that unique fragmentation of a dialogue on the value basis provides the researcher with a set of compact structural units of analysis suitable for identifying the value meanings of the included replicas of communicants. At the main stage of the analysis it is offered to carry out qualification of the value contents of replicas. The final statement about the quality of a speech act of a person is recommended to do on the basis of its comparison with the standards: maxims of speech communication and Russian speech ideal. The practical value of the work lies in the fact that on the basis of the proposed procedure an algorithm to identify valuable information of conversation can be built.

The article is devoted to the study of a literary text from the position of presentational discourse theory, axiological linguistics, conceptology. The means of symbolization of memories in the text of the postmodern novel by T. Morrison “Beloved” as an artistic form of remembering culture, objectification of individual and collective memory of the historical trauma of slavery in the United States are considered. The article analyzes the semiotic types of presentemes of events involved in the appearance of symbolic images with stable semantics and in expression of the text value dominants (LOVE, MEMORY, OBLIVION, LIFE, DEATH, FREEDOM). Signs of the events are revealed (including sound, gustatory, tactile, kinesthetic, artifact, colour and others) described as “triggers” of memories of individual experience, and the keys to restoring the past of the characters. Special attention is paid to signs-locatives -designations of spaces of connection of traumatic images-triggers of memories. The cognitive mechanisms of object connections (metonymic, adjacent, associative), connected by memory, as well as metaphorical stylization of significant experience and relationships are considered. The author distinguishes involuntary memories of characters as acts of the past revival and arbitrary ones in the form of stories as acts of its comprehension, preservation and integration into collective, supra-individual memory. Attention is also paid to the ethical imperatives of attitude to the past (prescriptions of memory, forgiveness, oblivion).

The article discusses the findings of the comparative analysis of online business correspondence in the Russian and English languages. The issue of written business discourse internationalization and identity is still unsettled, as Internet environment and attributed to it social, cultural and technological changes influence the language, regularly modifying it. The authors examined basic theories related to the study of the terms Internet communication and language identity in modern linguistic studies. The aim of the article is to identify linguistic peculiarities of expressing identity in business e-mails in modern French and English, taking into account national-cultural and sociolinguistic aspects of business communication. To achieve this goal the following research objectives were set: study the concepts of Internet communication and language identity; select and describe frequent language structures that determine the specifics of e-mails in two cultures. The findings were derived from e-mails presented both in the public domains and in foreign textbooks. In the course of the study identical vectors of development of stylistic forms of the compared languages were identified. Decrease in the degree of formality is observed in online business correspondence, which is manifested through the use of colloquial and slang expressions. Traditional opening formulas of address such as Sir and Dear are often replaced with Hello and Hi. Moreover, in English e-mails pronoun we is becoming more frequent. Nowadays, one of the trends in the development of the French language of business communication is the use of borrowings from the English language which signals about the internalization of online business correspondence.

The article deals with folk ideas about leshy’s clothes. The material included mythological texts from the archives of the Perm State National Research University and folklore and ethnographic collections of the Perm region. The authors proceed from the position that clothing within the traditional culture is perceived as a semiotic system that provides a variety of information about a person: indicates gender, age, family status. The paper shows that the interpretation of clothing as a cultural code is projected on the inhuman, demonic world. It is proved that leshy’s clothing is also semiotically significant: firstly, it helps to emphasize the sex of the character and some of “social” characteristics (for example, “married” female leshy wears a handkerchief), and secondly, it marks the character’s belonging to the demonic world (at the same time certain items of clothing (sheepskin coat, coats in summer, elements of a military wardrobe, high hat), the color of suit (red, black or white), as well as the lack of necessary items of clothing, for example shoes can be considered as a sign of the “inhuman” nature of leshy. Particular attention is paid to the nominative combinations that describe leshy, which include the names of garments. The analysis shows that the elements of such combinations are usually the designations of such items of clothing, which are “standard” for men’s and women’s clothing. It is established that on the territory of the Perm region there is a tendency to “modernization” of the “wardrobe” minimum of leshy.

Some weaknesses of machine translation carried out by means of neural networks (“neural translation”) are considered. The relevance of this topic is determined by the significant popularity of the relevant web services among translators, teachers, researchers, students and others who are interested in the introductory or urgent transcoding of the text from one language to another. The results of the experiment are presented: well-known web service “Google Translate” was offered to translate into English several dozens of Russian-language terms and concepts related to philology and pedagogy. Recommendations are given to correct some errors and inaccuracies made by the web service. The authors come to the conclusion that the use of neural translation has led to a significant improvement in the quality of services provided by the web service “Google Translate.” It is noted that this service still makes mistakes (semantic and stylistic) when translating the following categories of vocabulary: compound terms and concepts; lexical units and phrases that do not have clear equivalents in the English language; two words with the same English equivalent; abbreviations; author’s occasionalisms. It is reported that, according to the authors, such errors are made by other popular web services (“Yandex.Translator,” “Translate.ru” etc.)

The aim of the research conducted on the texts of plays by young playwrights of the Urals is the identification of everyday life remarks as well as the ways of naturalistic description of the speech life of the city suburbs by the authors. It is noted that under the leadership of the playwright, director, actor Nikolay Kolyada, an aesthetic convention was developed, which is reflected in the analyzed works. The analysis of remarks allowed to systematize the speech means serving for the reliable description of life of the citizens included in the current time. Stylistic and linguoaxiological characteristic of dialogic interaction of the characters found ways and techniques of verbal portraiture, which is based on the method of linguistic naturalism. Particular attention is paid to the reproduction of the Ural urban vernacular, as well as jargonized vernacular. Replicas and dua-replicas containing crude expressives are distinguished. The functional analysis is made of the included in the structure of replicas rough and abusive vocabulary, contributing not only to the verbalization of negative emotions, but also to the rejection of typical Russian speech communication attitudes to cooperation, co-thinking, empathy. It is established that the activity of the units, remote from the literary center, indicates that young playwrights, processing life and language material, diagnose the crisis of modern speech communication.

The article is devoted to the study of modern literary utopias. The relevance of the study is determined by the state of the active process of re-evaluation of the past and the formation of the image of the future in the modern public consciousness of Russia. The novelty of the study is determined by the lack of knowledge of the utopia of the 21^st century. The thematic and substantial evolution of utopias is considered, their connection with transformations of public historical consciousness is revealed. The characteristic of the main stages of development of public historical consciousness of Russia in 1990-2010 is presented. The analysis of utopian variants of development of history of Russia, represented in the works of art of the beginning of the 21^st century, is made. The direct object of the analysis was the works by X. van Zaychik (V. Rybakov, I. Alimov) “Eurasian Symphony,” by E. Chudinova “The Winners,” by A. Barenberg “Firstly The Planes” and S. Buratovsky “Yesterday There Will Be War.” Utopian projects presented in modern historical fiction are analyzed. The characteristic of counterfactual modeling as a method of representation of the concept of history is given. The author raises the question of the specifics of modern readership and functions of historical fiction in the public consciousness. The results of the comparative analysis of the “monarchic” and “Soviet” version of utopias of the beginning of the 21^st century are presented. The ratio of conservative and modernist components in the worldview of the authors is revealed. New features of images of Stalin and Beria in modern historical fiction are shown.

The works of the great Chinese poet Li Bai, which were studied by large number of works of scientists and admirers of ancient Chinese poetry of the 8^th century, are considered. The material involves translations from Chinese made by Russian poets-translators such as A. I. Gitovich, Yu. K. Shchutsky, E. V. Balashov, S. A. Toroptsev, etc. Comparative analysis of Russian translations of the poetic works by Li Bai “Sitting Lonely in the Mountains of Tintinan” and “White Heron” is presented in light of the problem of interpretation of meanings and images. The author comments on the semantic differences between interlinear and literary translations. The system of figurative means in original works and their translations is analyzed. It is noted that often the compositional, plot and image basis of the original is radically changed in the translation interpretation. The author sees the reason for this not in the absence of linguistic correspondences and the difficulty of translation, but in the level of measure and talent of the authors of published interpretations. The author of the article offers his own version of the translation of Li Bai’s poem “Sitting Lonely in the Mountains of Tintinan.” The question of studying the poetry of the East at literature lessons at school is raised, since reading poetry, including Oriental authors, contributes to the development of creative thinking of students.

The works devoted to Napoleon I, as well as the works of French poetry, created in the era of Restoration and subsequent decades (up to the middle of the 19^th century), which touched upon his personality, are considered. Along with the analysis of the image of the Emperor, special attention is paid to the poetics of the “Napoleonic theme” texts which has not yet been studied within the boundaries of the declared theme. The author of the article pursues two goals: firstly, he observes and describes how French poetry coped with the task of free understanding of Napoleon I’s personality (in the Imperial era there was an ideological task in describing the Emperor), and secondly, he shows that the poetological parameters, regardless of the author’s aspirations, have a partial influence on the existing in the national consciousness ideas about the ruler of the First Empire. It is noted that a deliberate (ambivalent) assessment of the activities of Napoleon was carried out within the boundaries of elegiac-odic discourse, and the first of these elements was represented mainly by a sad elegy, and in the odic part the preference was given to such genre as philosophical ode. The most representative texts of the theme belonging both to the greatest poets of the era (Casimir Delavigne, Alphonse de Lamartine, Victor Hugo) and little-known poets, including anonymous ones, are presented.

The specific form of modern Russian literature - the so-called “nanobook” - is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the emergence of a significant number of such works in the late 2000s and the first half of the 2010s, as well as insufficient attention to this phenomenon from scientific community. A review of nanobooks presented to readers in print or electronic form in the post-Soviet period is proposed. The appeal to such material is the novelty of this study. The authors conclude that nanobook is not a literary genre, but a literary form. It is noted that such works do not have stable features in a content, but they can be combined into a single group on the basis of certain formal characteristics: short body of the main text; “reproduction” of a lexical unit in a line or in a column for tens or even hundreds of pages; author’s equating of his / her work to large prose or poetic statements, for example, novels, poems, epics; publication of such a work by a separate edition. In addition, the authors of the article emphasize that the importance of a title, subtitle, overtitle, preface, dedication, epigraph, afterword in a nanobook increases significantly, while the importance of the main body of the book, on the contrary, decreases.

The questions of stylistic transformations in literary translation are considered. Attention is paid to the ratio of the number of stylistic transformations in translations and their relationship with the adequacy of the translation into Russian. The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of one of the most famous Muriel Spark’s stories “Portobello Road” and two translations of this work. Particular attention is paid to the question of achieving communicative and pragmatic effect of translated texts, a necessary condition of which is the use of stylistic transformations. The novelty of the study is in identification of the most common stylistic transformations in translations used to achieve their adequacy and the original communicative and pragmatic effect of the text by preserving the author’s intention and original style. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of developed methods for determining the communicative and pragmatic effect of translated texts, as well as the task of improving the quality of translations and the need to determine the typical stylistic transformations that determine the pragmatic and aesthetic compliance of translated texts. The classifications of stylistic transformations developed in the theory of translation are given, their comparative analysis is carried out. It is proved that the emotional and expressive vocabulary and the adjectives are stylistically transformed most often, transformations being: replacement (remetaphorization and metonymical transformations) and additions (metaphorization and phraseologization). It is emphasized that they serve to achieve the pragmatic effect of the artwork.

An attempt is made to analyze the results of numerous studies of the Soviet-Bulgarian relations before and during the Second world war conducted in the Bulgarian historical science. The author highlights the stages in the development of historiography of this problem. The review of the main directions of historiographical developments in this area is made. The evolution of estimates of various events of the specified chronological period in the historical literature from 1950s to 2000s is considered. The author highlights a range of issues that still remain debatable: the question on determining the political regime of Bulgaria, on the role of the Comintern in its collapse and in the development of Soviet-Bulgarian relations, on the role of the Red Army in the development of events in Bulgaria in September 1944, etc. It is concluded that there are still many “white spots” in so studied as it seems Soviet-Bulgarian relations on the eve and during the Second World War. The author argues that even the questions of this problem developed by the domestic and Bulgarian historians still require a balanced scientific approach.

The article deals with the revival of Orthodoxy in the Russian Far East in the period from 1988 to 2012 in the context of the change of socio-political paradigm. The article is based on the archival materials of the Khabarovsk diocesan administration and the State Archive of the Khabarovsk Territory. Particular attention is paid to the processes of formation of the system of Church-administrative management of the Moscow Patriarchate structures in the Khabarovsk Territory. The social and economic conditions in which the administrative-territorial structure of the Khabarovsk diocese was transformed are analyzed. The data on the factors that hindered the reconstruction of the institutions of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) destroyed after the events of 1917 and the Civil war of 1918-1922 are given. Statistical data on the number of religious buildings and the number of clergy in the period under review are presented. It is emphasized that the processes of the revival of Orthodoxy in the Khabarovsk Territory took place in unfavorable conditions for the Church hierarchy. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that in the modern period, the features of intra-Church life were not reflected in the publications devoted to the modern history of the Khabarovsk Krai.

The structure of the rental land fund of the Treasury in Siberia at the beginning of the 20^th century is considered. The relevance of the study is determined by the need for effective use of the Russian Federation state lands at present stage. In this regard, it is useful to refer to the experience gained during the agrarian reforms of the early 20^th century. Special attention is paid to Siberia as the main region of colonization in the years of Stolypin agrarian reform. The influence of departmental ownership of the rental fund of the Treasury on the efficiency of its operation is shown. The rental land fund of the Department of State Land Property and Forest Department is considered in detail. The methods of state land lease and their tenants are analyzed. Data from archival sources are entered into scientific circulation. It is proved that the profitability of the exploited state-owned land fund has grown under the influence of the colonization flow in the years of Stolypin agrarian reform. The authors argue that the government’s resettlement policy primarily influenced the increase in the profitability of the land fund leased by the state. It is emphasized that the search for land for immigrants during the reform was a priority, even despite the risk of damage to particularly valuable forests.

The article examines the forms of mobilization impact on the engineering community, workers-innovators on the example of scientific and technical societies. The effectiveness of mobilization practices aimed at accelerating scientific and technological progress in the Tatar ASSR in the second half of the 1950s -early 1960s is estimated. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that throughout the post-war era, the problem of accelerating scientific and technological progress had a key role in Soviet economic policy, but already the 1970s clearly marked a slowdown in the rate of scientific and technical progress. Based on the materials of the regional and central archives, the author substantiates the position that the differentiated nature of the structural transformations of scientific and technical societies, as well as the criteria for assessing the effectiveness of their activities reflected the mobilization nature of the Soviet economy. The difference between the Soviet historiographical tradition that characterizes progress in the development of STS, and the real effectiveness indicators such as share of manual labour in the enterprises, introduction of inventions and rationalization proposals, development level, etc. is shown It is concluded that the Soviet economic system itself, which was poorly receptive to innovations, generated bureaucracy and formalism in the work of scientific and technical societies.

The article deals with the genesis of the dual system of education in Germany in the historical context: from medieval craft guilds and the formation of Protestantism labour ethics to modern problems associated with the globalization of the educational space, the digitalization of the economy and production, migration crises. It is shown that the dual education in Germany is a unique system, (1) having the established technological parameters of the ratio of theory and practice, the contract interaction of the student and the employer, the economic support of the learning process; (2) based on the paradigm of labour education; (3) involving social partnership of vocational schools and industrial enterprises, supported by the Federal government and the Government of Germany States, Federal Institute of vocational education, public organizations. The stages in the history of the development of the dual education in Germany are described: a creation of the labour schools during the early and ascetic Protestantism, the emergence of the educational theory that combines the idea of work ethic and moral culture in the era of pragmatic Protestantism, Kerschensteiner’s reform of labour (national) school in the era of neo-Protestantism, disintegration of education in the era of world wars and ideological crises, the revival of the dual system of education and its problems in the era of globalism. The results of the analysis of historical and pedagogical research of Russian and foreign authors, official normative legal documents regulating the process of dual education in Germany, the materials of the Congress on professional education, held in Berlin in June 2018 are presented, which allowed to determine the patterns and prospects of development of the dual system of education in Germany.

The publication is a part of the research work on the history of pedagogy and childhood of the 20^th century on the materials of personal funds of Ural teachers. The relevance of the study of the regional history of teaching in its relationship with the phenomenon of childhood is determined by the lack of interdisciplinary comprehensive analysis of the problem. The main directions of development of educational practice in the 1920-1930-ies are revealed. Biographical materials and memoirs of Ural teachers about the organization of the first Soviet schools, skill of teachers, daily life of people in a critical historical era are presented. Some features of the solution of actual problems of implementation of universal education and literacy of the population are shown. Elements of pedagogical experience on creation of cultural space of the childhood and organizational forms of realization of this experience in educational institutions are described. The contribution of teachers in the formation of the school in the Soviet period is mentioned. The information about selflessness of the Ural teachers, contributing to the study of pedagogical phenomena in the local-territorial aspect, is given. The possibilities of personal funds of Ural teachers to recreate the little-studied subjects of the history of the region on the basis of documents of personal origin are shown.