Russian common spatial prepositions with the meaning of proximity and ways of their expression in the Persian language are considered. It is noted that the Russian language has more than 33 prepositions with the meaning of proximity. The practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that understanding of their meanings is difficult for Iranian students, in particular, when choosing the appropriate equivalent in Persian. The authors of this study expect to establish and describe the existing relations between the common spatial prepositions with the meaning of proximity in the Russian language and their equivalents in the Persian language. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the relations between the various prepositions with the meaning of proximity in the comparative aspect are considered on the Russian-Persian material for the first time. 190 contexts in which spatial prepositions are used were analyzed. Material is extracted from a variety of sources, including artistic works, which were translated from Russian into Persian, explanatory and translation dictionaries as well as the National corpus of the Russian language.

The all-Russian lexeme время and its derivatives in the dialects of the Russian language are considered. The author believes that the semantic volume of the word, well-known to the literary language, and its dialectal counterparts may not be identical due to different discursive conditions generated by the culture. The relevance of the study is determined by the increased attention in modern linguistics to the problems of reflection of traditional culture in the language, as well as the issues of diachronic description of the vocabulary of the Russian language and the history of particular words. Based on the analysis of lexical-semantic variants of the word время and meanings of the words with - врем - root in Russian dialects the understanding of time in traditional culture is refined. It is reported that the word время in the traditional sense names not the whole period of human life from birth to death, but only the period of biological maturity associated with the ability to procreate. It is proved that the period of maturity in the people’s culture and language is assessed as a period of prosperity, which becomes the basis for the submission of the norm in human life and a landmark in the awareness of the life space of a person. It is established that the semantics of the Russian word время has accumulated the most ancient etymological meanings of the words год and пора .

The constructive possibilities of the Russian coordinative conjunction да и is discussed. The work focuses on the types of conjunction structures with studied conjunction, their brief overview is given. Special attention is paid to the specificity of the compatibility of conjunction да и . The relevance of the study is determined by the need to have a complete understanding of the syntactic specifics of each conjunction, in particular, for its subsequent lexicographical description. The list of concretizations of the conjunction and their characteristic are given from the perspective of their role in each structure. Typical lexis that regularly combines with the conjunction да и is revealed. Distinction of the concepts of “concretization” and “typical lexis” is given on the basis of their functions in the structure. The novelty of the research is to identify the number of tokens, regularly combined with the conjunction and influencing the semantics of component of the structure imposed by the conjunction. The analysis establishes that the conjunction да и typically has a text function and a linking function in a complex sentence. The fact of formation of text brace on the basis of a combination да и потом is substantiated. It is concluded that concretization of the conjunction and typical lexis form the additional generalizing meaning in structures.

The article is devoted to analysis of the structure of the lexical meaning of the word. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the existence of the selective component in the meaning that limits the collocations, that is, determines the relation of the lexeme with other language units. This component of the meaning unlike others reflects the evolving social practice of the use of the sign and gives it normative, prescriptive nature, and also performs a number of important speech functions - restrictions, regulations or prohibition of the collocations. The author explores the selective constraints on the material of subject-conceptual, expressive and cultural lexis. The study has revealed a large number of examples of selective constraints in meaning of Russian and English words. The analysis allows to argue that selective component of the meaning has important functions in the language - it determines the range of possible compatibility of the word and “supervises” the process of implementing the compatibility of the lexemes. The role of the limiter of collocations in speech is played by three selective components: denotative-selective, connotative-selective and national-cultural - including in its structure and containing various selective semes. Practical value of researches in this area is determined by the fact that knowledge of lexical collocation leads the learners of foreign languages to stupid errors.

The verbs of mitigation (attenuating) mode of action with the semantics ‘to drink alcohol’ formed by a derivational formant под - are discussed. The article continues a series of works devoted to the study of modes of action (e.g., saturating, mitigation, etc.) in relation to the national picture of the world and mentality. The relevance of the study is determined by linguistic and cultural research method. A review of studies on the mitigation mode of verbal action in various aspects is made. Special attention is paid to the analysis of verbs подвыпить, подпить, поддать and their morphological, syntactic and co-occurrence features. Statistical characteristics of the grammatical forms of the reporting verbs are given. It is noted that in modern speech the verb подвыпить is the most common, it is represented in its frequency form of the participle. The scope of the subject of this verb and features of its compatibility with frequentative adverbs are analyzed in detail. Verbs подпить and поддать are used in many grammatical forms and are able to form aspectual correlates due to the argument structure of these verbs. Stereotypes about the culture of drinking are evident in the comparisons and in aspect situations of repetitive actions. Material for the study consists of examples from contemporary literary and media texts from the National corpus of the Russian language.

The header component of a literary text is considered as a key to understanding the author’s intention, which is revealed to the reader in getting acquainted with the text of the whole work. It is noted that the title, especially at present, acquires cultural meaning, becoming a cultural code that allows to understand the national specificities of a phenomenon of reality reflected in the text. These and other factors determine the relevance of the study of header components in the context of modern linguistic paradigm. It is shown that the literary text as a reflection of the author’s picture of the world is fertile material for the study of header components. One of the ways to decode the title of the work is semantic analysis of the whole text. By example of the analysis of the poem in prose “Snow” by S. N. Sergeyev-Tsensky the mechanisms of the interaction of title and text in the functional-semantic aspect are revealed. It is argued that the author’s semantics encrypted in the title “Snow” is only revealed based on the analysis of the semantics of the whole text, identification of the symbolic meanings of the key lexeme snow with original landscape semantics. An attempt is made to construct a semantic series, that reveal the meaning of the title of the work “Snow,” which actualize the author’s individual intention, the idea of the work. It is noted that this kind of research opens up possibilities for lexicographical practice, as well as the analysis of the dynamic aspect of the theory of text.

The article is devoted to the interpretation of the communicative-cognitive continuum is a news narration, where the actors are celebrities. The relevance of the study is determined by increased interest in the modern linguistics to the interaction between linguistic personalities belonging to different socio-cultural communities, and also to the pragmatic characteristics of their media presentation, in particular, in the narrative about celebrities. The author considers communicative and pragmatic peculiarities of narratives about Kim Kardashian on the material of articles from a quality newspaper “Frankfurter Rundschau” and tabloid “Express.” Analysis of the empirical material showed that the dominant markers of the narratives under consideration are: the lack of direct contact between narrator and celebrity; the frequency of evidence constructions for marking source of information to describe the hero; imagery and expressiveness in the portrait descriptions of celebrity; contrastive image of celebrity’s wealth and poverty as sensational detail; using a reduced vocabulary for the journalistic evaluation of the behaviour of a celebrity in a tabloid newspaper; portrait of a celebrity as a character in narrative or case reference when characterizing other denotative content; the alternation of the sensations in celebrity life and periods of comparative calm scene of action, that is, “weak positions” in the narrative structure.

The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that it is performed in the framework of a new research direction in linguistics - cognitive, established at the turn of 20th-21st centuries. The study is interesting from the point of view of application of the theory of cognitive semantics to the analysis of literary text. Cognitive analysis is carried out in conjunction with functional and discourse. The author presents a sequential extension of the verbal-semantic component of the analysis from the study of the meaning of the text to knowledge about reality. In this case, the source of knowledge about the text and the world is the word - the token дом . In the article special attention is paid to the peculiarities of the contextual realizations of linguistic expression of the concept HOUSE, partly allowing to explicitate (to complement and substantiate previous studies of the author) the content of the concept of the writer. The study opens access to further reconstruction of the writer’s image of the world with the help of the representation of the category of space. It is proved that the complex of contextual forms of expression of the concept HOUSE creates a unique, national-specific configuration space of the text, which emphasizes the importance of this object in Russian consciousness at the time of the exile, enhances the drama of reality created by the writer, actualizes the important features of the Russian character. This study contributes to the theory and practice of cognitive-discursive studies of language.

The article is devoted to the genre stratification of the British restaurant discourse and the analysis of genre and discursive characteristics of its virtual variants. Based on understanding of the genre as the basic unit of discourse, the author classifies the genres depending on the scope of speech that supports a particular view of the restaurant business, including restaurant Internet communication. The article highlights the speech genres of the advertising restaurant discourse; restaurant media discourse; restaurant Internet discourse; commercial restaurant discourse; restaurant discourse of the business community. The author makes a conclusion about the special place of hypergenre of catering Internet-site, as the Internet site, being one of the genres of restaurant Internet discourse, can act as a special hypertext space joining such online genres as blog, review, comment etc. The work describes the discursive features of restaurant Internet discourse, the classification of types of verbalization of the sender in a website hypertext space (personalized sender; collective personalized sender; the collective sender (team) with elements of personification; the collective sender (team) without personification). The work also identifies socio-economic, status-role, social-demographic, socio-personal discursive parameters of the addressee. The article contributes to the development of discourse studies and the theory of Internet communication.

Stylistic layers presented in the structure of the lexico-phraseological field (LPF) “Literature” in the modern Russian language are considered. It is noted that this field includes a set of lexical and phraseological units, united thematically and semantically by attitude to art literature as activity and result of this activity. It is shown that the LPF “Literature” is a field of terminology type, which vocabulary is based on the terms of the relevant sector, that makes its specificity, including stylistic. Thus LPF has a complex stylistic structure. The author identifies common words ( writer ) and special terms ( litotes ) in the terminological part of the LPF. It is noted that non-terminological vocabulary can have a conversational connotation, expressing a mocking, ironic, dismissive attitude of the speaker to the literary work ( stuffer ), and high connotation including archaic words ( master of word ). Novelty of research consists in the fact that an intermediate position between these completely different stylistic layers of professionalisms used in casual conversational speech of people who are related to literary activities are analyzed. It is shown that the tokens and phrasemes can change their stylistic connotation and move from one layer to another. It is concluded that stylistic diversity indicates high activity use of the units of LPF “Literature” in various spheres of human activity.

The article is devoted to the interaction of participants of electronic communication on the example of political media discourse of the Federal Republic of Germany. The research is based on the texts of electronic articles and electronic comments of political orientation of the leading German-language newspapers and magazines. It is shown that the articles and comments in electronic publications represent a closely linked interactive paired complexes. The relevance of the proposed study is determined by the examination of the material through the prism of the interactional model of communication that allows to study in detail the conditions under which the information sender and the recipient actively interact in the process of interpreting messages. Special attention is paid to the analysis of verbal means of communication on the example of the German language used in the texts of two mentioned types. The author considers also the non-verbal component of e-articles and comments as a significant component of interactive communication in the German-speaking electronic media. The results of comparative analysis of linguistic and non-linguistic means of communication of the subjects of studied form of discourse in electronic articles and electronic review are presented. Novelty of research consists in the fact that it describes verbal and non-verbal markers of establishing contact between the participants of electronic communication on the material of modern German language.

The issue of subjective-modal component of the content, or pragmatic program of the lecture text is considered. Attention is paid to components which are defined by the involvement of the subject of the text (the lecturer) in two different components of verbal communication: the objective content of the text and the addressee of the speech. The question is raised about modal focusing on separate sections of the objectively-logical text as short inclusions called pragmatically important components of the text. The novelty of the research is seen in the integrated communicative approach to the analysis of subjective modal content of the scientific-educational text. The urgency of the problem is linked with the development of methods of linguistic description of pragmatically important components of the text. The definitions for pragmatic programmes of the text and its components are given, the review of the scientific literature on the subject is made. The author dwells on certain varieties of pragmatically important components: stylistic figures and techniques of dialogisation. Classification of their functions is presented. It is proved that the application of the considered methods modal focusing is typical within the genre of the lecture. Each technique is characterized by qualitative characteristics: anaphora forms a meaningful text fragments and provides a logical relationship of the fragments; asyndeton is a means of characterization of a subject; techniques of dialogisation contribute to the creation of comfortable communication in the lecture hall. A pragmatic program in general contributes to the solution of didactic tasks of the lecture text.

The article argues that there are two genre versions of the robinsonade - classic one and fantastic one. Fantastic robinsonade not only varies, but transforms the genre structure of the classic robinsonade. The comparison of fiction allows to select “generate model” of this version of robinsonade, that is, an invariant. The article formulates the basic invariant features of fantastic robinsonade. It is shown that it differs from the classic one by the depicting here not the survival of the individual, but the construction of a new human society as the way of survival of mankind. The author emphasizes that the fantastic robinsonade tests on the equivalents of uninhabited islands (e.g., on an alien planet) not only a group of people, but also social ideas. The main compositional and speech form of such a test is philosophical and social conversations. The image of the social structure in a fantastic robinsonade determines the inclusion in a work of dystopian motifs. At the same time a fantastic variant depends on its basis - the classic robinsonade, although often this relationship has a polemical nature.

The questions of reception of the literary text in the intertext of culture are considered. The analysis of the novel by Gaston Leroux “The Phantom of the Opera” is made from two positions. On the one hand, the novel draws on a rich tradition of existence in the literature of the archetypal dichotomy of “beauty and the beast,” which is found in the works of many authors from different countries. The author argues that “The Phantom of the Opera” by G. Leroux has a large-scale precedent base, the presence of which is confirmed by the more or less explicit markers of the presence of previously written texts in “The Phantom of the Opera.” For example, in the novel by G. Leroux there is undoubted presence of the following texts: “The Masque of the Red Death” by E. A. Poe, “Notre Dame Cathedral” by Victor Hugo, etc. On the other hand, the history of the influence of the novel by French writer on literature, cinema and theatre art of the 20th-21st centuries is examined. Lists of works based on the novel by G. Leroux “The Phantom of the Opera” is given. The characteristics of the artistic transformations of the novel in literature, theater, cinema of the 20th-21st centuries are analyzed. Actuality of work is determined by increased interest of modern literary studies to implementation of archetypal patterns in world literature, to the intertextual interaction in world literature, as well as to the issues of differentiation and interaction of classic and popular literature.

The historical works by George Lippard “Legends of revolution” and “Legends of Mexico” are analyzed. The aim is to identify genre features of historical prose of Lippard in the context of trends of the era. The comparative analysis of the works of Lippard and invariant of the genre of the historical novel of the first half of the 19th century is made. The features of the narrative organization, narrative structure, system of characters, art-time in the works by Lippard are discussed. It is proved that Lippard draws the narrative that differs from the canon of the historical novel, but correspond with his genre definition of the legend. It is demonstrated that Lippard robs the narrative of suspense and pays special attention to allusions to biblical events and open mapping the historical figures with characters of sacred history. It is shown that the main events in the history of Lippard are betrayal and revenge for him, and almost all the characters set before a choice between loyalty and treason determining the course of earthly and divine history; in recent American history, such events are the War for Independence and the Civil war. It is concluded that the historical narrative of Lippard is significantly different from the traditional historical novels of the 19th century.

The results of a comparative analysis of zoomorphic and phytomorphic images reflected in the metaphors and comparisons in A. S. Pushkin’s fairy tales and their modern translations into Chinese language, made by Tsun Yuy and Ma Sinshuy are presented. The relevance of the study of creativity of A. S. Pushkin in the aspect of translation of his works into Chinese is determined by the interest of the Chinese reader to the works of Russian classics; the significance of the fairy tale as a genre, reflecting the people’s view of the world; the attention of modern linguistics to the issues of worldview and the characteristics of idiostyle of the author. The novelty of the work is determined by appeal to the new, not yet subjected to the philological study translations of Pushkin’s fairy tales. Specifics of translation of comparative tropes in fairy tales of the poet are revealed in the light of “the cultural meanings” inherent in the images of animals and plants in views of the Russian and Chinese peoples. Zoomorphisms and phythomorphisms in accordance with the degree of equivalence of the relevant images in the views of Russian and Chinese people fall into three categories: fully equivalent, partially equivalent and non-equivalent. It is noted that the material is grouped mainly in the areas of fully and partially equivalent ratios that is explained by the known similarity of a number of images of animals and plants in two cultures. The cases of unequal ratios of the images are commented. The predominance of zoomorphic images on phytomorphic ones are emphasized and explained. The features of the transmission by the translators of the content of zoomorphic and phytomorphic Pushkin’s images for their adequate perception of Chinese readers are discussed.

The article focuses on the role of foreign language vocabulary in Ilya Surguchev’s journalism (based on the cycle of “The Paris diary,” 1940-1945). The research urgency is caused by the fact that the language of I. Surguchev’s texts, as the emigrant press language in 1940-ies is still unknown. The factors that influenced the formation of the multi-layered structure of I. Surguchev’s language personality are revealed. The features of foreign words, free and bound collocations, idioms, proverbs, quotations in foreign languages: Latin, French, Italian, English, Ukrainian, Chinese etc., functioning in I. Surguchev’s texts, are considered. Classification of foreign language vocabulary, among which there are regular borrowings (internationalisms, exoticism, proper names, quasi- borrowings, marked borrowing, etc.) and occasional ones (the most striking features of idiostyle of the writer). Etymological information about words in foreign language is given. Attention is paid to the features of I. Surguchev’s translation of foreign-language material into Russian. On the metalinguistic level, I. Surguchev’s evaluation of “foreign word” by a phonosematic criterion is revealed. It is concluded that I. Surguchev’s journalism is characterized by multiculturalism, multilingualism, polyphonism, intertextuality, stylistic convergence. Special attention is paid to the I. Surguchev commitment to the preservation of the values of Russian culture.

The article is devoted to the study of the history of Zemstvo institutions of the Ufa province in the period from February to October 1917. The role of zemstvo in the system of local governance, democratization of zemstvo assemblies and councils, as well as the formation of the volost zemstvo are examined. The research urgency is caused by the connection of this topic with the problem of the revolutionary crisis of 1917 in different regions of Russia. It is shown that in the period from February to October zemstvo institutions retained the organizational and managerial functions, but quickly lost their political positions. During this period the main controls were zemstvo council, which coordinated the activities for the reorganization of volost administration and the creation of organs of food with the participation of the population. Zemstvo assemblies felt the pressure of radical parties and representatives of the national movement. Where there were no cohesive groups enfranchised vowels, for example, in Zlatoust uyezd, zemstvo institutions became the spokesmen for farm interests. The democratization of zemstvo institutions and the formation of the volost zemstvo self-government could not prevent the collapse of the former system of management, separate parts of which (the departments of land management, their scientific and practical base) were used in the creation of new organs of power.

The article is devoted to the problem of the struggle for leadership in the Persian Gulf region in the late 20th - early 21st centuries. The article covers developments in the region, starting with the victory of the Islamic revolution in Iran in 1979. The main attention is paid to the international implications of the Iranian revolution, years of the Iran-Iraq war, the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq, international forces operations against these aggressive actions by Iraq. The question is that after the victory of the Islamic revolution, Iran emerged on the regional stage as a clear contender for the role of a new leader. It is shown that the main enemy of Iran is the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Special attention is paid to identifying the various forms and methods through which Iran and Saudi Arabia are fighting for leadership in the Persian Gulf. Novelty of research consists in that it is carried out on the basis of the analysis of a very wide range of sources and literature in the Arabic language, loosely used in the works of other scientists. The research urgency is caused by the fact that the study of the above historical events allows a better understanding of some contemporary phenomena and processes occurring in the middle East.

The relevance of the study is determined by insufficient exploration of the problem of religious affiliation of the employees of West Siberia railway transport enterprises at the turn of 19th-20th centuries. Attention is paid to the fact that religious affiliation is a significant social and cultural characteristics, not only of the individual, but also of social and professional communities. The novelty of the study lies in attracting and analyzing the data contained in the departmental office learned of the little-known archival documents. Their analysis allows to reconstruct the religious component of the socio-cultural image and the spiritual world of the workers of large enterprises of industrial type operating on the Siberian railroad at the turn of 19th-20th centuries. According to the authors, within the labour collective of Omsk main railway workshops there was a general increase in the number of employees belonging to different religious denominations. It is proved that religious affiliation was an important factor influencing socio-cultural image of workers and employees of the largest industrial enterprises of the Siberian railway and Omsk - the main railway workshops. The data are revealed that the professional structure of the enterprise included mostly the representatives of the Christian Orthodox denomination. The authors show that religious values influenced the way of life, cultural level of development of the personality and his attitude to his production duties.

The article is devoted to the subject insufficiently developed in the national historiography, especially in regard to its regional dimension. The study is conducted on materials of the Centre of documentation of public organizations of Sverdlovsk region with the assistance of the scientific and publicistic literature. The relevance of the topic is determined by its high importance for the social sciences, especially history. Scientific novelty of the work is seen in the fact that the new materials discovered by the author in mentioned archive are introduced into scientific usage. The purpose of the article was to identify the crisis period in development of subsidiary farms of enterprises and organizations in Sverdlovsk region. It is noted that these farms were a unique phenomenon in the world economy. It is alleged that their appearance was caused by the low level of material security of the population of the Soviet Union, especially by food shortages. It is stated that during the war years subsidiary farms were created at the majority of enterprises in the country. It is emphasized that during the war the role of personal subsidiary farms of the population was even more important. It is stated that considered period was actually the period of the extinction of activities of subsidiary farms of enterprises and organizations of “the first call.” It is proved that industrial enterprises sought to get rid of burdening farms. It is declared that the post-war crisis of subsidiary farms of enterprises and organizations coincided with the crisis of agriculture in general, and primarily the collective farms. The conclusion is that subsidiary farms of enterprises and organizations played a role in alleviating the food situation in the years of the Great Patriotic war, but their role should not be exaggerated.

The article is devoted to the subject insufficiently developed in the national historiography, especially in regard to its regional dimension. The study is conducted on materials of the Centre of documentation of public organizations of Sverdlovsk region with the assistance of the scientific and publicistic literature. The relevance of the topic is determined by its high importance for the social sciences, especially history. Scientific novelty of the work is seen in the fact that the new materials discovered by the author in mentioned archive are introduced into scientific usage. The purpose of the article was to identify the features of the crisis of the 1980s-1990s in the agricultural sector of the Sverdlovsk region. It is noted that the years mentioned in the title of this article were without exaggeration crucial for our state. It is argued that there is a wide range of opinions about the causes and driving forces of the crisis of 1980s-1990s in the USSR and Russia. It is claimed that the process of destruction of the administrative-command system of economic management was accompanied by a significant decrease of all parameters of the latter and the deterioration of living conditions of the general population. It is stated that herewith the agro-industrial complex had to suffer even more than the industrial sector of the economy, being in fact always subsidized. It is declared that the agriculture of the region has withstood the first onslaught of a systemic crisis: main indicators of its activity began to decline irreversibly in the mid 1990-ies. It is emphasized that the problem of the systemic crisis of 1980-1990-ies in Russia is still mainly developed only on the Federal level. It is proved that the crisis in the agrarian sector of economy of Sverdlovsk region had a number of features and, in addition, it cannot be considered accomplished.

The legislative activity of the State Duma and the State Council of the Russian Empire aimed at mitigating the legal consequences of deprivation of dignity and exclusion from the clergy is considered. It is indicated that by the beginning of the 20th century the norms establishing the connection between civil and canonical status of the individual began to be perceived as not meeting the standards of the modern state. It is reported that by 1907, the Ministry of Internal Affairs has drafted proposals on liberalization of the legislation in respect of former priests. The article traces the motion of the draft law on governmental bodies. Special attention is given to the debate around key aspects of the proposed reform that took place at the meetings of both sectoral and special committees and general meetings of legislative chambers. The main arguments of supporters of the liberal and conservative approaches to solving problems are presented. It is concluded that according to the results of consideration of the bill a moderately conservative position prevailed, suggesting partial mitigation of the effects of deprivation of dignity. It is emphasized that since then, the restrictions were supposed to act only in the area where a former cleric passed his ministry, not on the whole territory of the Empire, in addition, their terms were significantly reduced. However, as the author points out, the reform was blocked by Nikolay II, who vetoed the bill. It is shown that the possibility for changes arose again only after the February revolution of 1917.

The work of the state authorities to assist military families in the years of the Great Patriotic war is considered. The article focuses on financial provision for this category of citizens. The problem of food supply and necessities is examined. The question is raised about the structure of government providing aid to servicemen. Special attention is paid to information on the provision of material assistance. The research urgency is caused by the fact that the historical experience of building the system to assist military families shows that the army is not able to solve the tasks without active social support. Novelty of research consists in the fact that the successes and shortcomings of the social work carried out by the authorities of the North Ossetian ASSR, and attempts to overcome the difficulties for the first time are shown on the basis of archival materials. To a certain extent the gaps are filled in the study of topics such as logistical supply of members of military families, their employment, social interactions and, in particular, nation-wide assistance to this category of population at the regional level. For the first time the materials of Central state archive of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania on the topic are introduced into scientific circulation. The author comes to the conclusion that in the years of the Great Patriotic war, military families are not left without attention of the state, society, enterprises and organizations. Their activities are comprehensive and complementary.

The article analyzes the specifics of teaching history in schools of Chita in the late 1930-ies - early 1940-ies. The sources were published party and government documents and correspondence from the collections of the State archive of the Transbaikal region, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. It is shown that the pre-war years was a very important step for the development of school historical education in our country, which determined changes in the content of this discipline and methods of its learning. Special attention in research is paid to the peculiarities of organization of educational process on the lessons of history, the characteristics of personnel and material support of the Chita schools. The author dwells on the problems of realization of educational process on the subject, among which there are shortage of qualified personnel, lack of necessary educational and methodical literature, presence of students behind the school program, and others. It is noted that due to the remoteness of the Chita region from the center the solution of these questions objectively was slower. However, despite the shortcomings of the efforts of the education department, school administrators and all teachers of Chita gradually contributed to bringing the quality of the teaching of history in conformity with the essential requirements.

The results of comparative-historical study of the content of the normative image of childhood that emerged in the Soviet Union and modern Russia are presented. It is established that the beginning of historically inextricably linked process of creating a single standard of childhood began in 1920s. It was the first time in our country when the task of creating a perfect image of childhood, which had to guide the adults responsible for the upbringing of future citizens of a new society, was set. Special attention is paid to such means of mass education and the psychological impact, as a poster, allowing to overcome the limits of the information space, the low level of literacy and social culture of general population. It is emphasized that the analysis of the poster is an important method of research in the framework of the comparative-historical approach based on verbal and nonverbal means of expressiveness. It is shown that the reflection of the ideas of motherhood and childhood in the Soviet poster allows to reconstruct the history of formation of the institutional image of childhood, determined by social, economic and ideological objectives of the Soviet state. Deep political and socio-economic changes that occurred in the country in 1990s, made some adjustments to the institutional image of childhood, freeing it from ideology and suggesting alternative approaches to training and education of children. It is noted that in contemporary Russia once again is growing the trend towards unification of the system of education and the development of guidelines of socially desirable image of childhood, fixed in Federal state education standard.

Some features of modelling in the humanitarian field are considered, which can be used for pedagogical modelling. Universality of modelling as a research method for different areas of knowledge is emphasised. The questions are raised about the relationship between the categories of model, prototype and image in the process of reflection of reality. The relationship between a model and material and non-material types of prototype are examined. Special attention is paid to the prototype as a mental model containing key and peripheral characteristics of displayed object and being an important link in the realization of subject-object relationships in the modelling process. Traditional definitions of the term “model” are given, that emphasize its characteristic properties. A review of the methodological provisions of the modelling related to the theory of knowledge and the theory of similarity is made. The author dwells on the concepts of analogy, emphasizing the importance of the degree of analogy for modelling, isomorphism and homomorphism, generalization and abstraction. As a result, the author proposes a revised definition of model, based on the notion of mental prototypical model. Attention is paid to the stages of model building to reveal the algorithm. The work summarizes and formulates characteristics of a model as a means of scientific cognition: imagery, abstraction, simplification, having parameters, consistency, subject-object relationship, informativeness.

The relevance of the study is that currently the communication component of pedagogical activity is closely connected with information technologies. The author believes that the success of the educational process in general depends on the efficiency of participation in communication. Means of creating conditions for training future teachers of vocational training to solve didactic problems linked with the use of a personal computer in the area of subject specialization is revealed. The author makes a review of publications that concern this issue and identifies the problem area, which formed the basis of the hypotheses of the study. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the creation of these conditions applies, among others, the hermeneutic approach. The use of hermeneutic approach in the analysis and adaptation of semantic constructs of the conceptual apparatus of information technologies to the tasks of the educational process is discussed. The influence of the level of conceptual apparatus on the formation of custom algorithms in students when working with software packages is emphasized. The definitions of the terms “custom algorithm,” “hermeneutic approach to the study of information technologies” are given. The results of experimental work conducted in this direction are described. The contents of this document may be useful for teachers implementing the program of preparation of bachelors of vocational training (on branches).

The specificity of defensive and coping behavior of teachers in inclusive education is discussed. In the theoretical analysis, particular attention is paid to the requirements of inclusive practice to the personality and work of the teacher. A review of studies on the problem of the correlation of constructs “psychological defence,” “coping,” “defensive coping behaviour” is made. The empirical study confirmed the hypothesis of the existence of differences in the structure of defensive and coping behaviour of teachers of vocational education with varying degrees of inclusion in inclusive practice. It is found that differences relate primarily to the nature of the relationship of components of defensive and coping behaviour. Non-inclusive college teachers demonstrate more continuous and coherent structure, while teachers who are actively involved in inclusive professional education demonstrate the independent functioning of individual psychological protection. Comparative analysis showed significantly higher values according to the mechanisms of “distraction,” “search of social support” and “escape from a stressful situation” of teachers not included in the field of inclusive education. It is concluded that teachers working with the disabled, use unconscious mechanisms of defence, while teachers who do not work with them use conscious strategies of escape from the problem situation. The results of the study are characterized by novelty, since to date the empirical research on the activities of the teacher in inclusive education is insufficient and there are no studies of the specificity of defensive and coping behaviour.

Two approaches to inclusive education are covered: systematic and axiological (valuable). The authors have positioned these approaches as the base, expressing doubts about the independent status of certain approaches, distinguished by modern researchers (command, conductive, individual). It is noted that the axiological approach focuses on the content of the new educational paradigm, while system approach - on its form. Also, the authors emphasize that the study allowed them to permanently ensure the interdisciplinary character of the phenomenon of inclusive education, its intersection with philosophy, cultural studies and other humanities. The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by the purpose of the implementation of the Federal law “On education in Russian Federation” in connection with which there is a need to study theoretical and practical components of “including” training and education. The novelty of the research is seen in the consideration of compassion as the basic value of Russian inclusive education (in contrast to the American tradition, the origins of which appear to be reasonable to seek in the democratic ideals, the cult of “diverse unity” (“E pluribus unum”)). Nevertheless, the authors come to the conclusion that another feeling must appear instead of compassion - respect. Teacher is advised to explain to the students that the disabilities of their peers forces them to serious and responsible work, which can be equated to a feat.

The paper considers the problem of realization of the project method in the study of chemistry in vocational and pedagogical university. The research urgency is caused by the necessity of more complete assimilation of professional and research competences. The authors have developed a model of organization of project activity of university students. The theoretical rationale for the project method of teaching chemistry is presented. The results of studies of the effectiveness of the developed model are given. Special attention is paid to determination of readiness of students to project activities. Novelty of research consists in a new approach to the study of chemistry based on the implementation of professionally-oriented projects for students in non-core universities. The authors focus on the need for reasonable planning of the experimental work during project execution. It is noted that the result of the implementation of the experiment with the use of this approach was that the students’ satisfaction with project activities is at a high level. It is shown that the project method contributes to the level of students’ knowledge, mastering professional and research competencies. The authors propose the project activity as a supplement to the traditional form of teaching. The article can be helpful when using new technologies of teaching chemistry at the university.

The research urgency is caused by heterogeneity and polysubjectness ща inclusive educational space that form “the other” relationship between the parties in quality and vector direction. Special attention is given to identifying and testing new forms and technologies of interaction of the teacher with students’ parents. Issues of professional competence of teachers of the first stage of general secondary education (primary school) are covered. It is shown that the competence of teachers in inclusive education, acceptance of its meanings, values, conditions; their willingness to include children with different educational abilities, needs, opportunities in communication, interaction, educational process; ensuring the psychological comfort of all its members (and especially children and their parents) are the determining factors of inclusive education quality. The results of experimental activities (2015-2017) are presented, the aim of which was to identify the effectiveness of training in working with parents of students of primary school in the formation of inclusive educational space. The authors focus on the approval of the content of the complex thematic trainings during the pilot activities. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the new conditions for the development of inclusive preparedness of the teacher were identified and experimentally tested, the directions of qualitative renewal of the system of teacher’s work with parents were specified.

The results of the analysis of functions of social and cultural activities of culture institutions as social centers are presented. The following functions are distinguished: communicative, cultural-educational, creative, recreational-health, financial-economic, legal security and protection of constitutional rights and freedoms of the individual, etc. Special attention is paid to the conditions of realization of pedagogical potential of culture institutes. It is proved that socio-cultural functions of culture institutions as social centres complement each other and form the socio-cultural activities. The classification of the functions of social and cultural activities is also proposed. The research urgency is caused by modern social development strategy, which involves the organization of uniting the efforts of various public institutions aimed at improving the socio-educational practices. The novelty of this study is seen in the fact that the functions of social and cultural activities of culture institutions as social centers are identified and analyzed subject to the conditions of the realization of their pedagogical potential. The author dwells on the fact that the functions of social and cultural activities determine the content of training of organizers and experts of this activity and their special competence. It is shown that professionals should learn to be sociable, ready to empathize with other people. The question is raised that they must have the ability to predict, to develop rapidly constructive solutions, to have managerial skills in small groups, etc.